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Refereed/Peer-reviewed This study was carried out to determine the carbon (C) allocation of tree components following water stress in radiata pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings. The seedlings were exposed to various water contents (low, moderate and high soil water content) for 30 days and labelled with (CO₂)-C-14 gas for six hours on the 31st day. Biomass in all seedling components (foliage, stems and roots) was significantly higher in the moderate soil water content treatment than in the low soil water content treatment, while seedling biomass did not significantly differ between the moderate soil water and high soil water content treatments. The shoot/root ratio of seedlings decreased when soil water content decreased. The C concentrations of radiata pine seedlings were not affected by the soil water content, whereas the soil water stress-induced difference in the C allocation of seedlings was attributed to differences in seedling biomass. The translocation of pulse-labelled C-14 from the foliage to the roots was enhanced by low soil water content. The distribution of C-14 was highest in foliage, followed by roots, stems and soil. The results indicate that soil water content was one of the primary factors influencing biomass allocation in the early growth of radiata pine seedlings.

Many countries have adopted culture policies such as the European Capital of Culture program to revitalize cities. Culture brings economic benefit to a city through creative industries as well as vitalizes cities by allowing excellent workforce to stay in the city. In order to achieve urban growth through culture, appropriate urban policies or services should be implemented. In addition, citizens should recognize the positive brand value of cities as a result of such policies. In this study, we considered the cultural city as one of city branding and studied how the cultural cities’ characteristics, urban services, and the city’s brand value had the effect on regional activation. Online survey was conducted from 18 September to 18 October 2019 with residents residing in Xi’an, China. In total, 345 valid questionnaires were received and analyzed. As a result of this study, the characteristics of the cultural city had positive effects on urban brand value and regional activation. Urban services had positive effects on cultural city characteristics, city brand value, and regional activation. City brand value had a positive effect on regional activation. This study contributes to the study of the cultural city and the field of public service, city brand, culture, and arts. City planners and leaders will be able to use the results of this study to establish city branding and urban revitalization policies through culture.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of soil amendment applications on soil and the foliage nutrient status of a Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher) plantation established following clear-cutting in a pine-wilt-disease (PWD)-disturbed forest. We established four soil amendment treatments [(compound fertilizer (CF), compound fertilizer + biochar (CFB), compound fertilizer + sawdust (CFS) and a non-treated control treatment] in an 8-year-old Japanese cypress plantation. Soil organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the soil amendment treatments and the control treatments, whereas extractable phosphorus (P), NH4+, K+, and Mg2+ concentrations were significantly affected by the addition of biochar in CF. The mean soil CO2 efflux rates during the study period were the highest in CFB (0.79 g CO2 m−2 h−1), followed by CFS (0.71 g CO2 m−2 h−1), CF (0.62 g CO2 m−2 h−1), and the control (0.46 g CO2 m−2 h−1) treatments. Foliar N ...

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between stand and soil environmental factors, and soil respiration rates at various levels of basal area in a 40-year-old natural red pine(Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) stand in southern Korea. Soil respiration rates were measured monthly using an infrared gas analyzer system from six basal area treatments between 21.4 m2 ha-1 and 46.7 m2 ha-1 for one year. Soil respiration at various levels of basal area showed a clear monthly variation, which had a similar pattern to soil temperature. The mean annual soil respiration rates were positively correlated with increasing basal area(r=0.86, p 0.05) such as the mean annual soil temperature, soil water content, soil pH, and soil organic C content during the study period. The results indicate that it is important to understand the role of stand attributes in the mean annual soil respiration rates in a stand level.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the growth and macronutrient (C, N, P, K) status in the foliage of four tree species (LT: Liriodendron tulipifera L., PY: Prunus yedoensis Matsumura, QA: Quercus acutissima Carruth, PT: Pinus thunbergii Parl.) in response to fertilization with different nutrient ratios in a fire-disturbed urban forest located in BongDaesan (Mt.), Korea. Two fertilizers (N3P8K1 = 113:300:37 kg·ha−1·year−1, N6P4K1 = 226:150:37 ha−1·year−1) in four planting sites were applied in April 2013 and March 2014. The growth and nutrient responses of the foliage were monitored six times for two years. Foliar growth and nutrient concentrations were not significantly different (p &gt, 0.05) in response to different doses of N or P fertilizer, but the foliage showed increased N and P concentrations and content after fertilization compared with the control (N0P0K0). Foliar C and K concentrations were little affected by fertilization. Foliar nutrient concentrations and contents were significantly higher in PY and LT than in PT. The results suggest that the foliar N and P concentration could be used as a parameter to assess the nutrient environments of tree species restored in a fire-disturbed urban forest.

Litter decomposition represents a major contribution to the carbon and nutrient fluxes in forest ecosystems. Nutrient dynamics from decomposing leaf litter were measured for 3 years (1095 days) from three dominant tree species (Quercus serrata, Carpinus laxiflora, Carpinus cordata) in a broadleaved deciduous forest of the Geumsan (Mt.) Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site in Korea. Mass loss rates from decomposing leaf litter were significantly lower in the Q. serrata leaf litter (63.4% of the original mass) than in C. laxiflora (80.0%) and C. cordata (83.1%) leaf litter over 1095 days. There was a significant linear relationship between the remaining mass of leaf litter and the incubation months of litterbag (Q. serrata: r2 = 0.96; C. laxiflora: r2 = 0.96; C. cordata: r2 = 0.95). Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations (mg −1) and remaining stocks (mg bag −1) from decomposing leaf litter were significantly lower in Q. serrata leaf litter than in C. laxiflora and C. cordata leaf litter during the study period. Calcium and magnesium concentration and remaining stocks of initial stage from decomposing litter were significantly higher in C. cordata leaf litter than in that of C. laxiflora and Q. serrata. However, potassium concentration and remaining stocks were not affected by the three leaf litter types. The results indicate that Carpinus spp. (C. laxiflora, C. cordata) leaf litter is a significant and easily decomposable source of nutrients among dominant tree species of a mixed broadleaved deciduous forest in the Geumsan LTER site. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of plantation age on the distribution of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in forest floor components in radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) plantations. Forest floor samples from plantations of three age classes (13-year-old; 27-year-old; 41-year-old) with various site qualities (II–VII) were collected from the Kuitpo radiata pine plantations in the Mount Lofty forest region of South Australia. The C concentrations of the forest floor components were significantly higher in the 41-year-old plantation than in the 13-year-old plantation, whereas the N concentrations were significantly lower in the 41-year-old plantation than in the 13-year-old plantation, except for the needle component. The C and N content of needles was significantly larger in the 13-year-old plantation than in the 41-year-old plantation, whereas fine woody materials, such as branches and bark, contributed less to the total C and N contents in the 13-year-old plantation. The total C content of the forest floor did not significantly differ with age, whereas the N content was significantly affected by age in the radiata plantations. The results reflect the existence of considerable variation in the quality and quantity of the C and N in forest floor components associated with different ages of radiata pine growing in sites of various qualities. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fertilizer application on heterotrophic soil respiration (Rh) in soil respiration (Rs) components in red pine stands. Two types of fertilizer (N3P4K1 = 113:150:37 kg·ha-1·year-1; P4K1 = 150:37 kg·ha-1·year-1) were applied manually on the forest floor for two years. Rs and Rh rates were monitored from April 2011 to March 2013. Mean Rs and Rh rates were not significantly affected by fertilizer applications. However, Rh in the second year following fertilizer application fell to 27% for N3P4K1 and 17% in P4K1 treatments, while there was an increase of 5% in the control treatments compared with the first fertilization year. The exponential relationships between Rs or Rh rates and the corresponding soil temperature were significant (Rh: R2 = 0.86-0.90; p < 0.05; Rs: R2 = 0.86-0.91; p < 0.05) in the fertilizer and control treatments. Q10 values (Rs increase per 10°C increase in temperature) in Rs rates were lowest for the N3P4K1 treatment (3.47), followed by 3.62 for the P4K1 treatment and 3.60 in the control treatments, while Rh rates were similar among the treatments (3.59-3.64). The results demonstrate the importance of separating Rh rates from Rs rates following a compound fertilizer application. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

This study was conducted to examine litterfall and nutrient inputs following forest tending works (FTW) which are one of the most important forest management activities in Korea. We measured litterfall and nutrient (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg) inputs from needle litter in FTW and non-FTW (control) stands of approximately 40-year-old red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) forests in the Hwangmaesan Soopkakkugi model forest in Sancheonggun Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. Seasonal inputs of litterfall components such as needle, broadleaf, branch, bark and total litter inputs followed a similar pattern between the FTW and control stands. Annual average needle and total litterfall were significantly lower in the FTW (2483 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; 4038 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) than in the control stands (3377 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; 5589 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) during the study period. Nitrogen concentration of needle litter was significantly affected by FTW (P < 0.05), while other nutrient (C, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations were not significantly different between the FTW and control stands. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the organic C, N, P and Ca inputs by needle litter following FTW, whereas K and Mg inputs were not significantly different between the FTW and control stands. The results indicate that the reduction of litterfall and nutrient inputs following FTW can be attributed to reduced needle litterfall and vary considerably nutrient cycle in FTW stands. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

We examined the growth, carbon and nitrogen response of container-grown 2-0 red pine (Pinus densiflora) and black pine (P. thunbergii) seedlings at different types of fertilization. Red pine and black pine seedlings were treated with 0.3% or varying rates of water-soluble foliar fertilizer and a slow-release solid compound fertilizer. Root collar diameter and height of both pine seedlings were not significantly different among fertilizer types, while significantly higher in the fertilization than in the control treatments (P

We evaluated the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) status of litterfall in a natural red pine (Pinus densiflora ) stand damaged by pine wilt disease in Jinju City, which was one of the areas severely affected by the disease in Korea. A significant cor relation (P < 0.05) was found between tree density and basal area and the C and N status of litterfall components, but C and N status was not correlated with mean diameter at breast height in the pine wilt disease stands. Needle-litter C and N concentrations were linearly related (P < 0.05) to basal area in pine wilt disease stands. Needle-litter C concentration decreased with a decrease in damage intensity due to pine wilt disease, whereas litter N concentration increased with an increase of basal area in pine wilt disease stands. The linear regression equations developed for litterfall C and N inputs were significant ( P < 0.05), with basal area accounting for 50-86% of the variation, except for cone and flower litter. The results indicated that the incidence of pine wilt disease could impact the quality and quantity of C and N in litterfall of pine stands suffering from pine wilt disease.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of fertilization on carbon and nitrogen dynamics by litter fall of a 36-year-old larch (Larix leptolepis) plantation in the Sambong Exhibition Forests, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. Litter was collected monthly between April 2003 and May 2006. Seasonal inputs of litter fall components such as needle, broad leaf, branch, bark and total litter inputs followed a similar pattern between fertilized and unfertilized plots. The annual amounts of the litter components were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between fertilized and unfertilized plots. Mean needle litter fall was similar between the fertilized (2564 kg ha−1 yr−1) and unfertilized plots (2501 kg ha−1 yr−1) and total annual litter fall averaged 3552 kg ha−1 yr−1 in the fertilized and 3541 kg ha−1 yr−1 in the unfertilized plots during the sampling period. Proportion of needle litter fall was slightly higher in the fertilized (72.2%) than in the unfertilized (70.8%) plots. Carbon concentrations of needle...

This study was conducted to evaluate site-specific allometric equations and biomass expansion factors (BEF) of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) at five sites in the Hadong, Hamyang, Jinju, Sancheong, and Uiryeong regions, situated in the western part of Gyeongnam province, Korea. Biomass in each tree component, i.e., needle, branch, stem wood, and stem bark, was quantified by destructive tree harvesting. Site-specific as well as generalized allometric equations were developed for each tree component across the entire sites. Both allometric regression equations were significant (P

This study was conducted to determine carbon (C) dynamics following forest tending works (FTW) which are one of the most important forest management activities conducted by Korean forest police and managers. We measured organic C storage (above- and below-ground biomass C, forest floor C, and soil C at 50 cm depth), soil environmental factors (soil CO2 efflux, soil temperature, soil water content, soil pH, and soil organic C concentration), and organic C input and output (litterfall and litter decomposition rates) for one year in FTW and non-FTW (control) stands of approximately 40-year-old red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) forests in the Hwangmaesan Soopkakkugi model forest in Sancheonggun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. This forest was thinned in 2005 as a representative FTW practice. The total C stored in tree biomass was significantly lower (P 0.05). In contrast, the mean soil temperature was significantly higher, the mean soil water content was significantly lower, and the soil pH was significantly higher in the FTW stand than in the control stand (10.34 °C vs. 8.98 °C, 48.2% vs. 56.4%, and pH 4.83 vs. pH 4.60, respectively, all P

This study was carried out to evaluate the relationships between stand attributes and litterfall amounts in a 28-year old Quercus acutissima stand. Eighteen sampling plots of were chosen and litterfall was collected from May 2005 to December 2006. There was no correlation between stand attributes(tree density, mean diameter at breast height, mean height, basal area) and litterfall amounts except for flower and miscellaneous litter for the study period. There were no significant relationships between leaf litter and basal area(r

Artists have chosen a career between employment and self-employment. We studied the factors that influence career choices. We examined the effects of work conditions and employability on job satisfaction, and examined the effect of job satisfaction, outcome expectations and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, this study examined whether heuristic factors influence entrepreneurial intentions. Our findings suggest that perceived employability positively affected job satisfaction, while expectation gaps in working conditions negatively affected job satisfaction. Secondly, job satisfaction had a negative effect on entrepreneurial intention. In addition, self-efficacy and outcome expectations mediated between job satisfaction and entrepreneurial intention. Finally, overconfidence was positively influenced by job satisfaction and positively affected self-efficacy. This study contributed the study of the entrepreneurial intent to the field of culture and arts. It confirmed the effect of career choice and heuristic factors on entrepreneurial intention.

This study evaluated the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) status of decomposing roots in three adjacent plantations consisting of one deciduous (larch: Larix leptolepis) and two evergreen (red pine: Pinus densiflora; rigitaeda pine: P. rigitaeda) species planted in the same year (1963) under similar site conditions. The mass loss rates and C and N status of three diameter classes of roots (UF < 2 mm, F 2-5 mm, CF 5-10 mm in diameter) were examined in the upper 15 cm of the mineral soil using in situ buried root bags for 496 days. The remaining mass of decomposing roots was significantly higher for larch (69.0%) than for red pine (59.6%) or rigitaeda pine (59.1%) over 496 days. The mass loss rates of decomposing roots did not differ significantly among the three root diameter classes, but the C and N status of decomposing roots was affected by the tree species. The larch roots showed low C concentrations but high N concentrations, C and N remaining compared to the pine roots over the study period. The results indicate that the substrate quality indicators of roots were not attributed to the mass loss rates, C and N status of decomposing roots in three coniferous tree species grown under similar environmental conditions. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

We evaluated the carbon (C) storage and soil CO2 efflux rates of red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) stands damaged by pine wilt disease (PWD) in Korea. Ten red pine plots at varying degrees of damage from PWD were established and grouped into five categories (very slightly, slightly, moderately, severely, and very severely damaged plots) based on differences in the tree density. The incidence of PWD was a major cause of C loss from forest ecosystems, but the magnitude of loss depended on the severity of disease damage. An exponential regression of the CO2 efflux rates against the corresponding soil temperature was highly significant (R2 = 0.82–0.95, P

This study was conducted to determine mass loss rates and nutrient dynamics from decomposing litter following forest-tending (Soopkakkugi) works (FTW) which are one of the most important forest management activities in Korea. We measured litter decomposition rates for 2 years in FTW and non-FTW (control) stands of approximately 40-year-old red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) forests in the Hwangmaesan Soopkakkugi model forest in Sancheonggun Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. Mass loss rates from decomposing needle litter were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the FTW than in the control stands for three of the six sampling dates during the study period. Nutrient concentrations and nutrients remaining such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium from decomposing litter were significantly different (P < 0.05) between the FTW and control stands because of decreased mass loss rates by increased gaps following FTW. The results indicate that FTW clearly influence litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics from decomposing needle litter because of the change of environmental factors caused by partial canopy removal such as FTW. Refereed/Peer-reviewed