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Background. Intravaginal sponges impregnated with medroxyprogesterone acetate or fluorogestone acetate are routinely used in oestrus synchronization protocols in sheep, non-commercial sponges are a viable option in the reproductive control of female sheep. Objective. To evaluate the reproductive response in hair sheep synchronized with medroxyprogesterone acetate impregnated in non-commercial intravaginal sponges. Methodology. 31 adult hair sheep 5/8 Pelibuey x 2/8 Black Belly x 1/8 Dorper, average weight of 40 ± 3.2 kg and a body condition of 3-3.5 were used. They were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: T1 (n = 8 ewes), 5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate impregnated in non-commercial intravaginal sponges + 1 mg of estradiol cypionate + 200 IU of eCG; T2 (n = 8 ewes), synchronization similar to T1, but 500 IU of eCG were applied; T3 (n = 8 ewes), 20 mg of fluorogestone acetate impregnated in intravaginal sponges + 200 IU of eCG; T4 (n = 7 ewes), synchronization similar to T3, but 500 IU of eCG were applied. In all treatments the sponges were placed for 10 days. Blood samples were collected by jugular puncture and the concentrations of progesterone and LH were determined. Results. The sponge removal interval to estrus was different (P 0.05) between T1, T2 and T3 (54.5 ± 5.5, 46.5 ± 5.8 and 38.3 ± 2.6 h, respectively), T4 (59.3 ± 4.1 h) was similar (P> 0.05) to T1 and T2 (54.5 ± 5.5 h and 46.5 ± 5.8 h, respectively) but different (P -1, on days 0 to 4 (T2), 0 to 5 (T4) and 0 to 7 (T1 and T3), then it decreased to -1 in all the treatments. The sponge removal and oestrus onset intervals at the LH preovulatory peak were similar (P> 0.05) between treatments, however, the LH profile at T1 and T2 shows scattered elevations. 5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate + 1 mg of estradiol cypionate, impregnated in non-commercial sponges advance oestrus and do not adjust for the occurrence of LH preovulatory peak. Implications. The study demonstrates that it is feasible to use reduced doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate impregnated in non-commercial intravaginal sponges in estrous synchronization protocols in hair sheep, the progesterone profile confirms the inhibitory effect of the drug on GnRH / LH secretion. Conclusion. The application of 200 or 500 IU of eCG does not modify the occurrence or duration of estrus and the LH preovulatory peak. It is suggested that it is feasible to synchronize hair sheep under tropical conditions with reduced doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate impregnated in non-commercial sponges, however, dispersion of ovulation may occur, which would reduce fertility. The use of eCG and estradiol cypionate does not affect the effectiveness of synchronization.

This study was conducted in order to determine if leaf extract Guacimo (Guazuma ulmifolia) has insecticidal properties such as Neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica). Effects of ethanol extract, aqueous infusion, distillation with acetone, ethanol, or water, were tested in ants under laboratory conditions. Mortality and lethal action time was recorded. The best treatments for Neem: infusion and distillation with water; for Guacimo: distillation acetone and ethanol. Treatments were applied under field conditions to turkeys naturally infested with lice and mites. Commercial dewormer and water was used as controls. The day after application and on days 7, 14 and 21 later, parasites were counted. After 21 second dose was applied. All treatments had dewormer effect (p < 0.05). Aqueous infusion of Neem presented residual effect like commercial dewormer (p < 0.05). Neem insecticidal properties are preserved regardless of solvent. Water infusion is similar to commercial dewormer. Guacimo with acetone extract has similar properties to some extracts of Neem.

The objective of the experiment was to compare the use of a PGF2α analogue (Cloprostenol) IM, with an intravaginal progestagen sponge, flurogestone acetate (FGA), and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) IM application protocol. A total of 30 cyclical hair ewes (54.07 ± 0.5 kg live weight, body condition score 3.5 ± 0.5, and age 3 ± 1 years) were used. For the control group ewes (n = 15), intravaginal sponges (IS) impregnated with 20 mg of FGA were inserted for 12 days with 500 IU of eCG IM at sponges withdrawal. For the PG group ewes (Treatment group n = 15), two injections of Cloprostenol (75 mcg) were given 12 days apart. The presence of estrus was detected using two rams with 8 h interval beginning at the end of the treatment. Progesterone concentrations in blood were measured by solid phase radioimmunoassay. A student’s t test was performed to analyze the duration of estrus and the interval between the ends of the treatment and the onset of estrus (ET-OE) presentation. Progesterone levels were compared with two-way ANOVA, with treatment, and day of menstrual cycle as fixed factors. Treatment costs ratio was calculated by dividing the total costs of FGA IS application between total costs of Cloprostenol application. Significant differences (P

BackgroundThe canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) or Sticker’s sarcoma is a neoplastic disease affecting dogs. This disease is presented as a tumoral mass in the genital organs of both, male and female individuals. Up to date, there is no clear evidence indicating a viral agent as the causative mediator for CTVT development.PurposeThe present work aims to analyze 21 samples from canines with CTVT for molecular identification of Papillomavirus DNA sequences. In addition, microbiological analysis, cytologic and histopathologic evaluations were also performed.ResultsAll patients showed no biochemical and microbiological alterations. Molecular analysis demonstrated the viral DNA presence in the samples using different primer sets. The MY primers amplified a 450 bp band in seven out of 21 samples (33%). The PVF and Fap64 primer set, targeting the L1 sequence of Canine Papillomavirus (CPV), showed positivity in 16 out of 21 samples (76%).ConclusionThese results support the possible causative association between CPV and CTVT; nevertheless, additional studies are required to uphold such statement. This work presents evidence indicating that a viral agent might be involved in the pathogenesis of CTVT and set the bases for a better understanding of the CTVT pathobiology.

Were assessed the effect of five traditional diets backyard turkeys in confinement. The experiment lasted 36 weeks, the turkeys were randomized to one of five diets: kitchen waste + fresh forage (T1), kitchen waste (T2), commercial feed + fresh forage (T3), cracked corn + fresh forage (T4) and commercial feed (T5). Food and water were provided ad libitum. Each treatment with birds of both sexes had two repetitions with four birds and each bird was considered as an experimental unit. Were evaluated daily weight gain, total weight gain, final live weight, total length peak-tail, monthly gain peak-tail, total length, total length of wings, monthly gain wings length, and feed cost. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized arrangement with adjusted means and Tukey’s mean comparison, then an evaluation of treatment groups by analyzing clusters for semi quantitative data. The biggest daily gain, total weight gain and final live weight was obtained with treatment T3, while the highest increase in peak-length tail and wings was obtained with treatment T1 (P

Little is known about the productive performance of Mexican turkey, so the objective of the present study was to characterize growth performance curves of backyard turkey under a confined system. Forty fertile eggs were artificially incubated and turkey weight was recorded at hatch. During growth performance weekly weight was measured until 385 days of age. Turkey commercial feed and water were offered ad libitum. To characterize growth curves, a fourth degree polynomial model regression and a Richards biological model were used, which were compared by determination coefficient (r2), to reach the best fit model. The best fit model was the fourth degree polynomial regression model from a mathematical standpoint of view. It was found that maximum tom growth was reached at 15.7 weeks with a weight gain of 259.3 g/week and in hens at 12.4 weeks with a weight gain of 112.0 g/week. Body weight reached by toms at 40 weeks was 6 kg and hens at 35 weeks with 3.6 kg.

El estudio se realizó con el propósito de evaluar el efecto de la restricción del contacto hembra-cordero en la duración del anestro posparto. Se utilizaron 28 ovejas Pelibuey adultas con sus crías. Un día después del parto, las hembras se asignaron aleatoriamente a dos condiciones de manejo. Amamantamiento restringido a 17 h/día (RS; n=17 ovejas; n=21 corderos), separación oveja-cría por 7 h/día (8:00 a 15:00 h). Amamantamiento continuo (US; n=11 ovejas; n=13 corderos), contacto e interacción oveja-cordero 24 h/día. Se colectaron muestras sanguíneas en las ovejas, del parto a los 105 días posparto y se determinó la concentración de progesterona por radioinmunoanálisis. Las ovejas y los corderos se pesaron cada 15 días y se registró la mortalidad durante el experimento. El intervalo parto - primera ovulación en las hembras, se analizó con un ANOVA; el peso al destete y la ganancia diaria de peso en los corderos se evaluaron con un Análisis de Covarianza y los cambios de peso en las hembras con un análisis multivariado para mediciones repetidas en el tiempo. La proporción de hembras ovulando a los 105 d posparto y la mortalidad de los corderos se evaluaron con una prueba de x2. El anestro posparto en RS (83.2 + 5.5 días) fue mayor (P

With the purpose of identifying the causes of disease and death in backyard turkeys, 768 interviews with growers were carried out in communities of the coastal region of Oaxaca, Mexico. Later, a clinical sanitary evaluation was performed on five randomly selected turkeys of different age and sex. The laboratory tests included: necropsy for clinical diagnosis of diseases and for a histopathological examination of tissues with macroscopic lesions to identify microscopic lesions; hemagglutination inhibition tests to diagnose Newcastle disease and avian influenza; agglutination test to identify Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. synoviae, and Salmonella pullorum; and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to identify infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease. Both internal and external parasites were identified. The data obtained by the interviews showed that sudden death, avian pox, respiratory disease, and diarrhea were the most important manifestations in backyard turkeys. The laboratory tests found avian pox, avian influenza, and infectious bronchitis; sensitivity to M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum; protozoal infections by Eimeria meleagridis and E. dispersa; internal parasite infestation by Heterakis gallinae and Ascaridia gallinae; and mycotoxicoses.

Con el objetivo de evaluar la efectividad de tratamientos de escarificación y la dispersión por ovinos en semillas de Guazuma ulmifolia, importante especie agroforestal, se planteó el presente trabajo. Se plantearon 5 tratamientos con 4 réplicas de 100 semillas cada uno: Testigo, las semillas fueron puestas a germinar sin ningún tratamiento, tratamientos 1, 2 y 3 escarificación en ácido sulfúrico al 98% por 15, 30 y 45 minutos. Para el tratamiento 4, 2.0 kg de frutos de G. ulmifolia fueron ofrecidas a dos borregos de la raza pelibuey estabulados consumiendo heno de alfalfa. Las heces fueron colectadas de las heces acumuladas y colectadas 48 horas después y las semillas enteras se pusieron a germinar, o fueron escarificadas (tratamiento 5). Se realizaron conteos de semillas germinadas a los 4, 7 y 14 días. Se realizó un análisis de varianza y de regresiones lineal y no lineal. El número de semillas (56.97 + 14.99 DE) es influido por el tamaño del fruto, Los tratamientos de escarificación con ácido sulfúrico fueron similares, y difirieron de los tratamientos testigo y 4 (P< 0.05), las semillas recuperadas del rumen y escarificadas con ácido 45 minutos, difirieron con el tratamiento de 45 minutos para los 4 y 7 días, alcanzando un porcentaje similar de escarificación a los 14 días. Se concluye que la escarificación con ácido sulfúrico es eficaz para romper la dormancia en semillas de G. ulmifolia y la viabilidad de las semillas enteras excretadas por lo ovinos es similar a la de semillas no ingeridas.

Para evaluar el potencial de Canavalia maritima e Indigofera hirsuta en la alimentación de rumiantes en zonas costeras tropicales, se colectaron muestras de las plantas y se analizaron para Proteína cruda (PC), Fibra detergente neutro (FDN), Fibra detergente ácido (FDA), extracto etéreo (EE) y digestibilidad in vitro (DIV) en un digestor Daisy II (Ankom Technology). Para las hojas de C. maritima se encontraron valores porcentuales 14.89 PC, 23.13 FDN, 37.50 FDA, 3.21 EE y 65.84 DIV, los tallos de 6.74 PC, 47.99 FDN, 66.73FDA, 1.45 EE, 58.33 DIV; las semillas 28.18 PC, 32.21 FDN, 43.78 FDA, 1.25 EE y 82.86 DIV. Para las hojas de I. hirsuta, 23.04 PC, 18.57 FDN, 35.25 FDA, 3.14 EE, y 44.55 DIV los tallos 4.84 PC, 62.63 FDN, 77.98 FDA, 1.41 EE y 26.05 DIV. Hojas y tallos de C. marítima pueden emplearse en la alimentación de rumiantes. Los valores de digestibilidad de I. hirsuta son bajos, pero por el porcentaje de proteína en las hojas puede ser utilizada como abono verde. Se recomiendan evaluaciones a diferentes edades de corte y pruebas de consumo.

El ciclo reproductivo anual de la oveja es regulado por la amplitud del fotoperiodo. La señal luminosa se traduce en una señal hormonal a través de la síntesis de melatonina. La disminución en la duración del fotoperiodo induce la actividad reproductiva y el aumento en las horas luz, inhibe la actividad ovulatoria estral, la conducta de estro y la ovulación (anestro estacional). Durante la época reproductiva, la progesterona (P4) regula los ciclos estrales de la oveja inhibiendo la secreción pulsátil de la hormona liberadora de gonadotropinas (GnRH) a nivel del área preóptica (POA) del hipotálamo, donde ejerce su acción de manera indirecta, posiblemente a través del ácido gama amino butírico (GABA) y los péptidos opioides endógenos (POEs). En la fase folicular del ciclo estral, el estradiol (E2) ejerce un efecto de retroalimentación positiva a nivel del hipotálamo mediobasal (HMB), incrementa la secreción pulsátil de GnRH y de la hormona luteinizante (LH), e induce el pico preovulatorio de ambas hormonas, provocando la conducta de estro y la ovulación. Durante la época de anestro estacional, el patrón de secreción de melatonina favorece el aumento en la sensibilidad del hipotálamo a la concentración basal de E2; este esteroide inhibe la secreción pulsátil de GnRH, actuando específicamente en el núcleo A15 dopaminérgico del área retroquiasmática lateral (Arch) hipotalámica. En este mecanismo, el sistema dopaminérgico participa como intermediario entre el E2 y las neuronas GnRH. The annual reproductive cycle in the ewe is controlled by the changes in the amplitud of photoperiod. The light stimulus is converted into a hormonal signal: the circadian rhytm of melatonin secretion. Short days are inductive whereas long days inhibits the ovulatory activity. During the reproductive season, progesterone regulates the estrous cycle of the ewe inhibiting the GnRH pulsatil secretion. Progesterone exerts its action on the preoptic area of the hypothalamus indirectly, possibly via the gamma aminobutiric acid and the endogeneous opiod peptides. Estradiol (E2) increases the GnRH pulsatile secretion by a positive feedback effect. Increments in GnRH pulses induce the preovulatory peak of LH evoking estrous behaviour and ovulation. During the seasonal anestrus, the secretion pattern of melatonin increases the sensivity of the hypothalamus to the negative effect of E2, then estradiol inhibits the pulsatil secretion of GnRH, acting in the A-15 dopaminergic nucleous of the retrochiasmatic lateral area of the hypothalamus; in this mechanism the dopaminergic system mediates the effect of estradiol on the GnRHergic neurons. O ciclo reprodutivo anual da ovelha é regulado pela amplitude do foto período. O sinal luminoso se traduz em um sinal hormonal a través da síntese de melatonina. A diminuição na duração do foto período induz a atividade reprodutiva e o aumento nas horas luz, inibe a atividade ou ciclo estral, a conduta de estro e a ovulação (anestro estacional). Durante a época reprodutiva, a progesterona (P4) regula os ciclos estrais da ovelha inibindo a secreção pulsátil do hormônio liberador de gonadotropinas (GnRH) a nível da área preóptica (POA) do hipotálamo, onde exerce sua ação de maneira indireta, possivelmente a través do ácido gama amino butírico (GABA) e os peptídeos opioides endógenos (POEs). Na fase folicular do ciclo estral, o estradiol (E2) exerce um efeito de retro alimentação positiva a nível do hipotálamo mediobasal (HMB), incrementa a secreção pulsátil de GnRH e do hormônio luteinizante (LH), e induz o pico pré ovulatório de ambos hormônios, provocando a conduta de estro e a ovulação. Durante a época de anestro estacional, o padrão se secreção de melatonina favorece o aumento na sensibilidade do hipotálamo à concentração basal de E2; este esteróide inibe a secreção pulsátil de GnRH, atuando especificamente no núcleo A15 dopaminérgico da área retroquiasmática lateral (Arch) hipotalâmica. Neste mecanismo, o sistema dopaminérgico participa como intermediário entre o E2 e os neurônios GnRH.

Corderos Pelibuey (n = 14) nacidos de siete madres con reproducción estacional (E) o de otras siete continuas (C) fueron mantenidos en condiciones intensivas con la finalidad de determinar si existen diferencias en algunos eventos asociados a la pubertad. Los corderos, nacidos en noviembre, fueron pesados cada 15 días, y una vez destetados a los 60 días fueron revisados semanalmente para registrar el momento del completo desprendimiento de adherencias prepuciales (DAP) y el grado de desarrollo de la circunferencia escrotal (CE). Al observarse el DAP, los corderos fueron sometidos semanalmente a electro-eyaculación (7,5 volts). No existieron diferencias (P 0,05) entre los dos grupos en la edad al DAP (92,29 ± 27,63 vs 95,43 ± 15,69 días para corderos E y C, respectivamente), y en el peso corporal al DAP (24,43 ± 2,98 vs 24,14 ± 1,93 kg) y la CE (17,14 ± 2,17 vs 18,14 ± 1,44 cm) a esta edad. La CE se correlacionó con el DAP (r = 0,59, P = 0,026) y el peso corporal en este momento (r = 0,69, P = 0,007). Por otro lado, los corderos de ambos grupos tampoco mostraron diferencias (P 0,05) en el momento en que alcanzaron la pubertad, referida como el momento en que se obtuvo un eyaculado con al menos 50 × 106 espermatozoides/mL y al menos 50% de motilidad (144,07 ± 8,43 días), el peso corporal (32,60 ± 3,94 kg) la CE (25,86 ± 2,24 cm) y el porcentaje de anormalidades espermáticas (18,33 ± 15,57%). La edad a la pubertad se correlacionó con la CE (r = 0,59, P = 0,027). Los resultados sugieren que los mecanismos fisiológicos que provocan la aparición de la pubertad en corderos Pelibuey son independientes del patrón de reproducción de sus madres