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This study empirically investigated existence of U-Shaped relationship between workers' remittances inflows(WRI) and per capita income(PCI) in Pakistan. WRI can increase or decrease growth in per capita income depending on whether positive effects outweigh negative effects or vice versa. It is possible that in initial phase remittances affect growth negatively and in the later phase positively or vice-versa implying non-linearity. The study applied Johansen's Cointegration method to find long run relationship among variables using time series annual data from 1991-2017. The Error Correction Method was used to reconfirm long run relationship. The sources of time series data were World Development Indicators, World Bank and Pakistan Labour Force Survey (Various issues), Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. The results indicated that at first stage WRI affect per capita income negatively and later on after threshold level (WRI as percentage of GDP equal to 2.34) affect positively thus confirming existence of U-shaped relationship in case of Pakistan. The negative and significant coefficient of lagged ECM term in short run model confirmed convergence of the series towards equilibrium. It takes time for the benefits of WRI to outweigh their costs in the developing countries. The policy implication of the study is that optimal use of WRI is important for improvement in PCI in Pakistan. Policy makers need to understand nonlinear relationship where remittances affect growth positively after achieving certain threshold level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has investigated the impact of globalisation on gender-based gaps in the labor market (GBGLM) of Pakistan for the period 1982-2017. Particularly, the study has estimated the impact of trade openness(OPEN), foreign direct investment (FDI), workers' remittance inflows(WRI) and exchange rate(ER) on gender-based labour force participation rate differential (LFPRD) and wage differential (WD). The study has applied the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and Johansen's cointegration approach on two models estimated for LFPRD and WD. The error correction models (ECM) have confirmed an error correction mechanism as reflected by negative and significant coefficients of lagged ECM terms. The study has applied all relevant diagnostic tests to ensure the validity of empirical findings. The results of the study indicated that in the long run, OPEN reduced LFPRD and WD, whereas, FDI augmented LFPRD. ER depreciation decreased LFPRD and augmented WD. WRI also augmented LFPRD and WD. The study concluded that OPEN and Real GDP are prominent factors in reducing WD and LFPRD of Pakistan, whereas, FDI and WRI augmented LFPRD. This is a very important finding in the context of the stagnant real sector of Pakistan where agriculture and industry have performed lower than rapidly growing services sector of Pakistan. Since most of the exports emanate from the real sector of Pakistan, therefore, relatively more focus on real sector as compared to financial inflows can play a crucial role in reducing GBGLM of Pakistan. The policy implication based on results is that to reduce GBGLM of Pakistan, trade liberalisation with special focus on the commodity-producing sector is right policy option in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has empirically investigated the impact of urbanization on Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP) in Pakistan for the period 1982-2012 using Autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model and Error Correction Model (ECM). Recent empirical literature provides evidence that urbanization can affect FLFP in both ways positive and negative depending on dominance of added worker effect or discouraged worker effect. This study has used Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test to check stationarity of variables. On the basis of results of ADF test, ARDL approach of cointegration was applied. Cointegration results showed that urban growth and gendered wage ratio negatively affect FLFP whereas GDPPC has positive effect. Coefficient of lagged error correction term in ECM (-0.5927) was negative and highly significant reconfirming co-integration and showing 59.27% correction in deviation of actual series from long run equilibrium in one year. The policy implication on the basis of empirical findings of this study is that employment opportunities for females in urban areas need to be accompanied with growing urbanization in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has estimated passthrough of global food and energy inflation to CPI inflation in Pakistan for the period 1993M2 to 2012M2. The study has applied Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test to check stationarity of data before applying Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique. The estimation results showed that global inflation in food, industrial inputs and energy price indices positively and significantly affect inflation in Pakistan in the long run. The empirical estimates of long run passthrough of foreign food and energy inflation to domestic inflation are consistent with recent studies for developing countries. On the basis of estimation results, the study recommends prudent use of monetary policy in coordination with fiscal policy to control pssthrough of foreign inflation to domestic inflation in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan being 6th most populous country in the world has 177 million population with total fertility rate 3.5 per woman and population growth rate 2.05 percent. Family planning indicators reflect that Pakistan has comparatively lowest position in the region as well as in Islamic countries. Population growth rate is an important determinant of current account balance, however, no previous study has checked impact of population growth on CAB in Pakistan. This study investigates the impact of population growth on current account balance as percentage of GDP (CABGDP) of Pakistan by applying Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) approach of co-integration for the period 1984-2010. The findings of the study show that increase in population growth worsens CABGDP of Pakistan in the long run. The negative sign and significance of coefficient of error correction term in the short run model also confirms long run relationship between population growth and CABGDP in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the impact of foreign exchange inflows on equilibrium real exchange rate of Pakistan for the period 1993 M7 to 2009 M3 through behavioral equilibrium real exchange rate (BEER) approach. The BEER approach uses econometric technique of cointegration to establish a behavioral link between the real exchange rate and relevant macroeconomic fundamentals. The study shall conclude that massive foreign direct investment inflows and workers 'remittances have significantly appreciated equilibrium real exchange rate of Pakistan. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of foreign exchange inflows in Pakistan in the form of FDI and workers' remittances on equilibrium real exchange rate of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]