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Background: Sputum eosinophils can be used to assess severity of disease and response to treatment in bronchial asthma. Eosinophilic inflammation in the airways can also be marked by blood eosinophilia. In this study, we tried to determine the sputum eosinophil count and serum absolute eosinophil count in patients with asthma and correlate them with disease severity and treatment response., Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional intervention study including all consecutive cases with a diagnosis of bronchial asthma based on spirometry and clinical history. An induced sputum sample and blood were sent for eosinophil count to the laboratory. All the patients were started on inhaled corticosteroids and followed up at the end of 1 month with spirometry, sputum eosinophil count and AEC. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows v20.0 (IBM SPSS Corp.; Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis., Results: There was no significant difference in the mean sputum eosinophil count (%) in mild, moderate and severe disease (f = 0.24; P = 0.79) or in AEC (f = 1.48; P = 0.24). At follow-up, all patients with moderate and severe disease showed significant improvement in FEV1 ( P = 0.0001). The mean sputum eosinophil count and AEC (%) in the three subgroups was also seen to decrease at the end of the follow-up period (f = 0.08; P = 0.9 and f = 2.75; P = 0.07, respectively)., Conclusion: Sputum eosinophils and AEC are important markers of airway inflammation. All our patients showed improvement in FEV1, sputum eosinophil count and AEC after 1 month of treatment thus confirming the role of ICS in the treatment of eosinophilic asthma., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.)

Introduction: Bronchogenic carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer-related death in men and women. Early diagnosis and treatment in these cases are essential for a better prognosis. Serum biomarkers such as serum amyloid A (SAA) and CYFRA 21-1 have generated encouraging results regarding their use in the diagnosis of these cases but data on their role in the Indian scenario are still lacking., Aim: The study aims to measure the levels of SAA and CYFRA 21-1 in various types of lung cancer and compare them with patients without lung cancer. It also aims to compare the values of these biomarkers before and after chemotherapy and correlate them with response to treatment., Materials and Methods: It was a prospective, case-control study conducted in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Chandigarh. All histologically and/or cytologically proven lung cancer cases were included in the study group while patients with diseases other than lung cancer formed the control group. All patients were evaluated through a complete history and thorough clinical examination. Measurement of SAA and CYFRA 21-1 in blood was done by sandwich ELISA method. The patients in the study group were followed up regularly and the biomarkers were measured again after four cycles of chemotherapy. The response of tumors to chemotherapy was evaluated as per modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 19.0., Results: The study group and control group included 20 patients each. Hoarseness of voice and hemoptysis were significantly associated with lung cancer patients ( P = 0.001 and P = 0.025, respectively). Serum levels above 8745 ng/ml for SAA and 2.55 ng/ml for serum CYFRA 21-1 were used as diagnostic biomarker in lung cancer. The serum levels of CYFRA 21-1 were found to be significantly raised in nonsmall cell carcinoma (NSCLC) in comparison to SCLC of lung. There was a statistically significant decrease in the serum levels of CYFRA 21-1 in lung cancer patients on C4 cycle of chemotherapy in comparison to C1 cycle ( P = 0.014)., Conclusion: SAA and CYFRA 21-1 could be valuable diagnostic biomarkers in lung cancer. CYFRA 21-1, in addition, could also be used as prognostic biomarker in lung cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy as it showed significant decrease after C4-cycle of chemotherapy. It can also be a potential biomarker to differentiate small cell and NSCLC., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research.)

Introduction: Some patients suffer from various multisystem symptoms even after active process of COVID-19 illness has settled lasting more than four weeks called as long COVID. Pulmonary rehabilitation therapy is the proposed option in those patients. This study aims to study the impact of pulmonary rehabilitation on outcome of long COVID patients through improvement in mMRC dyspnea scale, oxygen saturation, cough score, six-minute walk distance and biomarkers of inflammation., Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out from the data of electronic medical records among 71 Long COVID patients. Parameters like Spo2, MMRC scale, cough score, six-minute walking distance along with blood levels of D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), leucocyte count at the time of admission and after three weeks of pulmonary rehabilitation were collected. The outcome among the patients was divided into full recovery and partial recovery group. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 19.0., Result: Among 71 cases in our study 60 (84.50%) where male with mean age was 52.7 ± 13.23 years. Biomarkers like CRP and d-Dimer were elevated in 68 (95.7%) and 48 (67.6%) patients, respectively, at the time of admission. After 3 weeks of pulmonary rehabilitation mean SPO2, cough score, 6MWD showed significant improvement and normalization of biomarkers in recovered group of 61 out of 71 which was statistically significant., Conclusion: Significant improvement of oxygen saturation, mMRC grade, cough score, six-minute walk distance and normalization of biomarkers were marked following pulmonary rehabilitation. Thus, pulmonary rehabilitation therapy should be offered to all long COVID cases., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.)

Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is an uncommon entity in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It may arise due to various causes ranging from the disease itself to complications of treatment. If left untreated, it may increase the morbidity, hospital stay, and adversely affect the outcome. We hereby present a series of cases with a persistent pneumothorax and associated BPF due to varying etiologies. While three of our cases developed a pneumothorax while on non-invasive ventilation, other three were on oxygen therapy. One patient developed a spontaneous pyopneumothorax and septicemia and succumbed to the complications. Another patient on non-invasive ventilation died due to complications of pregnancy. The management of each case varied depending on their clinical presentation., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.)

Introduction: The understanding of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has changed considerably over the past decade. The metabolic syndrome (MS) represents a cluster of risk factors that increases the risk for developing various noncommunicable diseases. In COPD, it is associated with worsening respiratory symptoms, increasing lung function impairment, pulmonary hypertension, and increasing hospitalizations., Aims: To determine the prevalence of MS in patients with COPD and correlate it with disease severity., Methodology: The present study was a cross-sectional observational study. Patients confirmed by spirometry to have COPD were included in the study. All demographic data and anthropometric, radiological, and laboratory parameters were recorded. The definition stated by modified NCEP ATP III criteria proposed by the AHA/NHLB (2005) was followed to identify patients with MS. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 for Windows., Results: A total of 76 patients were included in the study. MS was recorded in 42.1% of COPD cases. The average number of exacerbations and hospitalizations due to COPD in MS cases (1.38 ± 1.95 and 0.97 ± 1.51) were more than the patients without MS (1.27 ± 1.30 and 0.68 ± 0.96). The majority of patients with MS exhibited grade 3 dyspnea based on modified medical research council grading (MMRC). MS was commonest in patients with GOLD stage III disease. High serum triglyceride level was observed in an increasing trend (25%, 30%, 35.5%, and 75%) in GOLD stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively., Conclusion: Patients with MS present with more severe disease and frequent exacerbations. All COPD patients should be screened for MS at the primary level., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.)