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The implementation of human research involving children and adolescents necessitates a nuanced understanding of the distinct ethical complexities and sensitivities that arise. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive review of ethical guidelines for research with these populations by extensively examining existing standards and applied studies. The review revealed a myriad of challenges inherent in the involvement of children and adolescents as research subjects. The most important ethical challenges relate to the principles of bioethics and their compliance with human studies involving children/adolescents, informed consent, and risk assessment in studies on children/adolescents. To facilitate appropriate participation of youth in research endeavors, meticulous planning is required, in conjunction with a re-examination of the definitions of ethical principles in pediatric research, close monitoring of potential risks and benefits, and the utilization of a combination of innovative and traditional approaches to obtain informed consent that adheres to ethical standards. Performing research with children and adolescents requires special considerations to address the unique ethical issues that can emerge. By adhering to ethical guidelines tailored specifically to these vulnerable populations, researchers can help ensure that studies are conducted in an appropriate and responsible manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third and second most prevalent cancer in men and women, respectively. Various epidemiological studies indicated that dietary factors are implicated in the aetiology of CRC and its precursor, colorectal adenomas (CRA). Recently, much attention has been given to the role of acid-base balance in the development of chronic diseases including cancers. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to examine the association of diet-dependent acid load and the risk of CRC and CRA.Design: In this case-control study, potential renal acid load (PRAL) was computed based on dietary intake of participants assessed via a validated FFQ. Negative PRAL values indicated a base-forming potential, while positive values of PRAL implied acid-forming potential of diet. Logistic regression was used to derive OR and 95 % CI after adjusting for confounders.Setting: Tehran, Iran.Participants: A total of 499 participants aged 30-70 years were included in the study (240 hospital controls, 129 newly diagnosed CRC and 130 newly diagnosed CRA). The current study was conducted between December 2016 and September 2018.Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, a higher PRAL was associated with increased odds of CRC and CRA. The highest v. the lowest tertile of PRAL for CRC and CRA was OR 4·82 (95 % CI 2·51-9·25) and OR 2·47 (95 % CI 1·38-4·42), respectively.Conclusions: The findings of the current study suggested that higher diet-dependent acid load is associated with higher risk of CRC and CRA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several studies have examined the relationship between diet quality indices and colorectal cancer (CRC). However, data on the association of these indices and colorectal adenomas (CRA) as a precursor of CRC are scarce. Our objective was to investigate the association of Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010) and Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Score (MSDPS) with CRC and CRA risk. Methods: This is a hospital-based case–control study including 259 cases (129 CRC and 130 CRA patients) and 240 controls with non-neoplastic conditions. Dietary intake of subjects was examined using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. The HEI-2010 and MSDPS were then calculated based on a-priori methods. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the relationship between HEI-2010 and MSDPS and the risk of CRC and CRA. Results: After adjustment for confounders, compared with the first tertiles, the highest tertiles of HEI-2010 and MSDPS were significantly associated with lower odds of CRC (OR = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.01–0.12, OR = 0.19; 95% CI = 0.09–0.38, respectively). Similarly, the highest tertiles of HEI-2010 (OR = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.08–0.32) and MSDPS (OR = 0.19; 95% CI = 0.17–0.58) were associated with reduced odds of CRA compared to the lowest tertiles. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggested that a high-quality diet assessed by HEI-2010 and MSDPS is inversely associated with the risk of CRC and CRA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]