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Purpose: The aims of this study were to develop a self-determination theory (SDT)-based self-determination improvement program for adolescents with a history of non-suicidal self-injury and to examine the effects of the program on basic psychological needs (i.e. autonomy, competence, and relationship), self-esteem, and non-suicidal self-injury.Methods: This study consisted of a one-group pretest-posttest design. The participants were 33 students in the first and second years of middle school, who were recruited from five middle schools located in a specific area. The participants had a history of non-suicidal self-injury. The experimental group received the SDT-based self-determination improvement program twice a week for 4 weeks. The study was carried out from October 4 to November 26, 2021, and data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 25.0 with the paired t-test.Results: The SDT-based self-determination improvement program was effective for basic psychological needs, self-esteem, and non-suicidal self-injury prevention in adolescents with a history of non-suicidal self-injury.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the SDT-based self-determination improvement program can be used as an effective mental health nursing intervention to improve basic psychological needs and self-esteem and to prevent non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents with a history of non-suicidal self-injury.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents the airline industry with unprecedented challenges that constitute no less than an existential threat. Given airlines’ importance in the economy, which includes providing connectivity, preserving jobs, and supporting related sectors, many governments have given local airlines enormous financial support since early 2020. Although it is well understood why many governments cannot allow their major airlines to shut down, the ongoing massive government bailouts can distort competition in the airline industry. This article analyzes various government bailouts of airlines in the COVID-19 crisis and discusses how these bailouts are creating a growing problem with fair competition in the international air transport market. While examining the unique regulatory framework of international air transport, the article recommends multilateral, bilateral, and unilateral rule-based approaches that can better serve economic governance of international air transport in the post-COVID-19 era. Although this article does not suggest major legal reforms, which would be too ambitious and unrealistic at this stage, transparency can be significantly improved through the recommendations provided here.

Hong Kong is a regional and international aviation hub and aviation is the lifeblood of the Hong Kong economy, providing connectivity for the flow of people and goods between the city and the rest of the world. Despite its significance to Hong Kong’s economy, Hong Kong’s aviation market has a number of ambiguities from a competition perspective. As one of the most regulated industries, aviation intersects with competition law, and their intersection requires a systematic approach. There are ex ante regulatory powers available to aviation regulators and ex post competition law powers in many areas of the aviation market. Without coordination between the Hong Kong Competition Commission (HKCC) and aviation agencies in Hong Kong, overlapping areas will be regulated haphazardly. Since Hong Kong’s current aviation regulations do not consider competition review, the overlapping areas will be subject to the HKCC’s ex post enforcement power. The current system creates confusion and uncertainty for airlines, who would assume that their business activities have been approved by aviation regulators. This article identifies competition law issues in Hong Kong’s aviation market and makes recommendations on how to address them. Hong Kong, Aviation Market, Aviation Law, Competition Law, Hong Kong Competition Commission

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop an acceptance-commitment therapy (ACT) based job stress management programs for firefighting paramedics and to examine the effects on the psychological flexibility, job stress (i.e. psychological, physiological and behavioral areas) and quality of life.Methods: This study consisted of a pre-test-posttest for a nonequivalent control group design. Participants were 45 firefighting paramedics working at two fire stations located in specific areas (experimental group: 22, control group: 23). The experimental group received the ACT based job stress management program twice a week for a total of 3 weeks. The study was carried out from August 12 to 31, 2019, and data were analyzed using IBM SPSS/WIN 25.0 with a x2 test, Fisher's exact test, and independent t-test.Results: The differences between experimental and control groups were statistically significant for psychological flexibility (t=4.91, p

Since China enacted its Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) in 2007, foreign observers and business operators have constantly raised concerns as to whether the AML can inject a modern competition spirit into the world’s largest transitional economy or whether the AML will be overridden by policy objectives. These concerns become more obvious in industries that have been heavily regulated by the government. In this article, we choose the airline industry as a research target to explore possible ways to restrain industrial regulators from unduly interfering in competition and to reinforce the role of the AML. We focus on three kinds of administrative regulations in China’s domestic aviation market: limiting the threshold of market entry, price regulations, and subsidies. Then we analyse the policy objectives these regulations intend to achieve and their anti-competitive effects. Finally, we conclude with two suggestions from long-term and short-term perspectives: first, the newly established Fair Competition Review System (FCRS) should be effectively used to normalize and limit regulators’ policy-making authority. Moreover, the reviewing criteria should be made clearer and more meticulous to offer both FCRS reviewers and anti-monopoly agencies guidelines for assessing the effects of administrative behaviours on competition. Second, in the long term, industrial regulators are encouraged to set up competition-friendly industrial policies, embrace modern competition concepts in their traditional regulatory paradigm, and foster a competitive culture.

Background Frontline healthcare workers responding to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inevitably face tremendous psychological burden. Thus, the present study aimed to identify the psychological impact and the factors contributing to the likely increase in emotional distress of healthcare workers. Methods The participants include a total of 99 healthcare workers at Bugok National Hospital. Psychometric scales were used to assess emotional distress (12-item General Health Questionnaire; GHQ-12), depression symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9), and post-traumatic stress disorder-related symptoms (Impact of Events Scale-Revised; IES-R). A supplementary questionnaire was administered to investigate the experience of healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19-infected patients. Based on the results of GHQ-12 survey, participants were categorized into two groups: distress and non-distress. All the assessed scores were compared between the two groups. A logistic regression model was constructed to identify factors associated with emotional distress. Results Emotional distress was reported by 45.3% (n = 45) of all participants. The emotionally distressed group was more likely to be female, manage close contacts, have higher scores on PHQ-9 and IES-R, feel increased professional risk, and report that proper infection control training was not provided. Female gender, managing close contacts, higher scores on PHQ-9, and a feeling that proper infection control training was not provided were associated with emotional distress in logistic regression. Conclusion Frontline healthcare workers face tremendous psychological burden during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, appropriate psychological interventions should be provided to the HCWs engaged in the management of COVID-19-infected patients., Graphical Abstract

In humans, inactivating mutations in MLL4, which encodes a histone H3-lysine 4-methyltransferase, lead to Kabuki syndrome (KS). While dwarfism is a cardinal feature of KS, the underlying etiology remains unclear. Here we report that Mll4 regulates the development of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)-producing neurons in the mouse hypothalamus. Our two Mll4 mutant mouse models exhibit dwarfism phenotype and impairment of the developmental programs for GHRH-neurons. Our ChIP-seq analysis reveals that, in the developing mouse hypothalamus, Mll4 interacts with the transcription factor Nrf1 to trigger the expression of GHRH-neuronal genes. Interestingly, the deficiency of Mll4 results in a marked reduction of histone marks of active transcription, while treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor AR-42 rescues the histone mark signature and restores GHRH-neuronal production in Mll4 mutant mice. Our results suggest that the developmental dysregulation of Mll4-directed epigenetic control of transcription plays a role in the development of GHRH-neurons and dwarfism phenotype in mice., Mutations in the MLL4 gene can cause Kabuki syndrome, whose underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors show that Mll4 epigenetically regulates the transcriptional program leading to the formation of GHRH-neurons in the developing mouse hypothalamus.

Asia is witnessing the emergence and significant growth of incorporated joint venture airlines. The joint venture model has been a functional approach since most states restrict foreign ownership in an airline to less than 50% and require it to be effectively controlled by locals. A typical business model is for a parent airline group to have a minority share while local owners hold a majority share. This model was pioneered by AirAsia, and Jetstar, Lion Air, Singapore Airlines, Spring Airlines, and VietJet have managed to establish a presence in foreign countries through such joint venture arrangements with local investors. In the joint venture model, local investors can be categorized as either strategic investors or financial investors. Strategic investors are typically local airlines that choose to be a joint venture partner so as to create synergy with their own business and to undertake a new business model. In contrast, financial investors are companies that do not necessarily have a strong interest in the airline industry. For the past 15 years, foreign airlines have learned that management conflicts can arise when they partner with strong local airlines. Although foreign airlines want to maximize their corporate control power in their joint venture airlines, they should be mindful of regulatory hurdles in the airline industry. This unique circumstance creates interesting corporate governance issues. This article examines the opportunities gained, lessons learned, and challenges faced by joint venture airlines in Asia from a corporate governance perspective.

Heat dissipation design is essential to reduce the loss of power semiconductors. However, it is not possible to design Heat dissipation that has infinite space. Space constraints are always present and therefore Heat dissipation design is required within a limited space. Based on the loss analysis simulation in the six-phase motor drive system with a certain standard, this paper conducts CFD analysis to verify whether it is a suitable Heat dissipation design and show the result.

This chapter details how governments, especially in Asia, have supported the airline industry during the Covid-19 crisis. The Covid-19 pandemic has taken a tremendous toll on the global economy, and the airline industry was hit hard by the global crisis. Although the airline industry has always been vulnerable to external shocks such as wars, disease outbreaks, and the 9/11 terrorist attacks, none of them has affected the airline industry to the degree of Covid-19. Indeed, the steep decline in air travel in the early stages of the pandemic, followed by the progressive closure of borders in early 2020, presented the airline industry with an unprecedented existential threat. The chapter then analyzes how Covid-19 changed and will continue to change the industry, outlining three key mega-trends: nationalization, consolidation, and rationalization. © the several contributors 2021.

Airline subsidies have recently received attention largely because of US carriers accusing Gulf carriers of receiving subsidies. Although widely advertised allegations by the US carriers and counteraccusations by the Gulf carriers focus on questions of fact (i.e., whether the airlines in question received subsidies from their governments or not), there are more fundamental questions about whether airline subsidies can ground a legal action for unfair competition and whether the law can play a role in regulating airline subsidies. There are three obstacles to answering these questions. Firstly, there is no widely accepted legal definition of ‘subsidy’ in the context of airlines. Secondly, it is not clear which law applies to the subject matter because the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures does not apply to air services and most bilateral air services agreements do not explicitly regulate subsidies. Thirdly, there is a question as to which international organization should be responsible for regulating airline subsidies. This article suggests that a transparency mechanism, based on subsidy provisions in newly developed air services agreements and the Chicago Convention of 1944, could play a significant role in disciplining unfair subsidies and thus contributing to fairer competition in the international aviation market.

Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) requires foreign aircrafts to identify themselves to local authorities and maintain contact with air traffic control while in the zone. ADIZ has an ambiguous legal grounding in international law. Since its inception, no comprehensive discussion on the topic has been conducted in the area of international law. When China declared its ADIZ over the waters off its eastern seaboard in November 2013, ADIZ suddenly received much attention. Although the conflict has come to a lull at the moment, a tinderbox still exists in the region and many legal questions about ADIZ remain. Although the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Council was asked to address the issue of ADIZ, any legal solution from the ICAO Council is hardly anticipated. This article suggests that the ICAO should consider advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the legality and proportionality of ADIZ.

The fifth freedom right means that the aircraft of country A, from a service originating in country A, is allowed to embark passengers and cargo in country B and disembark them in country C. The fifth freedom has been controversial largely because country B and country C (and their national carriers) often view country A airlines as ‘stealing’ their own markets. Although the controversy still exists, the liberalization of market access restrictions has spread to many parts of the world and governments have granted more fifth freedom rights. Interestingly, however, the use of fifth freedom passenger rights has been decreasing. The decline of fifth freedom flights is largely due to the following factors: the availability of longer range aircraft, integrated airline partnerships and growing sixth freedom offerings. Passengers are connecting via airline partnerships, and on sixth freedom-heavy airlines. Such options can more adequately serve markets than fifth freedom operators. There are also greater third and fourth freedom short-haul flights, largely due to the development of low-cost airlines. There are some markets where fifth freedom markets are under scrutiny. Certain airlines still seek and operate fifth freedom routes in order to enlarge the market available to them. Compared to the trend, however, these are minor developments. The significance of fifth freedom traffic rights will continue to diminish.

Despite critical roles of the hypothalamic arcuate neurons in controlling the growth and energy homeostasis, the gene regulatory network directing their development remains unclear. Here we report that the transcription factors Dlx1/2 and Otp coordinate the balanced generation of the two functionally related neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, GHRH-neurons promoting the growth and AgRP-neurons controlling the feeding and energy expenditure. Dlx1/2-deficient mice show a loss-of-GHRH-neurons and an increase of AgRP-neurons, and consistently develop dwarfism and consume less energy. These results indicate that Dlx1/2 are crucial for specifying the GHRH-neuronal identity and, simultaneously, for suppressing AgRP-neuronal fate. We further show that Otp is required for the generation of AgRP-neurons and that Dlx1/2 repress the expression of Otp by directly binding the Otp gene. Together, our study demonstrates that the identity of GHRH- and AgRP-neurons is synchronously specified and segregated by the Dlx1/2-Otp gene regulatory axis., In the hypothalamus, the arcuate nucleus (ARC) contains AgRP-neurons that regulate energy balance as well as GHRH-neurons that regulate linear growth. Here, the authors looked at how the transcription factors Dlx1/2 and Otp link development of AgRP- and GHRH-neurons.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) relay and translate important cues from the periphery into the central nervous system to maintain critical homeostatic processes such as energy balance, growth, and reproductive behaviors. Despite extensive studies dedicated to unraveling the physiological functions of various neuronal types in the ARC, the gene regulatory networks that drive their development are still poorly understood. This chapter provides a concise overview of the transcription factors that control the development of ARC neurons, followed by discussions of several outstanding challenges in the field and future directions to address those issues using the recent technological advances in genome-wide studies.

Despite the crucial physiological processes governed by neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), such as growth, reproduction and energy homeostasis, the developmental pathways and regulators for ARC neurons remain understudied. Our single cell RNA-seq analyses of mouse embryonic ARC revealed many cell type-specific markers for developing ARC neurons. These markers include transcription factors whose expression is enriched in specific neuronal types and often depleted in other closely-related neuronal types, raising the possibility that these transcription factors play important roles in the fate commitment or differentiation of specific ARC neuronal types. We validated this idea with the two transcription factors, Foxp2 enriched for Ghrh-neurons and Sox14 enriched for Kisspeptin-neurons, using Foxp2- and Sox14-deficient mouse models. Taken together, our single cell transcriptome analyses for the developing ARC uncovered a panel of transcription factors that are likely to form a gene regulatory network to orchestrate fate specification and differentiation of ARC neurons., Despite the crucial physiological processes governed by neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), the developmental pathways and regulators for ARC neurons remain understudied. In this study the authors use single cell RNA-seq analyses of mouse embryonic ARC to identify cell type-specific markers for developing ARC neurons and give key insight into the underlying developmental pathways and regulators.

SUMMARY PRC2 creates the repressive mark histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation. Although PRC2 is involved in various biological processes, its role in glial development remains ambiguous. Here, we show that PRC2 is required for oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation and myelination, but not for OL precursor formation. PRC2-deficient OL lineage cells differentiate into OL precursors, but they fail to trigger the molecular program for myelination, highlighting that PRC2 is essential for directing the differentiation timing of OL precursors. PRC2 null OL lineage cells aberrantly induce Notch pathway genes and acquire astrocytic features. The repression of the Notch pathway restores the myelination program and inhibits abnormal astrocytic differentiation in the PRC2-deficient OL lineage, indicating that Notch is a major target of PRC2. Altogether, our studies propose a specific action of PRC2 as a novel gatekeeper that determines the glial fate choice and the timing of OL lineage progression and myelination by impinging on the Notch pathway., In Brief Wang et al. show that the polycomb repressive complex PRC2 is required for the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursors to myelinating oligodendrocytes. They further show that PRC2 promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and inhibits erroneous astrocytic fate by repressing the Notch pathway., Graphical Abstract

Regulation of the protein stability of epigenetic regulators remains ill-defined despite its potential applicability in epigenetic therapies. The histone H3-lysine 4-methyltransferase MLL4 is an epigenetic transcriptional coactivator that directs overnutrition-induced obesity and fatty liver formation, and Mll4(+/−) mice are resistant to both. Here we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase UBE3A targets MLL4 for degradation thereby suppressing high fat diet (HFD)-induced expression of the hepatic steatosis target genes of MLL4. In contrast to Mll4(+/−) mice, Ube3a(+/−) mice are hypersensitive to HFD-induced obesity and fatty liver development. Ube3a(+/−);Mll4(+/−) mice lose this hypersensitivity, supporting roles of increased MLL4 levels in both phenotypes of Ube3a(+/−) mice. Correspondingly, our comparative studies with wild-type, Ube3a(+/−) and Ube3a(−/−) and UBE3A-overexpressing transgenic mouse livers demonstrate inverse-correlation of UBE3A protein levels with MLL4 protein levels, expression of the steatosis target genes of MLL4, and their decoration by H3-lysine 4-monomethylation, a surrogate marker for the epigenetic action of MLL4. Therefore, UBE3A indirectly exerts an epigenetic regulation of obesity and steatosis by degrading MLL4. This UBE3A-MLL4 regulatory axis provides a potential therapeutic venue for treating various MLL4-directed pathogeneses, including obesity and hepatic steatosis.

The hallmarks of FOXG1 syndrome, which results from mutations in a single FOXG1 allele, include cortical atrophy and corpus callosum agenesis. However, the etiology for these structural deficits and the role of FOXG1 in cortical projection neurons remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that Foxg1 in pyramidal neurons plays essential roles in establishing cortical layers and the identity and axon trajectory of callosal projection neurons. The neuron-specific actions of Foxg1 are achieved by forming a transcription complex with Rp58. The Foxg1-Rp58 complex directly binds and represses Robo1, Slit3, and Reelin genes, the key regulators of callosal axon guidance and neuronal migration. We also found that inactivation of one Foxg1 allele specifically in cortical neurons was sufficient to cause cerebral cortical hypoplasia and corpus callosum agenesis. Together, this study reveals a novel gene regulatory pathway that specifies neuronal characteristics during cerebral cortex development and sheds light on the etiology of FOXG1 syndrome. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

This paper proposes the simple fault tolerant control for stable operation through fault-tolerant switching combination in the case of switch faults for active neutral point clamped (ANPC) multi-level-inverter. The proposed scheme is a countermeasure and control under the fault condition of power switch devices in ANPC configuration through switching reconfiguration and simple reference control. The proposed scheme can control the stable operation through the switching combination without any additional switch or device under fault condition in the multi-level structure. The reliability and robustness of multilevel inverter, therefore, are improved by the proposed scheme. The feasibility of the proposed fault tolerant control scheme is confirmed by simulation results.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to construct an acceptance-commitment therapy (ACT)-based stress management program for inpatients with schizophrenia and to examine its effects on hospitalization stress, self-efficacy, and psychological well-being. METHODS A non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. Participants were 44 inpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The experimental group (n=22) received the ACT-based stress management program twice a week for a total of four weeks. The control group (n=22) received the usual care from their primary health care providers. The study was carried out from August 7 to September 1, 2017, and data were analyzed using IBM SPSS/WIN 22.0 with a Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and an independent t-test. RESULTS The experimental group showed a significant decrease in hospitalization stress (t=5.09, p

In this study, a long term monitering of nonpoint source pollution runoff is conducted at the area of transportation related and EMCs(Event Mean Concentrations) in terms of water quality items, such as BOD, CODMn, SS, T-N and T-P are determined for each not only runoff event and but also observation site. On the other hands, SWMM(Storm Water Management Model) model is constructed using the data collected in the transportation areas selected. Model calibration and verification of SWMM is carried out based on the data collected. And simulated EMCs was compared with observed EMCs by monitoring and prior studies. SWMM applicability estimation was Using the compared result. The results of simulation showed that BOD 5.787 ∼ 14.475 mg/L, CODMn 12.946 ∼ 59.611 mg/L, SS 13.742 ∼ 46.208 mg/L, T-N 2.037 ∼ 5.213 mg/L, T-P 0.117 ∼ 0.415 mg/L. And a differential between simulated EMCs and observed EMCs is too low so comparing result show high fit(BOD 4.27 %, CODMn 4.87%, SS 2.31%, T-N 5.78%, T-P 14.45%). A results of compared with the prior studies, BOD and T-P are included range of prior studies, CODMn and SS are lower than range of prior studies, T-N is higher than range of prior studies. Differential between simulated EMCs and prior studies EMCs was showing for survey seasonal and changing land-use, so from now on, EMCs of using the internal representatives value will be calculated by more monitoring toward various precipitation events.

The joint venture (JV) ownership model of low-cost carriers (LCCs) in Asia has been responsible for the expansion of LCCs into their neighbouring countries, enabling them to operate interconnected networks under a single brand. The expansion has not been an easy feat. Respective national laws of these JV LCCs still dictate that 'effective control' should be vested with local investors. However, there are signs that this might not be what is actually happening. A closer look at Philippine AirAsia is taken to carefully examine how national government authorities deal with the issue of 'effective control' and to determine whether the observation on JV LCCs in general also rings true for this particular airline. This topic is timely since many JV LCCs recently established in Asia have developed increasingly significant roles in the market. The legal and regulatory aspects of JV LCCs in Asia will also be looked into to deal with how and why the 'effective control' test under domestic law has been mitigated for those airlines. It concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of such mitigation of the 'effective control' test and some observations which could possibly guide future actions of both regulators and airline companies.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a progressive heart disease characterized by left ventricular dilation and contractile dysfunction. Although many candidate genes have been identified using mouse models, few of them have been shown to be associated with DCM in humans. Germline depletion of Ncoa6, a nuclear hormone receptor coactivator, leads to embryonic lethality including heart defects. However, it is unclear whether Ncoa6 mutations cause heart diseases in adults. Here, we report that two independent mouse models of NCOA6 dysfunction develop severe DCM with decreased mitochondrial number and impaired mitochondrial function and reduced levels of both activity and target gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPARδ), an NCOA6 target critical for normal heart function. Sequencing of NCOA6 coding regions revealed three independent non-synonymous mutations present in 5 of 50 (10%) idiopathic DCM (iDCM) patients. These data suggest that malfunction of NCOA6 can cause DCM in humans.

The conditions required for a flow resistance element to uniformize a non-uniform flow in a two-dimensional channel were derived in terms of a non-uniform porosity profile. The validity of this approach was confirmed through a numerical analysis over a wide range of parameter conditions. The proposed equation for the non-uniform porosity distribution gave satisfactory results for a wide variety of velocity profiles at the channel inlet. For sufficiently thick orifices, the equation was valid over a wide range of average porosities, from 0.3 to 0.6. For thin orifices, satisfactory uniformity was obtained only for a mean effective porosity over a narrow range of 0.42–0.48. Two different methods of generating variable porosity, using a constant hole size plus variable blocking plates or using a constant blocking plate size plus variable holes, did not show any appreciable difference in results.

The MFFn(Mass first flush), EMCs(Event mean concentrations) and runoff loads were analyzed for various rainy events(monitoring data from 2011 to 2012) in transportation area(rail road in station). The pollutant EMCs by volume of stormwater runoff showed the BOD5 9.6 mg/L, COD 29.9 mg/L, SS 16.7 mg/L, T-N 3.271 mg/L, T-P 0.269 mg/L in the transportation areas(Railroad in station). The average pollutant loading by unit area of stormwater runoff showed the BOD5 , COD , SS , T-N and T-P in the transportation areas. Estimated NCL-curve(Normalized cumulated-curve) was evaluated by comparison with observed MFFn. MFFn was estimated by varying n-value from 10% to 90% on the rainy events. The n-value increases, MFFn is closed to '1'. As time passed, the rainfall runoff was getting similar to ratio of pollutants accumulation. The result of a measure of the strength of the linear relationship between observed data and expected data under model was good.

In order to determine the best operating rules for the Nakdong River, three cases were applied to analyze the simulated results of water supply capacity by HEC-ResSim model. This study discussed to present the best operating rules for conjunctive operating of existing the dams and new constructed the weirs through system network. The system network was constructed considering the water supply, the river environment and the operating facility. The water supply capacities are separately evaluated for each case applying the best rules. It is case1 that the dams are operated individually, case2 that the dams are operated in conjunction with the others dams, and case3 that dams and weirs are operated in conjunction with the others dams-weirs. Comparing the cases, case 3 has shown the best water supply capacity of the Nakdong River.

This study estimates unit for the nonpoint source(NPS), classified according to the existing Level-1(large scale) land cover map, by monitoring the measurement results from each Level-2(medium scale) land cover map, and verifies the applicability by comparison with previously calculated units using the Level-1 land cover map. The NPS pollutant loading for a basin is evaluated by applying the NPS pollutant unit to Dongcheon basin using the Level-2 land cover map. In addition, the BASINS/HSPF(Better Assessment Science Integrating point & Non-point Sources/ Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran) model is used to evaluate the reliability of the NPS pollutant loading computation by comparing the loading during precipitation in the Dongcheon basin. The NPS pollutant unit for the Level-2 land cover map is computed based on precipitation measured by the Sangju observatory in the Nakdong River basin.Finally, the feasibility of the NPS pollutant loading computation using a BASINS/HSPF model is evaluated by comparing and analyzing the NPS pollutant loading when estimated unit using the Level-2 land cover map and simulated using the BASINS/HSPF models.

In this study, regression equation was analyzed to estimate non-point source (NPS) pollutant loads in orchard area. Many factors affecting the runoff of NPS pollutant as precipitation, storm duration time, antecedent dry weather period, total runoff density, average storm intensity and average runoff intensity were used as independent variables, NPS pollutant was used as a dependent variable to estimate multiple regression equation. Based on the real measurement data from 2008 to 2012, we performed correlation analysis among the environmental variables related to the rainfall NPS pollutant runoff. Significance test was confirmed that T-P (R2 =0.89) and BOD (R 2 =0.79) showed the highest similarity with the estimated regression equations according to the NPS pollutant followed by SS and T-N with good similarity (R 2 >0.5). In the case of regression equation to estimate the NPS pollutant loads, regression equations of multiplied independent variables by exponential function and the logarithmic function model represented optimum with the experimented value.

In this study, Calculated the nonpoint sources(NPS) load per unit area about various rainy events in vineyard of Nakdong River basin. NPS monitoring and calculation for NPS load per unit area were estimated from `Investigation method of precipitation discharge(National Institute of Environmental Research, 2007)`. The evaluation of applicability for NPS load per unit by compared with prior research data and Total Maximum Daily Load(TMDL) data. Five target areas were each , , , , and located in Gyeongsangbukdo Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbukdo Sangju, Gyeongsangnamdo Hapcheon in Korea. Since fruits were the only crop on the target area, the characteristics of stormwater discharge at survey sites could be evaluated independently. A total of 115 rainfall events in the Orchard area during five years(2008-2012) was surveyed, and 38 of them became stormwater discharge. In the Nakdong River watershed, average of event mean concentrations(EMCs) in Orchard area for biochemical oxyzen demand(BOD), Chemical oxyzen demand(COD), total nitrogen(T-N), total phosphorus(T-P) were 2.0mg/L, 10.1mg/L, 3.195mg/L, 0.578mg/L, respectively. NPS load per unit area in Orchard area showed BOD : , COD : , T-N : , T-P : .

Trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) and H3K27 generally mark transcriptionally active and repressive chromatins, respectively. In most cell types, these two modifications are mutually exclusive, and this segregation is crucial for the regulation of gene expression. However, how this anticorrelation is achieved has not been fully understood. Here, we show that removal of the H3K27 trimethyl mark facilitates recruitment of SET1-like H3K4 methyltransferase complexes to their target genes by eliciting a novel interaction between histone H3 and two common subunits, WDR5 and RBBP5, of SET1-like complexes. Consistent with this result, H3K27 trimethylation destabilizes interactions of H3 with SET1-like complexes and antagonizes their ability to carry out H3K4 trimethylation of peptide (H3 residues 1 to 36), histone octamer, and mononucleosome substrates. Altogether, our studies reveal that H3K27 trimethylation of histone H3 represses a previously unrecognized interaction between H3 and SET1-like complexes. This provides an important mechanism that directs the anticorrelation between H3K4 and H3K27 trimethylation.

Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate diverse physiological processes, including the central nervous system control of energy balance. However, the molecular mechanisms for the central actions of NRs in energy balance remain relatively poorly defined. Here we report a hypothalamic gene network involving two NRs, neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 (NOR1) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which directs the regulated expression of orexigenic neuropeptides agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in response to peripheral signals. Our results suggest that the anorexigenic signal leptin induces NOR1 expression likely via the transcription factor cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), while the orexigenic signal glucocorticoid mobilizes GR to inhibit NOR1 expression by antagonizing the action of CREB. Also, NOR1 suppresses glucocorticoid-dependent expression of AgRP and NPY. Consistently, relative to wild-type mice, NOR1-null mice showed significantly higher levels of AgRP and NPY and were less responsive to leptin in decreasing the expression of AgRP and NPY. These results identify mutual antagonism between NOR1 and GR to be a key rheostat for peripheral metabolic signals to centrally control energy balance.