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Flow turbulization is one of the most commonly used techniques for improving heat transfer. This study uses numerical simulation and experimental tests to examine ball turbulators' effect on fluid friction and heat transfer characteristics in a circular pipe. Ball turbulators with different diameters of 10, 15, and 20 mm and spacer lengths of 20 cm are inserted in the circular pipes. The ratio of the diameter of the ball to the diameter of the internal flow path of the pipe, ball turbulent ratio (BTR) =D_b/D_p, becomes 0.41, 0.62, and 0.83. The water was a working fluid with Reynolds numbers 3,500 to 11,500. The findings demonstrate excellent agreement with deviations of less than 11%. The maximum thermal performance factor reached about 1.18, 1.24, and 1.4 for the BTR 0.41, 0.62, and 0.83, respectively. The ball turbulators increase friction factor; this increase in experimental findings is 52, 65, and 78% at BTR 0.41, 0.62, and 0.83, respectively. Also, it is noticeable that there is a gradual decrease in thermal performance when the Reynolds number range is higher than 7500.

This work conducted a numerical study with experimental validation to improve the performance of a rectangular multi-channel cooling plate utilised for cooling lithium batteries. Seven different designs on a cold plate for laminar flow conditions were evaluated using numerical modelling simulations in the 3D ANSYS program. Three cooling plate designs were proposed with channel arrangements: arc, convergent–divergent and different channel widths (narrow central channels and wide peripheral channels). The other four proposed cooling plate designs included representations of variable-sized pin fins with different shapes: oval, drop, rhombus and trapezoidal within different channel widths. Real experiments were conducted on a manufactured conventional cooling plate to verify the results of the numerical simulation. Results indicated that all proposed designs improved the heat transfer of the cooling plate. The percentage of enhancement in Nusselt number due to the presence of rhombus-shaped pin fins inside different channel widths is approximately 95.5 %, which is about three times the enhancement in pin fins that used only smooth different channel widths, which is approximately 33.5 %. Amongst the studied designs, incorporating different channel widths with the addition of rhombus-shaped pin fins exhibited the largest heat dissipation capacity and the best thermal–hydraulic performance. The highest temperature uniformity enhancement ratio and performance evaluation parameter for this case reached about 71.96 % and 1.68, respectively.

In arid regions like the Eastern Bahira Basin, communities mainly rely on groundwater for drinking and irrigation. However, efficiently managing these vital resources requires a deep understanding of the underlying aquifers’ structure and identifying the most suitable areas for exploitation. This presents a significant challenge for the success of water supply and irrigation programs in the Eastern Bahira Basin. This study is based on an integrative approach, combining Electrical Resistivity Tomography data, with the compilation and reinterpretation of pre-existing seismic, gravimetric and vertical electrical sounding data. This approach is based on compiling old gravimetric data and applying advanced processing techniques to determine the horizontal gradient maxima, which helps highlight the major structural alignments in the basin. Furthermore, the approach utilizes seismic data in order to enhance understanding of the deep structure of the basin, reinterpreting it in light of recent drilling data. The interpretation of the gravimetric and seismic data has also been validated by the results of vertical electrical soundings and electrical tomography that we recently acquired in the Eastern Bahira basin. The outcomes of this research provide new insights into the deep structure of the Eastern Bahira Basin and suggest the most promising hydrogeological prospects, thereby contributing to the success of the ongoing drinking water supply and irrigation program in the Eastern Bahira Basin.

Liquid cooling using a mini-channel heat sink (MHS) has been highly efficient in cooling rectangular and cylindrical lithium batteries. This work proposed a new hexagonal MHS (HMHS) to cool a cylindrical heat source instead of the traditional cylindrical with smooth MHS (CSMHS). In addition to the smooth channels, four obstructed channels were proposed to further enhance the thermal performance of this HMHS. The obstructions used include: semicircular ribs–cavities, semicircular ribs–secondary flow, semicircular pin fins and semicircular pin fins–cavities. This study was numerically conducted using the finite volume method under water Reynolds number ranging from 100 to 800. CSMHS and HMHS with semicircular pin fins were manufactured and tested to verify the validity of the numerical results. Results showed that the HMHS exhibited superior hydro-thermal performance compared with the CSMHS. In addition, the HMHS with obstructed channels contributes to a significant improvement in thermal performance. The percentages of Nusselt number improvement with all channels were approximately: 12.3%, 60.5%, 71.5%, 104% and 112% for smooth, semicircular ribs–cavities, semicircular rib–secondary flow, semicircular pin fins and semicircular pin fins–cavities, respectively. Amongst all the channels, the channels with semicircular pin fins achieved the best performance with a hydro-thermal performance factor of 1.67.

Background and objectives Violence against women (VAW) is widespread and can have serious physical and mental health consequences, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and sleep disorders. Victim-survivors often face barriers in accessing specialised care, highlighting the need for a multidisciplinary response, especially in healthcare settings. The Maison des Femmes (MdF) model provides holistic support to women experiencing VAW, including medical, psychological, social and legal support. The aim of this study is to examine whether the MdF’s comprehensive intervention programme offers advantages over standard care in improving mental health indicators, such as PTSD.Method and analysis Our pragmatic quasi-experimental study uses a non-randomised controlled cluster design. The intervention group comprises women enrolled in MdFs in five French cities, while the comparison group includes women receiving usual care in sociomedical structures located geographically close to MdF centres. Our study aims to recruit 360 women (180 per group), aged 18 years or older, who have experienced intimate partner violence or sexual violence and who seek care at the study centres. The primary analysis will compare the change in PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) scores over 6 months in the two groups using multivariable linear regression with propensity score adjustment. Secondary outcomes include sleep disorders, quality of life, symptoms of anxiety and depression, self-esteem, sense of safety and well-being, initiation of legal and socioprofessional proceedings, and healthcare utilisation.Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by the ‘Comité de protection des personnes Ile de France III’ (CPP Committee for the Protection of Persons Ile de France III; institutional review board on 20 December 2023; Ref no. (Numéro SI): 23.04197.000491).The results of the study will be communicated via academic publications; easily understandable briefs for a broader public; and proactive involvement with medical institutions, journalists and advocacy groups.Trial registration number NCT06226818. Version Number 1- february2024.

This study numerically and experimentally examined the effects of pin fin configuration and channel geometry on the performance of a hexagonal mini-channel heat sink (HMCHS) to cool cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells. Various configurations of HMCHS with circular pin fins are studied, including circular fins centrally positioned within flat channels, circular fins positioned within grooved channels, circular fins situated within hybrid channels transitioning between wavy and straight channels and circular fins placed within hybrid channels that incorporate secondary flow channels between the primary flow channels. This numerical study utilized the finite volume method to investigate the laminar water flow at Reynolds numbers below 800. Findings showed that the HMCHS exhibited superior thermal performance compared with the conventional cylindrical mini-channel heat sink design. Moreover, the incorporation of pin fins into the HMCHS design was more effective in enhancing the Nusselt number than simply increasing the Reynolds number across various configurations. Meanwhile, the hybrid channel design with secondary channels, combined with the addition of pin fins, achieved the optimal overall performance of the HMCHS, resulting in the highest performance index of 1.88.

The limited cooling capacity of cold plates employing conventional channel designs represents a key obstacle in thermal management systems. The persistent growth of the thermal boundary layer and the uneven distribution of flow across the channels are the principal challenges encountered in this context. To overcome these challenges, this study aims to analyse a modified cold plate of obstructed variable-width channels that can improve the hydrothermal performance and temperature uniformity. Different shapes of pin fins and grooves with variable sizes that match the width of the variable-width channels are proposed. Specifically, four types of pin fins–grooves were used: ellipse, drop, rhombus and trapezoid. The traditional cold plate served as a basis for evaluating the performance of new designs of cold plates. In addition to the traditional cold plate, the four proposed designs of cold plates were manufactured from copper. Experiments were conducted with water as a working fluid under a laminar flow for a flow rate range of 0.004–0.04 kg s-1 and a discharge C-rate range of 1C–2C. Results indicated that the use of variable-width channels with all shapes of fins–grooves effectively contributed to improving the heat dissipation of the cold plate, accompanied with an increase in hydraulic pumping power. At the highest flow rate, the best improvement percentage in the Nusselt number of 82.5 % was achieved when trapezoidal pin fins–grooves were used; by contrast, the lowest pumping power increasing percentage of 33.2 % was obtained when elliptical pin fins–grooves were adopted. The best hydraulic/thermal performance was achieved when trapezoidal pin fins were utilised, with the highest figure of merit of 1.685.

Background: The global challenge posed by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a major concern for the healthcare sector in recent years. Healthcare workers have a relatively high risk of encountering COVID-19 patients, making protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is a priority for them. This study aims to evaluate the longitudinal measurement of SARS-CoV-2 IgG spike protein antibodies in healthcare workers (HCWs) after COVID-19 infection and after receiving the first and second doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, including Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) and Oxford-AstraZeneca (AZD1222). Methods: This longitudinal cohort study involved 311 healthcare workers working in two tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia. All participants were followed between July 2020 and July 2022 after completing the study questionnaire. A total of 3 ml of the blood samples were collected at four intervals: before/after vaccination. Results: HCWs post-infection had lower mean SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels three months post-infection than post-vaccination. 92.2% had positive IgG levels two weeks after the first dose and reached 100% after the second dose. Over 98% had positive antibodies nine months after the second dose, regardless of vaccine type. The number of neutralizing antibodies decreased and was around 50% at nine months after the second dose. Conclusion: The results show different antibody patterns between infected and vaccinated HCWs. A high proportion of participants had positive antibodies after vaccination, with high levels persisting nine months after the second dose. Neutralizing antibodies decreased over time, with only about 50% of participants having positive antibodies nine months after the second dose. These results contribute to our understanding of immunity in healthcare workers and highlight the need for the continuous monitoring and possible booster strategies.

Introduction: Syphilis remains a significant challenge in public health, largely because of its diverse clinical manifestations, often resulting in underdiagnosis especially among patients with neurogenic disability. Case description: We present a case of neurosyphilis in a 63-year-old patient with a spinal cord injury. Despite syphilis being a well-established sexually transmitted infection, the exacerbation of neurological and dermatological symptoms during physical examination prompted an investigation into alternative causes beyond the patient’s pre-existing paraparesis, ultimately resulting in the diagnosis of neurosyphilis. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of considering syphilis as a potential diagnosis in individuals regardless of their medical history.

Streptomyces are renowned for their prolific production of specialized metabolites with applications in medicine and agriculture. These multicellular bacteria present a sophisticated developmental cycle and play a key role in soil ecology. Little is known about the impact of Streptomyces phage on bacterial physiology. In this study, we investigated the conditions governing the expression and production of "Samy", a prophage found in Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC 23877. This siphoprophage is produced simultaneously with the activation of other mobile genetic elements. Remarkably, the presence and production of Samy increases bacterial dispersal under in vitro stress conditions. Altogether, this study unveiled a new property of a bacteriophage infection in the context of multicellular aggregate dynamics.

There is a lack of universal scales for tracking ADHD symptoms in the home for children/adolescents in the Sudanese context. For this reason, this study aimed to validate the ADHD Rating Scale—5 for Children and Adolescents, Home Version for use by parents in Sudan to assess their children for ADHD. This scale is widely used by parents to assess their children aged 5–17 years for ADHD in the home environment. The current study involved 3,742 Sudanese parents of school-aged children and adolescents, each asked to complete the instrument for one child in their family; only one parent per family participated in the study. The authors then examined the psychometric properties of the scale from the completed assessments. The results indicated acceptable to high reliability for the total scale and both the symptom and impairment items. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated high external and construct validity when applying the scale to the Sudanese sample. the factor structure resembled that of the normative U.S. sample in terms of the number of extractable factors and the strength of factor loadings. Based on the results, this adaptation of the home version of the ADHD Scale—5 for Children and Adolescents is both valid and reliable for use by Sudanese parents in the home environment.

Lugeon tests, also known as water pressure tests, are widely used to estimate the transmissivity of rock-fracture networks and are considered standard testing for grouting of dam foundations. The Lugeon test consists of injecting water into an isolated borehole section intersecting several fractures and monitoring water pressure and flow rate over time to estimate the rock fractures' transmissivity. An average fracture aperture for the whole section is then estimated from the transmissivity value, which is used for selecting the appropriate grout mix. However, the current procedure does not provide any information on the variability in aperture sizes within the investigated rock interval. This paper presents a new approach for performing Lugeon testing that allows for providing a probabilistic distribution of fracture apertures by injecting bio-degradable non-Newtonian fluids at different pressures/flow rates. The theoretical framework demonstrating the ability to estimate the dimensions of multiple fractures, in parallel and in series, from non-Newtonian fluid injection tests is presented. Then, experimental results on different combinations of simple fractures, made of parallel plates, are used to validate the derived model and evaluate its performance. Key words: non-Newtonian fluids, water pressure test, fracture dimensions, 1. Introduction Grouting of fractures is a seepage control technique performed by injecting a grout into a fracture network to create an impermeable grout curtain, particularly for sealing dam foundations. [...]

Background: Multiple sclerosis is a frequent neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that includes alterations in the white and gray matter of the brain. The visual system is frequently affected in multiple sclerosis. Glutamate excitotoxicity might play a role in disease pathogenesis. Methodology: In the present study, we analyzed with qualitative and quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot analyses whether alterations in the EAAT5 (SLC1A7) glutamate transporter could be involved in the previously observed alterations in structure and function of glutamatergic photoreceptor ribbon synapses in the EAE mouse model of MS. EAAT5 is a presynaptic glutamate transporter located near the presynaptic release sites. Results: We found that EAAT5 was strongly reduced at the photoreceptor synapses of EAE retinas in comparison to the photoreceptor synapses of the respective control retinas as early as day 9 post-immunization. The Western blot analyses demonstrated a decreased EAAT5 expression in EAE retinas. Conclusions: Our data illustrate early alterations of the EAAT5 glutamate transporter in the early pre-clinical phase of EAE/MS and suggest an involvement of EAAT5 in the previously observed early synaptic changes at photoreceptor synapses. The precise mechanisms need to be elucidated by future investigations.

Abstract Background The discussion about breast cancer (BC) causation continues to be surrounded by a number of myths and misbeliefs. If efforts are misdirected towards reducing risk from false mythical causes, individuals might be less likely to consider and adopt risk-reducing behaviors for evidence-based BC causes. This national study aimed to assess the awareness of BC causation myths and misbeliefs among Palestinian women, and examine the factors associated with having good awareness. Methods This national cross-sectional study recruited adult women from government hospitals, primary healthcare centers, and public spaces in 11 governorates in Palestine. A modified version of the Cancer Awareness Measure-Mythical Causes Scale was used to collect data. The level of awareness of BC causation myths was determined based on the number of myths recognized to be incorrect: poor (0–5), fair (6–10), or good (11–15). Results A total of 5,257 questionnaires were included. Only 269 participants (5.1%) demonstrated good awareness (i.e., recognizing more than 10 out of 15 BC mythical causes). There were no notable differences in displaying good awareness between the main areas of Palestine, the Gaza Strip and the West Bank and Jerusalem (5.1% vs. 5.1%). Having chronic disease as well as visiting hospitals and primary healthcare centers were associated with a decrease in the likelihood of displaying good awareness. Myths related to food were less frequently recognized as incorrect than food-unrelated myths. ‘Eating burnt food’ was the most recognized food-related myth (n = 1414, 26.9%), while ‘eating food containing additives’ was the least recognized (n = 599, 11.4%). ‘Having a physical trauma’ was the most recognized food-unrelated myth (n = 2795, 53.2%), whereas the least recognized was ‘wearing tight bra’ (n = 1018, 19.4%). Conclusions A very small proportion of Palestinian women could recognize 10 or more myths around BC causation. There is a substantial need to include clear information about BC causation in future educational interventions besides focusing on BC screening, signs and symptoms, and risk factors.

BackgroundUnderstanding COVID-19 outcomes remains a challenge. While numerous biomarkers have been proposed for severity at admission, limited exploration exists for markers during the infection course, especially for the requirement of oxygen therapy. This study investigates the potential of eosinophil count normalization as a predictor for oxygen weaning during the initial wave of the pandemic.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted between March and April 2020 (first wave) among adults admitted directly to a medicine ward. Biological abnormalities, including lymphocyte count, eosinophil count, and C-reactive protein (CRP), were gathered daily during the first week of admission according to oxygen level. In case of worsening, oxygen level was censored at 15 L/min. The primary aim was to assess whether eosinophil count normalization predicts a subsequent decrease in oxygen requirements.ResultsOverall, 132 patients were admitted, with a mean age of 59.0 ± 16.3 years. Of the patients, 72% required oxygen, and 20.5% were admitted to the intensive care unit after a median delay of 48 hours. The median CRP at admission was 79 (26–130) mg/L, whereas the eosinophil count was 10 (0–60)/mm3. Eosinophil count normalization (≥100/mm3) by day 2 correlated significantly with decreased oxygen needs (

Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) often have other associated comorbidities, making them susceptible to drug-related problems (DRPs) which can adversely affect their quality of life. Understanding these problems can provide baseline data to allow informed health decisions and effective management of patients. Objectives: This study aims to investigate DRPs in T2D patients with hypertension and find the predictors of these problems. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for six months in the internal medicine department of a tertiary care hospital in Lebanon. Participants were 135 adult T2D patients with hypertension who were receiving one or more anti-diabetes drugs, and at least one medication for hypertension. Pharmaceutical care network europe classification system was used to classify the DRPs. Data were collected by two clinical pharmacists using a self-report tool. Results: Most of patients were female. Most of them (94.1%) had at least one DRP (1.43±0.72 per patient). “Non-optimal drug treatment effect” was the most frequent problem (48.2%). Achieving the HbA1C target reduced the odds of this problem by 66.6%, while the increased serum creatinine level caused a two-fold increase in this problem. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers reduced the odds of DRPs by 86.2% and 83.3%, respectively, while lipid-lowering and anti-anginal drug use caused a four-fold increase in DRPs. Conclusion: Early identification of DRPs in diabetic patients with hypertension and their associated factors can help improve their management and reduce the associated mortality and morbidity rates.

PURPOSEExamining the association of breast cancer (BC) symptom awareness with time to help seeking and exploring barriers to timely presentation may enhance the effectiveness of BC awareness campaigns and early detection efforts. This study aimed to assess the anticipated time for seeking medical advice when experiencing a potential BC symptom among women in Palestine and to identify their barriers to early presentation.MATERIALS AND METHODSA convenience sampling method was used to recruit adult women from hospitals, primary health care facilities, and public areas across 11 governorates in Palestine. A translated-into-Arabic version of the validated BC Awareness Measure was used. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: sociodemographic information, recognition of 13 BC symptoms and reporting time for seeking medical advice, and barriers to early presentation.RESULTSA total of 5,257 questionnaires were included. The proportion of participants who would seek medical advice immediately varied on the basis of the nature of BC symptoms. For symptoms related to the breast, the proportion ranged from 25.7% for redness of the breast skin to 53.5% for a lump or thickening in the breast. For symptoms related to the nipple, the proportion ranged from 30.7% for nipple rash to 48.0% for discharge or bleeding from the nipple. Exhibiting good BC symptom awareness was associated with a higher likelihood of seeking medical advice within a week for all BC symptoms. Emotional barriers were the most frequently reported barriers. There was no association between increasing levels of BC awareness and reporting fewer or more barriers.CONCLUSIONThe nature of BC symptoms had an impact on help-seeking behaviors. Participants with good BC symptom awareness were more likely to seek medical advice earlier.

This study has been adopted to examine the effect of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet strengthening methods on the flexural behaviour of modified foamed concrete beams reinforced with different steel reinforcement ratios, and it deals with the enhancement in flexural behaviour of conventional nonstrengthened FC beams. Twelve modified foamed concrete beams were produced in three groups depending on the reinforcement ratio (under, balanced and over) and strengthened with externally bonded CFRP sheets applied in different methods (bottom layer, U jacket and hybrid). The examined flexural variables in four-point bending were ultimate load, fracture mode, crack width, ductility, stiffness and deflection. The results showed an increase in the carrying capacity of foamed concrete beams strengthened with CFRP sheets by (2.5%–109%) compared to the reference nonstrengthened foamed concrete beams. The stiffness of the concrete samples reinforced with CFRP sheets were improved by 13%–306% compared to nonstrengthened foamed reference beams. For a given reinforcement ratio, it was found that the best CFRP sheets strengthening method was by applying the CFRP sheets in hybrid (wrap 0° + 90°).

BackgroundThe clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 vary widely, from asymptomatic and mild to critical. Elderly patients and patients with comorbidities are at increased risk of respiratory failure and oxygen requirements. Due to the massive surge, the pandemic has created challenges for overwhelmed hospitals. Thus, the original home management of COVID-19 patients requiring oxygen and remote monitoring by a web app and a nurse at home were implemented in our center. We aimed to evaluate the outcome of patients with COVID-19 requiring oxygen who benefited from home remote monitoring management.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study on all COVID-19 patients requiring oxygen (< 5 L/min) who consulted from October 2020 to April 2021 at our emergency department and were managed with home remote monitoring by a web app and an in-home nurse. We also carried out a literature review of studies on COVID-19 patients requiring oxygen with remote monitoring.ResultsWe included 300 patients [184 (61.3%) male patients, median age 51 years]. The main comorbidities were cardiovascular disease (n = 117; 39.0%), diabetes mellitus (n = 72; 24.0%), and chronic respiratory disease (n = 32; 10.7%). Among the 28 (9.3%) patients readmitted to the hospital, 6 (1.9%) were hospitalized in the intensive care unit, and 3 (0.9%) died. In the multivariable analysis, risk factors for unplanned hospitalization were chronic respiratory failure (odds ratio (OR) =4.476, 95%CI 1.565–12.80), immunosuppression (OR = 3.736, 95%CI 1.208–11.552), and short delay between symptoms onset and start of telemonitoring (OR = 0.744, 95%CI 0.653–0.847). In the literature review, we identified seven other experiences of remote monitoring management. Mortality rate and unplanned hospitalization were low (maximum 1.9 and 12%, respectively).ConclusionOur study confirms the safety of home remote monitoring of patients with COVID-19 who require oxygen, as well as our literature review. However, patients with chronic respiratory failure and immunosuppression should be closely monitored.

الأهداف: يهدف البحث إلى دراسة حديث عمرو بن شعيب عن أبيه عن جده "لا نذر لابن آدم فيما لا يملك، ولا عتق له فيما لا يملك، ولا طلاق له فيما لا يملك" دراسة تعتمد على إبراز الصنعة الحديثية والفقهية. ويطلع البحث كذلك على كلام العلماء في الحكم على الحديث الشريف، ودراسة المسائل الفقهية التي تضمنها، وبيان أقوال الفقهاء وأدلتهم فيها، والوصول إلى الرأي الراجح في ذلك. المنهجية: اتبعت الدراسة المنهج التحليلي من خلال دراسة الحديث دراسة إسنادية حديثية، من حيث الطرق والروايات والمتابعات والشواهد، وأيضا الدراسة الفقهية لأقوال الفقهاء ومذاهبهم في مسائل الفقه المتضمنة في الحديث. وكذلك المنهج الاستنباطي من خلال استنتاج أقوال العلماء النقاد في الحكم على الحديث، وبيان درجة صحته، وكذا استنتاج الاختيارات الفقهية في مسائل فقه الحديث توجيها واستدلالا. النتائج: توصلت الدراسة إلى تعدد مظان الحديث وكثرة طرقه وشواهده، واعتباره من الأحاديث الداخلة في دائرة المقبول الذي ثبت سندا ومتنا. وخلصت الدراسة كذلك إلى اعتبار الحديث العمدة والحجة لقول الجمهور في عدم انعقاد النذر والعتق والطلاق فيما لا يملكه الإنسان مما لا يترتب عليها من أحكام تخصه؛ نظرا لقوة الأدلة وصراحتها. الخلاصة: ثبوت صحة الحديث الشريف سندا ومتنا، وتقرير عدم ترتب أحكام تتعلق بالنذر والعتق والطلاق فيما لا يملكه الإنسان، ولا أثر أو اعتبار لها. وتوصي الدراسة بضرورة استمرار الدراسات الحديثية الفقهية المتعلقة بالمسائل الفقهية التي تمس واقع وحياة الناس؛ لضرورة التعرف على أحكامها الشرعية والالتزام بها وفق الهدي النبوي.

Abstract Background Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized primarily by an inability to perceive physical pain from birth, resulting in the accumulation of bruising, inflammation, and fractures that affect patient’s life expectancy. CIP has different forms including CIP and CIPA. CIP with Anhidrosis (CIPA) is the most common type of CIP, which is caused mainly by mutations in NTRK1 and NGF genes, and is characterized by mental retardation and the inability to sweat (Anhidrosis). Because of high consanguinity rates in Palestine, this rare disease appears to have a higher frequency than in other communities. However, there were no systematic studies to address the genetic factors that cause CIP in the Palestinian community. Methods In our study, we used Sanger and Whole exome sequencing to genotype members of five CIP-affected Palestinian families. Results Our results confirm the presence of the founder c.1860-1861insT mutation in the NTRK1 gene of Palestinian Bedouin CIPA patients. Furthermore, one CIPA family carried a missense c.2170 G > A (G724 S) mutation in exon 16 of the NTRK1 gene. Finally, a novel nonsense c.901 A > T mutation (K301*) was detected in exon 7 of the SCN9A gene in CIP without anhidrosis family. Conclusions Our study revealed three mutations that cause CIP and CIPA in the Palestinian community, which can help in improving the process of diagnosis and genetic counseling and establishing protocols for the diagnosis and follow-up for the affected individuals. This is especially important given that early diagnosis and medical care interference can prevent unpleasant CIP and CIPA complications.