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Carotid Body tumour is an uncommon non-chromaffin paraganglioma arising from chemoreceptor cells at the external and internal carotid artery bifurcation. The reported incidence is 1-2 cases per 1,00,000 population. Surgical excision is extremely difficult and possess challenges to both surgeon and the anaesthetist. We report here a case of CBT excision with the use of cerebral oximetry to reduce the chances of intra-operative cerebral ischemia.

The agriculture sector is the backbone of the Indian economy, n number of sectors are directly or indirectly dependent on agricultural growth. Along with the environmental variation the crop disease caused by the various insects is the major reason for the crop damage thus causing huge economic losses to the individual farmers as well as the country. To correctly identify the disease of plants individual experts are needed at a very large scale and must have the knowledge of plant taxonomy. In this situation machine learning plays a vital role in the early detection of crop disease and insects, thus the experiment has been performed with the variation in different hyperparameter values of the deep learning pre-trained model ResNET50 and CNN model. With the different hyperparameter values variation the ResNET50 and CNN have shown 97.11 and 93.33 percentage of accuracy.

With the increase of drug resistance, there is a need for surface coatings that inhibit microbes without antibiotics. Nanostructured photocatalysts, like TiO

A study on the biomethanation potential of codigested sheep manure (SM) and kitchen refuse (KR) was carried out. Both the substrates varied in their C:N ratio, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents, although they had very similar moisture and volatile solid (VS) contents. Anaerobic codigestion to balance the C:N ratio thereby making the process more efficient to help enhance biomethanation is a universally accepted strategy. Various combinations (80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80) were used for biogas production alongside pure SM (100:0) and KR (0:100) to arrive at an efficient ratio using the digested slurry from an active biodigestor as the microbial inoculum. A 40-day experiment was set at 40 °C and pH 7.0 initial conditions, and the effect of the codigestion on the pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and the C:N ratio was evaluated. It was observed that the biogas and methane generation were maximal at SM:KR::40:60 combination with 7.0–7.5 pH, 23.3 C:N ratio, and a balanced VFA production and utilisation. The maximum cumulative biogas and methane generated were 2575 mL and 1660 mL, and the calculated biogas and methane generation based on the VS content were 209.35 and 135.13 mL/g VS. Based on the results obtained from the study, it is suggested that sheep manure and kitchen refuse codigestion could help enhance biogas production at 40:60 combination. Although reports on codigestion of other such biogasifiable substrates exist, similar studies could be tried for numerous other nonconventional organic biogasifiable substrates to validate their biomethanation potentials and enhancements.

A series of donor-acceptor pyranones (3a-m, 4a-h) were synthesized using α-oxo-ketene- S, S-acetal as the synthon for their application as emissive materials for energy-saving organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). Among them, five pyranones 3f, 3g, 3h, 3m, and 4e exhibited highly bright fluorescence in the solid state and weak or no emission in the solution state. Photophysical analysis of these dyes revealed that only 3f and 3m showed aggregation-induced emission behavior in a THF/water mixture (0-99%) with varying water fractions ( fw) leading to bright fluorescence covering the entire visible region, while other derivatives 3g, 3h, and 4e did not show any fluorescence signal. The computational studies of the compounds revealed that the longer wavelength absorption originates from HOMO to LUMO electronic excitation. These dyes exhibited good thermal stability with 5% weight loss temperature in the range of 218-347 °C. The potential application of the donor-acceptor pyranone dyads was demonstrated by fabrication of solution-processed OLEDs. Remarkably, OLED devices prepared using highly emissive compounds 6-(anthracen-9-yl)-4-(methylthio)-2-oxo-2 H-pyran-3-carbonitrile (3m) and 6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-(methylthio)-2-oxo-2 H-pyran-3-carbonitrile (3f) displayed pure white emission with CIE coordinates of (0.29, 0.31) and (0.32, 0.32), respectively. Additionally, the resultant devices exhibited external quantum efficiencies of 1.9 and 1.2% at 100 cd m-2, respectively.

A new dual responsive "turn-on" and "ratiometric" aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) 3-formyl-5-(piperidin-1-yl)biphenyl-4-carbonitrile 6 a (FPBC 6 a) for selective detection of hydrazine in solution as well as in vapour phase is described. At a low concentration of 2.5 μm, the probe FPBC 6 a is non-fluorescent (turn-off) but remarkably lights up (turn-on with blue emission) in the presence of hydrazine solution (0.25-25 μm). Interestingly, at higher concentrations, the nanoaggregates of FPBC 6 a (>25 μm, 99 % HEPES in DMSO) displayed ratiometric response in the presence of hydrazine with a remarkable hypsochromic shift from the green (500-550 nm) to blue regions (440-480 nm). Furthermore, a real application of FPBC 6 a was successfully demonstrated through the detection and visualization of hydrazine in live cervical cancer cells as well as using portable test strips.

Despite extensive studies there are contradictory findings regarding effects of nano-topography on bacterial adherence and viability. Here, we report that bacteria have ability to locate nearest pillars, enabling itself to expand and attach, and pulling these pillars towards itself. Two types of nanopillars, namely, Straight pillars (SP) and Conical pillars (CP) were used to investigate the behavior of bacterial cell on surface nano topographies. We calculated that the force applied by the bacteria on these pillars is in the order of few hundred nano-newtons, and most importantly, the magnitude of the applied force depends on the pillar dimensions. Straight pillars are bent significantly compared to sharp-tipped conical pillars, suggesting higher overall mechanical stress in/throughout the bacterial membrane on straight pillars, leading to membrane rupture and ultimately cell death. In the case of bacterial membrane on conical pillars, severe localized stress generated in the membrane, near the regions where pillars contacted the membrane due to small cross-section of conical pillars, pierces the membrane (no bending of pillars) which causes cell death.

Application of enzymes in health care sector is becoming a popular therapeutic area of treatment. Recent advances in modern biotechnology have revolutionized the development of new enzymes. It is not surprising that the enzymes derived from wild as well as genetically engineered microbes coupled with protein engineering have gained interest for their widespread uses in pharmaceutical industries and medicine owing to their higher stability, catalytic activity, ease of production and optimization than that of plant or animal derived enzymes. In recent times, the scientific world has perceived the importance of bacterial protease in matrix destruction and modulating host response, thereby exhibiting significant importance in curing odontal disease. Moreover, bacterial collagenase has been prominently used to treat skin diseases and inflammatory periodontal disease. Another microbial enzyme, amylase has also been found to be applicable in emerging field of health care like enzyme replacement therapy. Microbial chitinase can be used in the treatment of several infections. Microbial lipases find applications as digestive aids and in the treatment of necrosis. This book chapter will revolve around aspects like the production of microbial enzymes and their inevitable role in health care sectors like wound healing, assisting metabolism, drug delivery and related diseases.

In this paper, we present various systems submitted by our team problemConquero for SemEval-2020 Shared Task 12 Multilingual Offensive Language Identification in Social Media. We participated in all the three sub-tasks of OffensEval-2020, and our final submissions during the evaluation phase included transformer-based approaches and a soft label-based approach. BERT based fine-tuned models were submitted for each language of sub-task A (offensive tweet identification). RoBERTa based fine-tuned model for sub-task B (automatic categorization of offense types) was submitted. We submitted two models for sub-task C (offense target identification), one using soft labels and the other using BERT based fine-tuned model. Our ranks for sub-task A were Greek-19 out of 37, Turkish-22 out of 46, Danish-26 out of 39, Arabic-39 out of 53, and English-20 out of 85. We achieved a rank of 28 out of 43 for sub-task B. Our best rank for sub-task C was 20 out of 39 using BERT based fine-tuned model., 10 pages,2 figures,8 tables, Accepted at Proceedings of the 14th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval-2020)

The efficiency of photocatalytic antibacterial surfaces is limited by the absorption of light in it. Light absorption in photocatalytic surfaces can be enhanced by structuring it, leading to increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hence improved bactericidal efficacy. A second, more passive methodology to kill bacteria involves the use of sharp nanostructures that mechanically disrupt the bacterial membrane. Recently, these two mechanisms were combined to form photoactive nanostructured surfaces with better antibacterial efficacy. However, the design rules for fabricating the optimal photoactive nanostructured surfaces have not been articulated. Here we show that for optimal performance it is very important to account for optoelectrical properties and geometry of the photoactive coating and the underlying pillar. We show that TiO

A facile synthesis and detailed photophysical investigation of E/Z-isomerization of fluorescent diphenylamine tethered stilbene derivatives (DPASs) under white light exposure have been carried out to understand the effect on fluorescence, electrochemical properties, and photostability under various activation/deactivation pathways. In solution state, in the dark, the E-isomer of DPASs (6a–d) exhibited high fluorescence quantum yields (Φfl ≈ 53% to 60% in DMSO). However, on white light exposure, 1H NMR and HPLC studies revealed that pure E-isomer of the DPAS 6a (∼9.5 mM) started converting into its Z-form by photoisomerization until it reaches to nearly equilibrium. At low concentrations (∼10 μM), the absorption band of the pure E-isomer in the range of 350–450 nm gradually decreased to adopt Z-conformation 6a′ until a photostationary state was reached. The structure of the E-isomer 6a was unequivocally confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The synthesized DPAS compounds 6a–d possessed positive solvatoc...

This study provides en route activity of hydration water allied with uranyl salts amid complexation reactions with a donor species L bearing O, N, and S (phenolic, -OH; imine, -HC═N-; and thio-, -S-) donor functionalities. The UO

In India, a variety of agricultural products such as bananas, pomegranates, apples, cashew apples, citrus, litchi, mangos, guava, apricots, pineapples, peaches, berries, grapes, watermelons, passion fruit, carrots, amlas, and tomatoes are produced in plenty. As some of the vegetables/fruits are perishable in nature, the improvement of shelf life plays an important role. An alternative strategy adopted for the proper utilization of such fruits/vegetables is juice preparation for appropriate usage of the raw material. In modern fruit juice manufacturing, industrial enzymes are major fundamental components. The functions of enzymes in juice processing are increasing juice yield, clear and visually attractive juice production, debittering of juice, and improvement of the antioxidant and nutritional properties of juice. The use of the enzymes such as pectinase, tannase, carbohydrase, naringinase, and lipase/esterase alone as well as their blends can not only give better juice yield but also help in retaining enhanced nutrition in the juice. In this chapter, the authors will emphasize not only the cost-effective production of industrial enzymes for their selection in appropriate fruit juice production in the pure as well as mixed form, but also accentuate the titer value, shelf life, appropriate enzyme selection, and nutritional upliftment of the final product. A series of enzymes involved in these processes will include laccase, tannase, pectinase, naringinase, carbohydrase, and a few oxido-reductase along with the juice quality and sensory evaluation for maximum wide acceptability of the fruit/vegetable juices.

In the era of industrialization, effluent generation is a common factor while improper treatment of wastewater prior to discharge is a major concern. Due to the potent application of alcohol in medicinal, cosmetics, food, biochemical, chemical sectors distillery industries are growing rapidly throughout the world. It is considered as one of the most polluted industries due to its huge effluent volume generation, characteristics and presence of recalcitrant contaminants. Effluent from distillery industries has a great impact on environment due to its diversified pollutants concentration. The untreated distillery effluent easily finds access to watercourse thus causing eutrophication and ultimately imbalance the ecosystem. The unpleasant obnoxious odour, colour, low pH, high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values and presence of recalcitrant compounds poses several environmental and health issues. Hence, the main objective of distillery industry is to minimize waste generation though process modification in the manufacturing units. Several clean-up technologies are implemented for chemical and biological treatment processes. Potential microbial community, plant based remediation, enzyme technology and advancement in bioreactors are being explored to combat environmental pollution. On the other hand, valorisation and value added product recovery from the effluent is an emerging field for distillery effluent management. This review presents an overview of the generation pathway and nature of the distillery effluent, biological agents, enzyme technologies, role of microbes and biotechnological tools employed for treatment and option for the recovery of value added product.

Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) or microimplants have added a whole new dimension to orthodontic treatment, allowing tooth movements to be carried out, which were previously thought difficult or impossible. The use of microimplants, although useful on one hand, has also led to their nonjudicious use by orthodontists. This has led to an increase in associated iatrogenic damages. These iatrogenic insults can, however, be minimized by thorough knowledge of bone densities, anatomic variations, implant material and sizes in relation to fracture resistance of the TADs used. The following case reports illustrate instances of TAD fractures with various management protocols.

Banking sector is growing rapidly and playing a vital role in the economic development of the nation. Both private and public sector banks are giving more priority to service quality to satisfy their customers. For this, banks are now emphasizing on E-CRM practices to carry out transactions and communicate with their customers. The purpose of this research is to assess the service quality among private and public banks in Rajasthan. Purposive sampling technique has been employed to collect the data from three private banks and three banks from public. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, Mean score method and t test have been used. Results indicates that there is a significant difference in consumer’s perception of service quality dimensions related to E-CRM practices provided by selected private and public sector banks of Rajasthan..The findings of this research will help policy makers of banking sector to set customer oriented policies.

Stabilization clause is a contractual clause commonly found in investment contracts such as concession agreements wherein the host country grants a concession i.e. a right to develop certain project to the investor. Stabilization clause is a contractual risk management tool that aims to maintain legal and economic equilibrium of the investment project by preventing unilateral actions of the host country in exercising its sovereign functions. However, when the host country is a developing one then stabilization clauses may adversely affect the development of human rights, labour and environmental laws. This paper argues that removal of stabilization clause is not an appropriate solution for a developing country seeking economic development through foreign investment. Instead, during negotiations host developing countries should narrow the scope and restrict the duration of stabilization clauses.

The Industrial Disputes Act as it stood in 1947 had no provision for payment of 'lay-off' and 'retrenchment' compensation in case workmen were laid off or retrenched in case of certain contingencies. Though some progressive employers used to voluntarily pay and Industrial Tribunals and courts used to award such compensation at times, the situation was far from satisfactory. This situation was addressed in 1953 when as a consequence of accumulated stocks in textile industry, textile mills were threatened with the effect of closure of one or more shifts entailing lay-off or retrenchment of a large number of workers employed in the industry. Thus, to avoid industrial unrest in the country, the President of India promulgated the Industrial Disputes (Amendment) Ordinance, 1953. As a result, Chapter VA containing Sections 25A to 25J was inserted by Act No. 43 of 1953 with effect from this Chapter relates to 'Lay-off and Retrenchment'. The researcher believes that this Chapter is extremely important to the working of any industry because it is the workmen who make the industry function and if they are dissatisfied or removed then it will hamper the working of the industry. The researcher in this research paper will be dealing with the issues regarding the applicability of this Chapter VA as interpreted by courts.

Various Pinus radiata wood components, solvent extracted and acetylated, were irradiated with ultraviolet light (λ max = 350nm). The XPS spectrum of the acetylated wood surface resembled that of cellulose acetate suggesting that acetylation removes lignin from the wood surface. The presence of acetylated lignin in the acetic anhydride solution following acetylation, identified by IR and NMR, supports this theory. This could be a major contributor to the bleaching of wood on acetylation. The XPS spectra of irradiated wood and lignin showed that photo-oxidation had occurred in both extracted wood, untreated lignin and acetylated samples. Demethoxylation and/or β-aryl ether cleavage in untreated irradiated lignin is supported by the XPS spectra while deacetylation of irradiated acetylated samples is indicated by decreased C 1 band intensity. Acetylation proved ineffective in preventing photo-oxidation of wooden surfaces The depletion of lignin on the wooden surface, (an artefact of acetylation) results in less light absorption thereby retarding photo-induced yellowing. Peroxide treatment of extracted radiata pine did not deplete surface lignin.

The researcher would like to begin this paper, by clarifying its scope. It is in light of this that the researcher in this paper, will be dealing with termination of pregnancy rather than 'abortion'. The following are the reasons why the terms cannot be read as synonyms. First, abortion can also mean miscarriage or the unexpected or unintended loss of fetus due to natural processes. However, what the researcher seeks to discuss in this paper is the intended ending of pregnancy which would otherwise be expected to progress normally. Secondly, abortion would also cover within its ambit abortion performed or attempted outside the medical arena, whereas, the researcher seeks to examine the issues concerning termination of pregnancy using medically prescribed methods. Lastly, the term abortion is much broader than 'medical termination of pregnancy', which is the main focus of researcher.

The section 106 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (hereinafter referred to as Evidence Act) deals with sifting the onus of proving a particular fact on the accused or when that particular fact is especially within his knowledge. This section is only applicable once the prosecution has proved the prima facie case against the accused. Hence, it is clear that the section is just an exception section 101 of the Evidence Act and its applicability does not extend into taking off the legal burden from the shoulder of the prosecution. Hence the burden which is being talked about in this section is the evidential burden the onus of proving which can be shifted to the accused. The researcher shall thus, be proving these various issues and the consequential sub-issues which may arise during the course of her arguments.

The extent of judicial involvement in the plea-bargaining is something which cannot be precisely demarcated due to lack of clear, comprehensive guidelines for judicial conduct in plea bargaining. The excessive intervention could compromise the position of judge as a neutral arbiter while no intervention could lead to an unjust result. From the reading of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 chapter on plea bargaining it can be inferred that judicial scrutiny is limited when it comes to plea bargaining. The intention of the legislature can be inferred from the case of Mithu v. State of Punjab as something which is not to completely exclude judicial discretion as that would involve the risk of the provision being struck down as unconstitutional. Since, in this case section 303 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 was struck down as unconstitutional because it excludes judicial discretion.

This paper argues that there is a differential tax treatment on the issuance of bonus shares to the equity shareholders on one hand and bonus shares issued to preference shareholders and bonus debenture issued to debenture holder on the other. The researcher would argue that this distinction is based on the premise that in case of bonus preference shares and bonus debentures income is accrued at the time of issuance and actually paid at the time of redemption. Hence the trigger event is issuance which is when the income accrues. However, in case of bonus equity shares, it seems to fall under section 2(22)(a) of the ITA entailing release of assets yet the shareholder is not taxed since no income is received in his hands.

Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements have been performed on NO adsorbed on Pd“110” using a polarized light source at a range of incidence angles. An analysis of intensities of σ and π resonance features is made which includes both the average orientation of the molecule and contributions arising from a low frequency, in-plane hindered-translation mode. The analysis indicates that at all coverages NO is upright, with a hindered-translation mode frequency of 68 cm −1 directed along the azimuth. The normal frozen-molecule analysis would, incorrectly, yield a tilt angle of 22°; adsorbate molecular orientation cannot be reliably obtained from NEXAFS data at 300 K without including the effect of these high-amplitude modes.

Effects of doping YBa2Cu3O7-δ with Mg and Zn on its crystallographic structure and superconducting behaviour have been investigated. Orthorhombic structure is retained upto Mg/Cu ratio of 0.12 (the highest investigated here), but Tc decreases rapidly with the level of Mg-doping. The effects produced by Mg-doping are very similar to those due to Zn-doping investigated by the present authors as well as by others. Neutron diffraction measurements have been carried out on two substituted materials: YBa2Cu2.82Mg0.18O7-δ and YBa2Cu2.82Zn0.18O7-δ. Both Mg- and Zn-dopants show strong tendency of occupying Cu(II)-sites in the unit cell. In the case of Mg-doping, however, a strikingly different feature is the concomitant depletion of oxygen at the O3-sites by an amount nearly equal to the Mg-concentration.