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Transportation is a cornerstone of every nation's economy. Unfortunately, traffic accidents cause various problems to the government. The significant drivers of fatal accidents, serious injuries, and fatalities are diverse. The type of roads, track structure, climatic conditions, and driver behavior are some of the relevant factors studied, and the report identified. There are nine explanatory variables identified from the data file suitable for analysis, like weather conditions, driver behavior, vehicle type, age of the vehicle, road type, road structure and location of the crash, timings of impact, and month vice categorization impacts. The median of the predictor variables is calculated to understand the collision configuration. The type of roads, track structure, climatic conditions, and driver behavior are some of the relevant factors that are investigated and the relationship identified. This paper examines the leading causes of accidents from road accident registers. It provides an enhanced AODV routing protocol to provide a secure route to transmit the data packets from the vehicular node source to the destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contents: The current study was designed to investigate the effect of idebenone (Id), an antioxidant on ram semen quality. Semen samples were collected, pooled and diluted in a Tris‐based extender supplemented with 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 µM idebenone. Computer‐assisted sperm analysis was used to evaluate spermatozoa kinematics. Sperm viability and membrane functionality were assessed respectively, by eosin‐nigrosin staining and HOS test. Biochemical assays were carried out to measure different metabolites in spermatozoa and medium at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hr. Total and forward progressive motility were greater in 1, 2 and 4 µM idebenone treated groups compared to control at 24, 48 and 72 hr time points (p < 0.05). Semen supplementation with Id significantly increased viability and functionality of spermatozoa membrane during storage (p < 0.05). Lower amounts of lipid hydroperoxides in medium and spermatozoa were observed in Id‐treated groups compared to control one at 24 and 48 hr of storage (p < 0.05). Medium and spermatozoa amounts of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were less in Id 4 µM group compared to the control at 72 hr (p < 0.05). Total antioxidant capacity values and superoxide dismutase activity of spermatozoa and medium were greater in 2 and 4 µM idebenone treated groups in comparison with the control at 72 hr (p < 0.05). Results of the current study indicated that ram semen supplementation with Id at 4 µM level improved quality by ameliorating nitrosative and peroxidative stress, hence could be considered as an antioxidant additive during storage at 4°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a lung specific carcinogen found in tobacco. Detoxification pathways in the body help to eliminate NNK safely from the body, however, it may get bioactivated and result in the formation of potentially carcinogenic DNA adducts, that may have some toxic manifestations like lung cancer. Some of the nanoparticles have recently been used in scavenging toxicants from contaminated soil and water. We investigated the protective effect of Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and Multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) against NNK-induced toxicity in A549 cells. A549 cells when co-exposed to NNK (25 µM, cytotoxic dose and 10 µM sub-cytotoxic dose) along with 0.1 µg/ml, 0.5µg/ml and 1 µg/ml of SWCNTs and MWCNTs, showed significant reduction in the toxic effects of NNK, as measured by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) Assay, Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Assay and Micronucleus (MN) Assay. Further, in silico studies were performed to explore the mechanism underlying the protective effect of SWCNTs and MWCNTs on carcinogen induced toxicity. Our data revealed that SWCNTs and MWCNTs showed high binding affinity to NNK (-17.16 kcal/mol and - 15.56 kcal/mol, respectively) compared to the binding affinity of NNK with the cellular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) (-5.47 kcal/mol) indicating preferential binding of NNK to SWCNTs and MWCNTs. Therefore, our results suggest that the CNTs provide a shield between NNK and the receptors thereby reducing the chances of NNK binding to α7nAChR receptors subsequently resulting into protection against the harmful effects of carcinogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is a leading cause of death among women, around the world. It is a multifactorial disease involving genetic and environmental factors. Vitamin D is known to modulate biological processes like immune response, bone metabolism, cell growth regulation. The protective actions of vitamin D in cancer development are only sparsely understood, however, evidence shows that vitamin D participates in cell growth regulation, apoptosis and cell differentiation. It has also been implicated in the suppression of cancer cell invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. The cellular effects of Vitamin D are mediated via Vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and a key mediator in the vitamin D pathway. VDR is expressed in the breast tissue, and the involvement of (VDR) polymorphisms in breast cancer etiology has long been a topic of interest. Several studies have suggested an association between VDR gene polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer. This study aims to investigate the distribution frequency and association of VDR Bsm1 polymorphisms in North Indian breast cancer patients. In this study, 125 breast cancer patients and 125 healthy individuals were enrolled. The prevalence of Bsm1 alleles and the genotype frequencies in patients with breast cancer was similar to that in the normal population. Our data indicated no significant differences between the patients and control subjects. No significant association was observed between VDR Bsm1 polymorphism and risk of breast cancer occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the venues of exposure to nanoparticles have increased significantly owing to their increased deliberate production. In this study the interaction of fullerenes with DNA was analysed along with various factors affecting this interaction like mol. wt. of fullerenes (C20 to C180), the form of DNA i.e., A, B and Z, and sequences of DNA, and was compared with the DNA binding of CNTs. Increase in the molecular weight of the fullerene showed increase in the binding score with A & B-form of DNA, but no regular affect was seen on binding with Z-form of DNA. Although the binding of all fullerenes was best with A form. While CNTs bind with all forms of DNA, but best scores were with Bform, which were comparable with those of fullerene C80 and C84 with A form. The interaction of both fullerenes and CNTs were not affected by the sequence of DNA. The number of interacting base pairs increased from 1 base-pair to 4, as the molecular size of fullerene increases in all A & B-and Z form of DNA. Whereas CNTs interact with 5 bases in A and Bform, and 3 bases in Z form. The groove where binding occurs depended on the form of DNA. Smaller (< C48) fullerenes bind in minor groove of B-DNA, and larger fullerenes bind in major groove. While in A form of DNA, fullerenes of all sizes bind in major groove. The binding was random and not size dependent in Z form of DNA. Whereas, CNTs bind to major groove of DNA in a parallel fashion in A and Bform of DNA, and in minor groove attached perpendicularly in Z form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fullerenes have attracted considerable attention due to their unique chemical structure and potential applications which has opened wide venues for possible human exposure to various fullerene types. Therefore, in depth knowledge of how fullerene may interfere with various cellular processes becomes quite imperative. The present study was designed to investigate how the presence of fullerene affect the binding of DNA with different enzymes involved in replication process. Different fullerenes were first docked with DNA and then binding scores of different enzymes was analyzed with fullerene docked DNA. C30, C40 & C50 once docked with DNA, reduced the binding score of primase, whereas no significant change in the binding score was observed with the helicase, ssb protein, dna pol δ, dna pol ε, ligase, DNA clamp, and topoisomerases. On the contrast, the binding score of RPA14 decreases in fluctuating manner while interacting with increasing molecular weight of fullerene bound single-stranded DNA complex. The study revealed the affect of fullerene family interacting with DNA on the binding pattern of enzymes involved in replication process. Study suggests that the presence of most of fullerenes may not affect the activity of these enzymes necessary for replication process whereas C30, C40 & C50 may disrupt the activity of primase, (strating point for DNA polymerase) its docking score decreases from 13820 to 10702.

Recently, the venues of exposure to nanoparticles have increased significantly owing to their increased deliberate production. In this study the interaction of fullerenes with DNA was analyzed along with various factors affecting this interaction like mol. wt. of fullerenes (C20 to C180), the form of DNA i.e., A, B and Z, and sequences of DNA, and was compared with the DNA binding of CNTs. Increase in the molecular weight of the fullerene showed increase in the binding score with A & B-form of DNA, but no regular affect was seen on binding with Z-form of DNA. Although the binding of all fullerenes was best with A form. While CNTs bind with all forms of DNA, but best scores were with B form, which were comparable with those of fullerene C80 and C84 with A form. The interaction of both fullerenes and CNTs were not affected by the sequence of DNA. The number of interacting base pairs increased from 1 base-pair to 4, as the molecular size of fullerene increases in all A & B-and Z form of DNA. Whereas CNTs interact with 5 bases in A and B form, and 3 bases in Z form. The groove where binding occurs depended on the form of DNA. Smaller (< C48) fullerenes bind in minor groove of B-DNA, and larger fullerenes bind in major groove. While in A form of DNA, fullerenes of all sizes bind in major groove. The binding was random and not size dependent in Z form of DNA. Whereas, CNTs bind to major groove of DNA in a parallel fashion in A and B form of DNA, and in minor groove attached perpendicularly in Z form.