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1. Virus genomes reveal the factors that spread and sustained the West African Ebola epidemic

Author

Dudas, G, Carvalho, LM, Bedford, T, Tatem, A, Baele, G, Faria, N, Park, D, Ladner, J, Arias, A, Asogun, D, Bielejec, F, Caddy, S, Cotten, M, Dambrozio, J, Dellicour, S, Di Caro, A, Diclaro, J, Duraffour, S, Elmore, M, Fakoli, L, Gilbert, M, Gevao, S, Gire, S, Gladden-Young, A, Gnirke, A, Goba, A, Grant, D, Haagmans, B, Hiscox, J, Jah, U, Kargbo, B, Kugelman, J, Liu, D, Lu, J, Malboeuf, C, Mate, S, Matthews, D, Matranga, C, Meredith, L, Qu, J, Quick, J, Pas, S, Phan, MVT, Poliakis, G, Reusken, C, Sanchez-Lockhart, M, Schaffner, S, Schieffelin, J, Sealfon, R, Simon-Loriere, E, Smits, S, Stoecker, K, Thorne, L, Tobin, E, Vandi, M, Watson, S, West, K, Whitmer, S, Wiley, M, Winnicki, S, Wohl, S, Wölfel, R, Yozwiak, N, Andersen, K, Blyden, S, Bolay, F, Carroll, M, Dahn, B, Diallo, B, Formenty, P, Fraser, C, Gao, G, Garry, R, Goodfellow, I, Günther, S, Happi, C, Holmes, E, Kellam, P, Koopmans, MPG, Loman, N, Magassouba, N, Naidoo, D, Nichol, S, Nyenswah, T, Palacios, G, Pybus, O, Sabeti, P, Sall, A, Sakoba, K, Ströeher, U, Wurie, I, Suchard, M, Lemey, P, Rambaut, A, and Wellcome Trust

Subjects
viruses
Abstract

Summary The 2013-2016 epidemic of Ebola virus disease in West Africa was of unprecedented magnitude, duration and impact. Extensive collaborative sequencing projects have produced a large collection of over 1600 Ebola virus genomes, representing over 5% of known cases, unmatched for any single human epidemic. In this comprehensive analysis of this entire dataset, we reconstruct in detail the history of migration, proliferation and decline of Ebola virus throughout the region. We test the association of geography, climate, administrative boundaries, demography and culture with viral movement among 56 administrative regions. Our results show that during the outbreak viral lineages moved according to a classic ‘gravity’ model, with more intense migration between larger and more proximate population centers. Notably, we find that despite a strong attenuation of international dispersal after border closures, localized cross-border transmission beforehand had already set the seeds for an international epidemic, rendering these measures relatively ineffective in curbing the epidemic. We use this empirical evidence to address why the epidemic did not spread into neighboring countries, showing that although these regions were susceptible to developing significant outbreaks, they were also at lower risk of viral introductions. Finally, viral genome sequence data uniquely reveals this large epidemic to be a heterogeneous and spatially dissociated collection of transmission clusters of varying size, duration and connectivity. These insights will help inform approaches to intervention in such epidemics in the future.

Published
2016

2. Ebola virus disease cluster — Northern Sierra Leone, January 2016

Author

Alpren, C., Sloan, M., Boegler, K. A., Martin, D. W., Ervin, E., Washburn, F., Rickert, R., Singh, T., Redd, J. T., Bangalie, A., Bass, M., Bennett, S. D., Boateng, I. A., Campbell, D., Cassell, C., Cotton, M., Duffy, N., Goodfellow, I., Hersey, S., Jackson, E. L., Jah, U., Jimissa, A. S., Kamara, A. S., Kamara, F., Kellam, P., Levine, R., Luke Meredith, Miller, L. A., Moody-Geissler, S., Musoke, R., Naidoo, D., Ndyahikayo, J., Njie, G., Phan, M., Rambaut, A., and Sesay, F.

Subjects
Health Information Management, Epidemiology, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Health(social science)
Published
2016
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3. Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic

Author

Dudas, G. (Gytis), Carvalho, L.M. (Luiz Max), Bedford, T. (Trevor), Tatem, A.J. (Andrew J.), Baele, G. (Guy), Faria, R. (Rui), Park, D.J. (Daniel J.), Ladner, J.T. (Jason T.), Arias, A., Asogun, D. (Danny), Bielejec, F. (Filip), Caddy, S.L., Cotten, M. (Matthew), D'Ambrozio, J. (Jonathan), Dellicour, S. (Simon), Di Caro, A. (Antonino), Diclaro, J.W. (Joseph W.), Duraffour, S. (Sophie), Elmore, M.J. (Michael J.), Fakoli, L.S. (Lawrence S.), Faye, O. (Ousmane), Gilbert, M.L. (Merle L.), Gevao, S.M. (Sahr M.), Gire, S. (Stephen), Gladden-Young, A. (Adrianne), Gnirke, A. (Andreas), Goba, A. (Augustine), Grant, D.S. (Donald S.), Haagmans, B.L. (Bart), Hiscox, J.A. (Julian A.), Jah, U., Kugelman, J.R. (Jeffrey R.), Liu, D. (Di), Lu, J. (Jia), Malboeuf, C.M. (Christine M.), Mate, S. (Suzanne), Matthews, D.A. (David A.), Matranga, C.B. (Christian B.), Meredith, L.W. (Luke W.), Qu, J. (James), Quick, J. (Joshua), Pas, S.D. (Suzan), Phan, M.V.T. (My V. T.), Pollakis, G. (G.), Reusken, C.B.E.M. (Chantal), Sanchez-Lockhart, M. (Mariano), Schaffner, S.F. (Stephen F.), Schieffelin, J.S. (John S.), Sealfon, R.S. (Rachel S.), Simon-Loriere, E. (Etienne), Smits, S.L. (Saskia), Stoecker, K. (Kilian), Thorne, L. (Lucy), Tobin, E.A. (Ekaete Alice), Vandi, M.A. (Mohamed A.), Watson, S.J. (Simon J.), West, K. (Kendra), Whitmer, S. (Shannon), Wiley, M.R. (Michael R.), Winnicki, S.M. (Sarah M.), Wohl, S. (Shirlee), Wölfel, R. (Roman), Yozwiak, N.L. (Nathan L.), Andersen, K.G. (Kristian G.), Blyden, S.O. (Sylvia O.), Bolay, F. (Fatorma), Carroll, M.W. (Miles W.), Dahn, B. (Bernice), Diallo, B. (Boubacar), Formenty, P. (Pierre), Fraser, C. (Christophe), Gao, G.F. (George F.), Garry, R.F. (Robert F.), Goodfellow, I. (Ian), Günther, S. (Stephan), Happi, C.T. (Christian T.), Holmes, E.C. (Edward C.), Kargbo, B. (Brima), Keïta, S. (Sakoba), Kellam, P. (Paul), Koopmans D.V.M., M.P.G. (Marion), Kuhn, J.H. (Jens H.), Loman, N.J. (Nicholas J.), Magassouba, N. (N'Faly), Naidoo, D. (Dhamari), Nichol, S.T. (Stuart T.), Nyenswah, T. (Tolbert), Palacios, G. (Gustavo), Pybus, O. (Oliver), Sabeti, P.C. (Pardis C.), Sall, A. (Amadou), Ströher, U. (Ute), Wurie, I., Suchard, M.A. (Marc), Lemey, P. (Philippe), Rambaut, A. (Andrew), Dudas, G. (Gytis), Carvalho, L.M. (Luiz Max), Bedford, T. (Trevor), Tatem, A.J. (Andrew J.), Baele, G. (Guy), Faria, R. (Rui), Park, D.J. (Daniel J.), Ladner, J.T. (Jason T.), Arias, A., Asogun, D. (Danny), Bielejec, F. (Filip), Caddy, S.L., Cotten, M. (Matthew), D'Ambrozio, J. (Jonathan), Dellicour, S. (Simon), Di Caro, A. (Antonino), Diclaro, J.W. (Joseph W.), Duraffour, S. (Sophie), Elmore, M.J. (Michael J.), Fakoli, L.S. (Lawrence S.), Faye, O. (Ousmane), Gilbert, M.L. (Merle L.), Gevao, S.M. (Sahr M.), Gire, S. (Stephen), Gladden-Young, A. (Adrianne), Gnirke, A. (Andreas), Goba, A. (Augustine), Grant, D.S. (Donald S.), Haagmans, B.L. (Bart), Hiscox, J.A. (Julian A.), Jah, U., Kugelman, J.R. (Jeffrey R.), Liu, D. (Di), Lu, J. (Jia), Malboeuf, C.M. (Christine M.), Mate, S. (Suzanne), Matthews, D.A. (David A.), Matranga, C.B. (Christian B.), Meredith, L.W. (Luke W.), Qu, J. (James), Quick, J. (Joshua), Pas, S.D. (Suzan), Phan, M.V.T. (My V. T.), Pollakis, G. (G.), Reusken, C.B.E.M. (Chantal), Sanchez-Lockhart, M. (Mariano), Schaffner, S.F. (Stephen F.), Schieffelin, J.S. (John S.), Sealfon, R.S. (Rachel S.), Simon-Loriere, E. (Etienne), Smits, S.L. (Saskia), Stoecker, K. (Kilian), Thorne, L. (Lucy), Tobin, E.A. (Ekaete Alice), Vandi, M.A. (Mohamed A.), Watson, S.J. (Simon J.), West, K. (Kendra), Whitmer, S. (Shannon), Wiley, M.R. (Michael R.), Winnicki, S.M. (Sarah M.), Wohl, S. (Shirlee), Wölfel, R. (Roman), Yozwiak, N.L. (Nathan L.), Andersen, K.G. (Kristian G.), Blyden, S.O. (Sylvia O.), Bolay, F. (Fatorma), Carroll, M.W. (Miles W.), Dahn, B. (Bernice), Diallo, B. (Boubacar), Formenty, P. (Pierre), Fraser, C. (Christophe), Gao, G.F. (George F.), Garry, R.F. (Robert F.), Goodfellow, I. (Ian), Günther, S. (Stephan), Happi, C.T. (Christian T.), Holmes, E.C. (Edward C.), Kargbo, B. (Brima), Keïta, S. (Sakoba), Kellam, P. (Paul), Koopmans D.V.M., M.P.G. (Marion), Kuhn, J.H. (Jens H.), Loman, N.J. (Nicholas J.), Magassouba, N. (N'Faly), Naidoo, D. (Dhamari), Nichol, S.T. (Stuart T.), Nyenswah, T. (Tolbert), Palacios, G. (Gustavo), Pybus, O. (Oliver), Sabeti, P.C. (Pardis C.), Sall, A. (Amadou), Ströher, U. (Ute), Wurie, I., Suchard, M.A. (Marc), Lemey, P. (Philippe), and Rambaut, A. (Andrew)

Abstract

The 2013-2016 West African epidemic caused by the Ebola virus was of unprecedented magnitude, duration and impact. Here we reconstruct the dispersal, proliferation and decline of Ebola virus throughout the region by analysing 1,610 Ebola virus genomes, which represent over 5% of the known cases. We test the association of geography, climate and demography with viral movement among administrative regions, inferring a classic 'gravity' model, with intense dispersal between larger and closer populations. Despite attenuation of international dispersal after border closures, cross-border transmission had already sown the seeds for an international epidemic, rendering these measures ineffective at curbing the epidemic. We address why the epidemic did not spread into neighbouring countries, showing that these countries were susceptible to substantial outbreaks but at lower risk of introductions. Finally, we reveal that this large epidemic was a heterogeneous and spatially dissociated collection of transmission clusters of varying size, duration and connectivity. These insights will help to inform interventions in future epidemics.

Published
2017
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4. Genotypic anomaly in ebola virus strains circulating in magazine wharf Area, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2015

Author

Smits, S.L. (Saskia), Pas, S.D. (Suzan), Reusken, C.B.E.M. (Chantal), Haagmans, B.L. (Bart), Pertile, P., Cancedda, C., Dierberg, K., Wurie, I., Kamara, A., Kargbo, D., Caddy, S.L., Arias, A., Thorne, L., Lu, J., Jah, U., Goodfellow, I., Koopmans D.V.M., M.P.G. (Marion), Smits, S.L. (Saskia), Pas, S.D. (Suzan), Reusken, C.B.E.M. (Chantal), Haagmans, B.L. (Bart), Pertile, P., Cancedda, C., Dierberg, K., Wurie, I., Kamara, A., Kargbo, D., Caddy, S.L., Arias, A., Thorne, L., Lu, J., Jah, U., Goodfellow, I., and Koopmans D.V.M., M.P.G. (Marion)

Abstract

The Magazine Wharf area, Freetown, Sierra Leone was a focus of ongoing Ebola virus transmission from late June 2015. Viral genomes linked to this area contain a series of 13 T to C substitutions in a 150 base pair intergenic region downstream of viral protein 40 open reading frame, similar to the Ebolavirus/H.sapienswt/ SLE/2014/Makona-J0169 strain (J0169) detected in the same town in November 2014. This suggests that recently circulating viruses from Freetown descend from a J0169-like virus.

Published
2015
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5. Genotypic anomaly in Ebola virus strains circulating in Magazine Wharf area, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2015

Author

Smits, Saskia, Pas, Suzan, Reusken, Chantal, Haagmans, Bart, Pertile, P, Cancedda, C, Dierberg, K, Wurie, I, Kamara, A, Kargbo, D, Caddy, SL, Arias, A, Thorne, L, Lu, J, Jah, U, Goodfellow, I, Koopmans, Marion, Smits, Saskia, Pas, Suzan, Reusken, Chantal, Haagmans, Bart, Pertile, P, Cancedda, C, Dierberg, K, Wurie, I, Kamara, A, Kargbo, D, Caddy, SL, Arias, A, Thorne, L, Lu, J, Jah, U, Goodfellow, I, and Koopmans, Marion

Abstract

The Magazine Wharf area, Freetown, Sierra Leone was a focus of ongoing Ebola virus transmission from late June 2015. Viral genomes linked to this area contain a series of 13 T to C substitutions in a 150 base pair intergenic region downstream of viral protein 40 open reading frame, similar to the Ebolavirus/H. sapienswt/SLE/2014/Makona-J0169 strain (J0169) detected in the same town in November 2014. This suggests that recently circulating viruses from Freetown descend from a J0169-like virus.

Published
2015

7. Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic.

Author

Dudas G, Carvalho LM, Bedford T, Tatem AJ, Baele G, Faria NR, Park DJ, Ladner JT, Arias A, Asogun D, Bielejec F, Caddy SL, Cotten M, D'Ambrozio J, Dellicour S, Di Caro A, Diclaro JW, Duraffour S, Elmore MJ, Fakoli LS, Faye O, Gilbert ML, Gevao SM, Gire S, Gladden-Young A, Gnirke A, Goba A, Grant DS, Haagmans BL, Hiscox JA, Jah U, Kugelman JR, Liu D, Lu J, Malboeuf CM, Mate S, Matthews DA, Matranga CB, Meredith LW, Qu J, Quick J, Pas SD, Phan MVT, Pollakis G, Reusken CB, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Schaffner SF, Schieffelin JS, Sealfon RS, Simon-Loriere E, Smits SL, Stoecker K, Thorne L, Tobin EA, Vandi MA, Watson SJ, West K, Whitmer S, Wiley MR, Winnicki SM, Wohl S, Wölfel R, Yozwiak NL, Andersen KG, Blyden SO, Bolay F, Carroll MW, Dahn B, Diallo B, Formenty P, Fraser C, Gao GF, Garry RF, Goodfellow I, Günther S, Happi CT, Holmes EC, Kargbo B, Keïta S, Kellam P, Koopmans MPG, Kuhn JH, Loman NJ, Magassouba N, Naidoo D, Nichol ST, Nyenswah T, Palacios G, Pybus OG, Sabeti PC, Sall A, Ströher U, Wurie I, Suchard MA, Lemey P, and Rambaut A

Subjects
Climate, Disease Outbreaks statistics & numerical data, Ebolavirus isolation & purification, Geography, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola epidemiology, Humans, Internationality, Linear Models, Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny, Travel legislation & jurisprudence, Travel statistics & numerical data, Ebolavirus genetics, Ebolavirus physiology, Genome, Viral genetics, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola transmission, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola virology
Abstract

The 2013-2016 West African epidemic caused by the Ebola virus was of unprecedented magnitude, duration and impact. Here we reconstruct the dispersal, proliferation and decline of Ebola virus throughout the region by analysing 1,610 Ebola virus genomes, which represent over 5% of the known cases. We test the association of geography, climate and demography with viral movement among administrative regions, inferring a classic 'gravity' model, with intense dispersal between larger and closer populations. Despite attenuation of international dispersal after border closures, cross-border transmission had already sown the seeds for an international epidemic, rendering these measures ineffective at curbing the epidemic. We address why the epidemic did not spread into neighbouring countries, showing that these countries were susceptible to substantial outbreaks but at lower risk of introductions. Finally, we reveal that this large epidemic was a heterogeneous and spatially dissociated collection of transmission clusters of varying size, duration and connectivity. These insights will help to inform interventions in future epidemics.

Published
2017
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8. Resurgence of Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea Linked to a Survivor With Virus Persistence in Seminal Fluid for More Than 500 Days.

Author

Diallo B, Sissoko D, Loman NJ, Bah HA, Bah H, Worrell MC, Conde LS, Sacko R, Mesfin S, Loua A, Kalonda JK, Erondu NA, Dahl BA, Handrick S, Goodfellow I, Meredith LW, Cotten M, Jah U, Guetiya Wadoum RE, Rollin P, Magassouba N, Malvy D, Anglaret X, Carroll MW, Aylward RB, Djingarey MH, Diarra A, Formenty P, Keïta S, Günther S, Rambaut A, and Duraffour S

Subjects
Ebolavirus isolation & purification, Female, Guinea, Humans, Male, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Viral analysis, Survivors, Disease Outbreaks, Ebolavirus genetics, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola transmission, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola virology, Semen virology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral transmission, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral virology
Abstract

We report on an Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivor who showed Ebola virus in seminal fluid 531 days after onset of disease. The persisting virus was sexually transmitted in February 2016, about 470 days after onset of symptoms, and caused a new cluster of EVD in Guinea and Liberia., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

Published
2016
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9. Rapid outbreak sequencing of Ebola virus in Sierra Leone identifies transmission chains linked to sporadic cases.

Author

Arias A, Watson SJ, Asogun D, Tobin EA, Lu J, Phan MVT, Jah U, Wadoum REG, Meredith L, Thorne L, Caddy S, Tarawalie A, Langat P, Dudas G, Faria NR, Dellicour S, Kamara A, Kargbo B, Kamara BO, Gevao S, Cooper D, Newport M, Horby P, Dunning J, Sahr F, Brooks T, Simpson AJH, Groppelli E, Liu G, Mulakken N, Rhodes K, Akpablie J, Yoti Z, Lamunu M, Vitto E, Otim P, Owilli C, Boateng I, Okoror L, Omomoh E, Oyakhilome J, Omiunu R, Yemisis I, Adomeh D, Ehikhiametalor S, Akhilomen P, Aire C, Kurth A, Cook N, Baumann J, Gabriel M, Wölfel R, Di Caro A, Carroll MW, Günther S, Redd J, Naidoo D, Pybus OG, Rambaut A, Kellam P, Goodfellow I, and Cotten M

Abstract

To end the largest known outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa and to prevent new transmissions, rapid epidemiological tracing of cases and contacts was required. The ability to quickly identify unknown sources and chains of transmission is key to ending the EVD epidemic and of even greater importance in the context of recent reports of Ebola virus (EBOV) persistence in survivors. Phylogenetic analysis of complete EBOV genomes can provide important information on the source of any new infection. A local deep sequencing facility was established at the Mateneh Ebola Treatment Centre in central Sierra Leone. The facility included all wetlab and computational resources to rapidly process EBOV diagnostic samples into full genome sequences. We produced 554 EBOV genomes from EVD cases across Sierra Leone. These genomes provided a detailed description of EBOV evolution and facilitated phylogenetic tracking of new EVD cases. Importantly, we show that linked genomic and epidemiological data can not only support contact tracing but also identify unconventional transmission chains involving body fluids, including semen. Rapid EBOV genome sequencing, when linked to epidemiological information and a comprehensive database of virus sequences across the outbreak, provided a powerful tool for public health epidemic control efforts.

Published
2016
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10. Genotypic anomaly in Ebola virus strains circulating in Magazine Wharf area, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2015.

Author

Smits SL, Pas SD, Reusken CB, Haagmans BL, Pertile P, Cancedda C, Dierberg K, Wurie I, Kamara A, Kargbo D, Caddy SL, Arias A, Thorne L, Lu J, Jah U, Goodfellow I, and Koopmans MP

Subjects
Ebolavirus isolation & purification, Genome, Viral, Genotype, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola diagnosis, Humans, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sierra Leone, Disease Outbreaks, Ebolavirus genetics, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola epidemiology
Abstract

The Magazine Wharf area, Freetown, Sierra Leone was a focus of ongoing Ebola virus transmission from late June 2015. Viral genomes linked to this area contain a series of 13 T to C substitutions in a 150 base pair intergenic region downstream of viral protein 40 open reading frame, similar to the Ebolavirus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-J0169 strain (J0169) detected in the same town in November 2014. This suggests that recently circulating viruses from Freetown descend from a J0169-like virus.

Published
2015
Full Text
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