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Resume Position du probleme Une proportion considerable de victimes d’agression sexuelle a l’enfance presente des sequelles psychologiques a l’âge adulte. Les facteurs permettant de comprendre pourquoi certaines victimes developpent ces sequelles alors que d’autres non, demeurent peu explores. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal est d’examiner la contribution specifique des caracteristiques contextuelles des agressions sexuelles a l’enfance, des mauvais traitements subis a l’enfance et des tentatives de suicide a l’adolescence dans le developpement de la depression et du trouble de stress post-traumatique a l’âge adulte. L’objectif secondaire est d’etablir les prevalences des diverses formes de mauvais traitements subis a l’enfance, de la presence d’un trouble de stress post-traumatique et de depression a l’âge adulte parmi les femmes agressees sexuellement a l’enfance. Methodes L’echantillon se compose de 479 victimes d’agression sexuelle a l’enfance ayant participe a deux enquetes distinctes menees aupres de femmes quebecoises. Resultats Plus de la moitie de ces femmes rapportent au moins une autre forme de mauvais traitements a l’enfance ; 30 % d’entre elles presentent des symptomes de stress post-traumatique et 40 % des symptomes de depression a l’âge adulte. Les analyses de regression montrent que la presence d’un trouble de stress post-traumatique est associee a la precocite de l’agression sexuelle a l’enfance, a la continuite intergenerationnelle de la victimisation sexuelle ainsi qu’aux experiences de mauvais traitements physiques et a la negligence. La depression est associee aux mauvais traitements psychologiques et a la negligence, au fait d’avoir recu une reaction non aidante lors du devoilement de l’agression sexuelle a l’enfance et aux tentatives de suicide a l’adolescence. Conclusion Les resultats confirment la necessite de considerer le cumul de divers facteurs d’adversite plus distaux lors de l’evaluation psychosociale des femmes agressees sexuellement a l’enfance permettant ainsi de mieux comprendre et traiter leurs sequelles psychologiques.

Implementing evidence-based practices in "real-world" settings poses significant challenges. Organizations involved must address this issue by providing supportive infrastructures. Among the elements to consider are competency drivers, which refer to the selection, training, and supervision of caseworkers. The purpose of this study was to describe the perspectives of caseworkers and representatives on competency drivers that organizations put in place to support the implementation of early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) in large-scale community-based services. The sample consisted of 109 caseworkers and 23 organization representatives who completed questionnaires. Results demonstrated that respondents consider clinical support and training as key elements in EIBI implementation. However, despite recognizing these factors, respondents reported considerable variability in practices. It appears necessary to better define and plan the implementation of these competency drivers with a view to improving EIBI implementation.

Background The existing literature provides only a partial understanding of the viewpoints of elementary school-aged children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) regarding their participation and needs. In order to plan and develop health and social services driven by a personalized approach, it is essential to further document their perceptions with those of their parents. Aims The aim of the study was to explore the participation and needs of school-aged children with DCD at home and in the community, as perceived by children and parents. Methods Participants were ten school-aged children with DCD, from 6 to 13 years old, and their parents, including one couple (n = 11). Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with each participant, except the couple who were interviewed together. Results Most children and all parents perceived some difficulties at home but few in the community. However, participation and needs varied for each child. Children rarely expressed the same expectations as their parents. While most children did not want more support, parents requested training on DCD. Conclusions When planning health and social services for children with DCD, it is recommended to consult all stakeholders, including children, as well as offer indirect interventions, such as training and coaching for parents.

Malgré l’importante augmentation de la prévalence de la dépression durant l’adolescence, seulement une faible proportion des adolescents qui présentent des symptômes dépressifs élevés bénéficie des services de santé mentale en milieu scolaire. De plus, les programmes offerts à ces élèves souffrent souvent d’une implantation lacunaire, limitant ainsi leur efficacité potentielle. L’identification des facteurs qui influencent la fidélité de l’implantation est donc essentielle pour améliorer la qualité des services offerts. Guidés par le modèle d’évaluation basé sur la théorie des programmes (theory-driven evaluation), nous évaluons la qualité de l’implantation du programme Pare-Chocs et les facteurs qui l’ont influencée à l’aide des composantes du modèle d’action de Chen (2005). Une approche multi-méthodes a été utilisée pour obtenir des données quantitatives sur la fidélité d’implantation dans les six groupes et des données qualitatives sur les composantes du modèle d’action. Les résultats suggèrent que l’adhésion, le dosage et la participation étaient élevés. Les contraintes de temps et le peu de formation antérieure en lien avec la théorie du programme ont limité la fidélité de l’implantation tandis que la formation, la supervision et le manuel y ont contribué. Ces résultats confirment que les programmes de prévention disséminés dans les milieux scolaires peuvent être implantés avec un niveau de fidélité élevé, même si certains défis doivent être pris en considération lors de la planification de l’intervention pour contribuer à des effets plus importants du programme. De plus, la fidélité devrait être évaluée de manière systématique dans ce contexte., Despite the important increase in the prevalence of depression during adolescence, a low proportion of adolescent presenting elevated depressive symptoms receive school-based mental health services. Moreover, programs implemented in school settings often suffer of a less rigorous implementation, thus limiting their potential effectiveness. The identification of factors influencing implementation fidelity is essential to improve the quality of services. Guided by a theory-driven evaluation model, we assessed the quality of implementation of the Pare-Chocs program and the factors that affected this quality with the elements of action model of Chen (2005). Participants were 15 professionals that implemented Pare-Chocs with six groups of adolescents exhibiting high depressive symptoms. A mixed-method approach was used to collect quantitative data on implementation fidelity in the six groups and qualitative data on action model components. Our results suggest that adherence, dose and participant responsiveness were high. Time constraints and lack of previous education linked to program theory limited the fidelity of implementation, but training, supervision and program guide enhanced it. These findings confirm that prevention programs disseminated in school settings could be implemented with a high level of fidelity, although some challenge must be considered in treatment planning to contribute to higher program effects. Moreover, fidelity should be systematically evaluated in this setting.

L’étude vise à identifier les besoins de formation continue des membres de l’Ordre des psychoéducateurs et psychoéducatrices du Québec (OPPQ) et à explorer les différences entre les membres nouvellement diplômés (depuis moins de 5 ans) et les autres membres. Une enquête en ligne a été réalisée entre le 15 mai 2014 et le 15 août 2014. Mille trente-quatre (1034) membres ont accepté de répondre au questionnaire dont 174 (16,8 %) membres récemment diplômés. Les résultats montrent qu’il existe des besoins en formation continue, et ce, principalement pour les compétences liées à la démarche d’évaluation, à l’exercice du rôle-conseil et au soutien aux personnes ou aux groupes. Les diplômés récents se distinguent des autres membres : 1) en se montrant généralement plus intéressés à suivre une formation pour un bon nombre de compétences; et 2) concernant le niveau de formation souhaité où ils sont proportionnellement plus intéressés à suivre une formation de niveau intermédiaire et moins intéressés à suivre une formation de base ou avancé., The aim of the study was to identify the continuing professional development (CPD) needs of the members of the Ordre des psychoéducateurs et psychoéducatrices du Québec (OPPQ) and to explore differences in this regard between new members (graduates of the past five years) and other members. To this end, an online survey was conducted from May 15 to August 15, 2014. Of the 1034 members that agreed to complete the questionnaire, 174 (16.8 %) were recent graduates. Results show that there is a need for CPD primarily regarding the competencies required to perform evaluations, provide counseling and support individuals and groups. Recent graduates differ from other members in two ways: 1) they are generally more interested in undergoing training for a large number of competencies; and 2) proportionally more are interested in intermediate-level training and proportionally fewer in basic- or advanced-level training.

Plusieurs études canadiennes soulignent le manque de programmes adaptés pour les Autochtones dans le domaine des dépendances, particulièrement en prévention pour les jeunes habitant dans une communauté. À l’aide du modèle d’adaptation culturelle de Kumpfer et ses collègues (2008) et d’un devis mixte incorporé, cette étude vise à décrire l’adaptation en « profondeur » du programme de prévention des dépendances Système d pour des élèves en provenance d’une école innue du Québec. Pour le volet qualitatif, différents acteurs du milieu autochtone ont été consultés (un directeur d’école, deux enseignants, deux intervenants scolaires, six animateurs, neuf parents) afin d’adapter le programme en « profondeur ». Pour le volet quantitatif, des journaux de bord ont permis, d’une part, de cibler les activités ayant été réalisées et, d’autre part, de déterminer leur degré d’utilité perçue selon les animateurs et les enseignants des activités ayant été animées. Les principales adaptations apportées au programme concernent la durée des ateliers, les méthodes pédagogiques utilisées pour présenter les concepts et l’intégration de références culturelles autochtones. À la lumière de ces résultats, il est recommandé de poursuivre l’adaptation culturelle de ce programme pour ensuite valider sa pertinence culturelle au sein d’autres écoles autochtones et évaluer son efficacité., Many Canadian studies emphasise the lack of adapted programs for Aboriginal people in the field of addictions, especially in prevention for the young people living in a community. Using the model of cultural adaptation by Kumpfer et al. (2008) and an incorporated mixed study design, this study aims to describe the in-depth adaptation of the addiction prevention program System d for students from an Innu school in Quebec. For the qualitative component, different actors of the Aboriginal community were consulted (one school principal, two teachers, two school educators, six animators and nine parents) in order to adapt the program in depth. For the quantitative component, the logbooks allowed, on one hand, to target the activities carried out and, on the other hand, to determine their usefulness as perceived by the animators and the teachers of the animated activities. The main adjustments made to the program concern the duration of the workshops, the teaching methods used to present the concepts and the integration of Aboriginal cultural references. In light of these results, it is recommended to continue the cultural adaptation of the program and then validate its cultural relevance in other Aboriginal schools and evaluate its effectiveness., Numerosos estudios canadienses subrayan la falta de programas adaptados para los autóctonos en el campo de las dependencias, particularmente en lo que respecta a la prevención destinada a los jóvenes habitantes en una comunidad. Con la ayuda del modelo de adaptación cultural de Kumpfer y col. (2008) y de una estimación mixta incorporada, este estudio tiene como objetivo describir en profundidad el programa de prevención de las dependencias Systema d para los alumnos de una escuela inú de Quebec. Para el aspecto cualitativo, se consultó a diversos actores del medio autóctono (un director de escuela, dos maestros, dos miembros del personal escolar, seis animadores, nueve padres), a fin de adaptar el programa en profundidad. En lo que hace al aspecto cuantitativo, los cuadernos de planificación permitieron, por una parte, centrarse en las actividades realizadas y, por la otra, determinar el grado de utilidad percibido por los animadores y los maestros de las actividades que se animaron. Las principales adaptaciones que se realizaron al programa conciernen a la duración de los talleres, los métodos pedagógicos empleados para presentar los conceptos y la integración de referencias culturales autóctonas. A la luz de estos resultados, se recomendó continuar con la adaptación cultural de este programa para validar a continuación su pertenencia cultural en el seno de otras escuelas autóctonas y evaluar su eficacia.

Although staff turnover is a troubling reality in many sectors, little is known about its consequences in social services. This study conducted within a youth center uses a correlational design to explore these relative to three service-quality variables: length of services, length of stay, and number of subsequent stays. The results suggest an association between staff turnover and an increase in the length of services and the number of subsequent stays and between staff turnover and a decrease in the length of stay. Other variables should be considered when interpreting these relationships.

Objective The study aims to estimate the specific contribution of various forms of child maltreatment on the mental health among a Quebeckers' women representative sample. Method A telephone survey was conducted with a representative sample of 1001 women from the province of Quebec (Canada). Different demographic variables, all four child maltreatment forms (sexual, physical, psychological and neglect) and intimate partner violence experienced in the last 12 months were evaluated to explore their links with depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms of the participants at the time of the investigation.Results Domestic violence during the last 12 months as well as negligence and physical violence during childhood are associated with the presence of clinical intensity post-traumatic symptoms. Youngest age, sexual and psychological violence during childhood are associated with the presence of depression.Conclusion Those results underlie the importance to consider different forms of maltreatment during childhood and their co-occurrence in the evaluation and the intervention in mental health with adult women.

Despite the important increase in the prevalence of depression during adolescence, a low proportion of adolescent presenting elevated depressive symptoms receive school-based mental health services. Moreover, programs implemented in school settings often suffer of a less rigorous implementation, thus limiting their potential effectiveness. The identification of factors influencing implementation fidelity is essential to improve the quality of services. Guided by a theory-driven evaluation model, we assessed the quality of implementation of the Pare-Chocs program and the factors that affected this quality with the elements of action model of Chen (2005). Participants were 15 professionals that implemented Pare-Chocs with six groups of adolescents exhibiting high depressive symptoms. A mixed-method approach was used to collect quantitative data on implementation fidelity in the six groups and qualitative data on action model components. Our results suggest that adherence, dose and participant responsiveness were high. Time constraints and lack of previous education linked to program theory limited the fidelity of implementation, but training, supervision and program guide enhanced it. These findings confirm that prevention programs disseminated in school settings could be implemented with a high level of fidelity, although some challenge must be considered in treatment planning to contribute to higher program effects. Moreover, fidelity should be systematically evaluated in this setting.

This study explored the needs of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) from an ecosystemic viewpoint as part of a theory-driven program evaluation process. A multiple case study needs assessment was conducted. Participants included ten children with DCD, their parents (n = 12), teachers (n = 9), and service providers (n = 6). Data collection involved semi-structured interviews, validated questionnaires, and a review of the children's records. The results support the relevance of using an ecosystemic model to assess the needs of children with DCD in their life and social contexts. More specifically, the results highlight the need to provide additional services at school, such as occupational therapy and special education, as well as information and training regarding DCD for parents and teachers. The results also point to the relevant variables to consider in an intervention program based on theory-driven evaluations. This study shows how employing an ecosystemic frame of reference provides a better understanding of the needs of children with DCD. Future research should document the ecosystemic profiles and evolution of the needs of children with DCD with a larger sample from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds using a longitudinal study design.

The outcome evaluation of Pare-Chocs, a school-based cognitive-behavioural (CB) prevention program for adolescent depression, was conducted with 53 adolescents at risk of school dropout and exhibiting high depressive symptoms using a theory-driven evaluation model. Our results show a significant relationship between the intervention and proximal variables: Experimental-group students presented less cognitive distortions and better problem-solving strategies at post-treatment and follow-up. Greater participation intensity predicts less cognitive distortions and better problem-solving strategies at follow-up. Moreover, less cognitive distortions at post-treatment and follow-up are linked to less depressive symptoms. These promising results encourage future evaluative research on school dropout prevention programs linked with at-risk students’ characteristics. For practitioners, they suggest that the implementation of a CB prevention program for depressive symptoms in school settings could lead to decrease d...

Un très grand nombre de programmes de prévention ou d’intervention, qui ont fait l’objet d’expérimentation ou non et dont l’efficacité a été évaluée ou non, sont implantés régulièrement en milieu scolaire. Malheureusement, il semble que ces programmes soient souvent implantés de manière non fidèle aux programmes conçus pour être efficaces. Or l’application non fidèle d’un programme peut affecter sérieusement son efficacité et l’évaluation de ses effets. Dans le cadre de cet article, nous présentons le concept de fidélité d’implantation de programmes et de sa mesure, nous discutons des facteurs qui y sont associés et des conséquences d’une implantation de programme non fidèle. Enfin, nous proposons certaines stratégies visant à améliorer l’implantation des programmes de prévention ou d’intervention en milieu scolaire., A very large number of prevention and intervention programs, some tested and some not, some evaluated for effectiveness and some not, are routinely implemented in school settings. Unfortunately, these programs appear often to be implemented without fidelity to the measures designed to render them effective. Unfaithful implementation can seriously influence a program's effectiveness and the evaluation of its effects. This article presents the concept of implementation fidelity and how it is measured; and it discusses the factors associated with it and the consequences of unfaithful program implementation. Finally, the article puts forward some strategies for enhancing prevention- and intervention-program implementation in school settings.

Some results of a survey on professional ethics conducted among francophone college teachers in Quebec are compared with a review of the literature and the results of focus groups previously held on the subject. The justification reasons behind the ethical nature of certain professional concerns, along with the guidelines and the resolution strategies used to address those concerns, are found to be similar. These justifications relate primarily to situations where there is a conflict of conscience, a conflict of values or consequences on others, particularly students; the calling into question of professional integrity stands out as a particular justification not mentioned in earlier studies. The guidelines to deal with dilemmas are also similar: institutional normative texts and values deemed relevant by the teachers come first. The results show a good balance between the use of these two types of guidelines (external and internal) by teachers. The main strategies applied by teachers for resolving dilemmas are peer discussions and personal reflection.

Une recherche mixte a été effectuée afin de mettre au jour les préoccupations éthiques vécues par les enseignants du collégial dans l’exercice de leur profession. À partir de données issues de huit groupes de discussion, un questionnaire a été élaboré et envoyé en ligne aux enseignants permanents ou à temps complet du réseau collégial francophone québécois auquel ont répondu 1340 enseignants. Les données recueillies permettent d’identifier les préoccupations éthiques jugées comme fortes ou très fortes partagées par les professeurs par rapport aux étudiants, aux collègues, aux instances administratives, à soi, à l’enseignement et à la profession., Mixed research was conducted to uncover the ethical concerns that confronted college teachers in the course of their work. Using data from eight discussion groups, a questionnaire was developed and sent online to permanent and full time teachers working for Quebec’s francophone college system, to which 1,340 teachers responded. The data collected made it possible to identify ethical concerns considered by professors to be strong or very strong with respect to students, colleagues, administrative boards, themselves, teaching and the profession.

Abstract: Reported here is a first study of the implementation fidelity group intervention program for sexually abused adolescent girls, consisting of 18 sessions centered on 9 themes. Through systematic observation of the intervention protocol used with two groups of adolescents, the case study describes implementation fidelity and its evolution. Results show that the first group outperformed the second in terms of implementation adherence. Levels of participation were similar between groups but quality appears to have improved for the second group. The activities implemented lasted longer than planned in both groups. Results are discussed in light of the factors that promote fidelity and the debate between fidelity and adaptation.

Resume Nos recherches sur la prevention des comportements violents en milieu scolaire nous ont amenes a investiguer les capacites de partage et de regulation emotionnelle des eleves. Dans une precedente etude critique et historique nous avons distingue l’empathie des notions connexes telles que la sympathie, la personal distress, la contagion emotionnelle et ce que nous proposons d’appeler la « coupure par rapport aux emotions ». Pour operationnaliser cette distinction nous avons construit un test (Coupure-Empathie-Contagion [CEC]) que cet article vise a valider. Cinq etudes ont ete realisees en France, en Suisse et au Canada aupres de 761 eleves de huit a 17 ans. Elles mettent en relation le CEC avec le Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES) et d’autres echelles dont l’estime de soi, l’anxiete, la depression, les habiletes sociales, la delinquance et les resultats scolaires des eleves. Nous comparerons les reponses selon le sexe, la filiere et les resultats scolaires. L’empathie est faiblement mais significativement correlee a la reussite scolaire. Elle ne peut plus etre specialement attribuee aux sujets feminins comme d’autres travaux le suggerent. En revanche, la coupure est plus developpee chez les garcons et la contagion chez les filles. C’est la coupure qui semble constituer un indicateur indirect des risques de developpement de comportements violents.

Background The co-occurrence of child victimization experiences is not a rare phenomenon. However, few studies have explored the long-term consequences of such experiences. Empirical studies present important methodological limitations, namely the fact that few studies have documented more than two forms of victimization, that they rely on non representative samples and have not used multivariate analyses. The present study aims to evaluate the specific contribution of each form of child victimization (sexual, physical and psychological) on the outcomes in adulthood. Moreover, the study explores the role of co-occurrence on these symptoms. Methods A phone survey was conducted with a representative sample of 804 adults from the province of Quebec. Households were randomly selected among those having a telephone. Sociodemographic variables, child victimization experiences (sexual, physical and psychological) and partner violence were evaluated to explore their links with psychological distress, post-traumatic stress symptoms and physical health of participants. Results Higher psychological distress in men is associated with younger age, lower education level and having experienced sexual and physical violence in childhood. For women, psychological distress is linked to younger age, having experienced partner violence, childhood physical and psychological violence. Only experiencing partner violence and childhood sexual and psychological victimization are linked to greater post-traumatic stress symptoms in men and women. Finally, lower education level and childhood sexual and physical victimization increase physical health problems for men, while for women, only lower education level contributes to the prediction. Conclusion The results of this study show that experiencing more than one form of childhood victimization increases the negative outcomes in adulthood, underlying the relevance of considering the phenomenon of co-occurring victimization in the elaboration and dissemination of intervention programs.

This study identifies predictors of favorable attitudes toward spanking. Analyses were performed with survey data collected from a representative sample of 1,000 adults from Quebec, Canada. According to this survey, a majority of respondents endorsed spanking, despite their recognition of potential harm associated with corporal punishment (CP) of children. The prediction model of attitudes toward spanking included demographics, experiencing or witnessing various forms of family violence and abuse in childhood, and perceived frequency of physical injuries resulting from CP. Spanking was the most reported childhood experience (66.4%), and most violence and abuse predictors were significantly and positively correlated. Older respondents who were spanked in childhood and who believed that spanking never or seldom results in physical injuries were the most in favor of spanking. On the other hand, respondents who reported more severe physical violence or psychological abuse in childhood were less in favor of spanking. Findings are discussed in terms of prevention of CP and family coercion cycle.

Le present article est consacre a la presentation d’un programme d’intervention breve et intensive de crise aupres de familles d’adolescents et de resultats de recherche sur l’evolution des familles qui beneficient de ce programme. En guise d’introduction, nous discutons des objectifs vises par ce programme, des caracteristiques de la clientele ciblee, des parametres et des etapes de l’intervention. Par la suite, nous presentons les resultats d’une recherche que nous avons realisee visant a evaluer l’evolution des familles et le taux de placement des jeunes en milieu substitut pendant ou suite a l’intervention. Globalement, les donnees de cette recherche indiquent que les jeunes et les familles desservis par le programme connaissent une evolution globalement positive suite a l’intervention. En outre, on observe que tres peu de jeunes desservis par ce programme ont ete places en cours de ou suite a l’intervention. De facon plus specifique, on observe une evolution modeste au niveau du fonctionnement des familles et des pratiques educatives et une reduction cliniquement significative de la detresse psychologique chez les parents. Les resultats des analyses indiquent aussi que l’evolution observee chez les jeunes et les familles se produit principalement au moment de l’intervention et que les gains obtenus se maintiennent dans le temps.

The purpose of this study was to identify the different subgroups of students at risk of dropping out of school. The typology was developed based on the three main contexts associated with school dropout risk, namely, the personal, family and school contexts. On the basis of these factors, the clustering results enabled us to categorize at-risk students into four subgroups: (1) the Anti-Social Covert behavior type, (2) the Uninterested in school type, (3) the School and Social Adjustment Difficulties type, and (4) the Depressive type. Moreover, considering all the contexts involved in school dropout, the clustering technique confirms the importance of behavior problems and learning difficulties, while emphasizing the significance of both depression and the family and classroom environments in the development of dropout risk. Students at risk of dropping out of school report many family organisational problems and that they obtain little emotional support from their parents. They also perceive little order or organisation in the classroom.

OBJECTIVE: To date, the phenomenon of concurrent forms of violence against children has received little consideration from research. This study sought to determine the prevalence and cooccurrence of various forms of violence (physical, sexual and psychological). METHOD: A telephone survey was conducted with a representative sample of 822 Quebec adults. RESULTS: More than one in three adults (36%) reported having experienced one form of violence in childhood. Ten percent (10%) of the adults experienced two forms of violence while 3% of the respondents reported having experienced all three forms of violence in childhood. Physical violence (22%) was the form most frequently reported, followed by psychological violence (16%) and sexual violence (14%). The different prevalence rates did not vary as a function of age. However, women were more likely to report having been sexually victimized (rape and fondling) and less likely to report having experienced physical violence. DISCUSSION: These results, including both the global rates and those particular to each gender, are comparable to findings in similar North American studies. The co-occurrence noted is salient enough to necessitate particular attention to diverse clinical clientele and to be considered in future research exploring the risk factors of violence and its subsequent sequelae. Language: fr

Face à la diminution de la motivation de plusieurs étudiants universitaires en contexte pédagogique innovant, cette étude tente de dégager les perceptions de la valeur, de la compétence et de la contrôlabilité que les étudiants entretiennent à l’égard des activités pédagogiques innovantes. Elle permet aussi de vérifier comment ces perceptions se modifient au fil des années d’études. L’analyse des résultats obtenus, à partir d’un questionnaire distribué à 1 082 étudiants inscrits en formation des maîtres, montre que l’apprentissage par projet est perçu comme l’activité la plus utile et pour laquelle les étudiants ont le sentiment d’avoir le plus de contrôle. La perception des étudiants envers l’utilité des activités innovantes subit une diminution au début de la deuxième année d’études universitaires., Confronted with the reduction of motivation of several university students in innovative teaching context, this study tries to outline students’ perceptions of value, competence and controllability regarding innovating teaching activities. It also makes it possible to examine the ways in which these perceptions change with the time. The results analysis of 1 082 questionnaires distributed to pre-service students shows that project-based learning is perceived by students like the most useful activity over which they feel they have the highest level of control. The perception of the students concerning the usefulness of the innovating activities decreases at the beginning of the second year of university., Ante la disminución de la motivación de varios estudiantes universitarios en contexto pedagógico innovante, el presente estudio intenta destacar las percepciones del valor, de la competencia y de la controlabilidad que los estudiantes tienen hacia las actividades pedagógicas innovadoras. Asimismo permite verificar cómo estas percepciones se modifican a lo largo de los años de estudios. El análisis de los resultados, a partir de un cuestionario distribuido a 1 082 estudiantes inscritos en formación de maestros, demuestra que el aprendizaje por proyectos está percibido como la actividad más útil y sobre la cual los estudiantes tienen el sentimiento de tener más control. La percepción de los estudiantes acerca de la utilidad de las actividades innovantes sufre una disminución al inicio del secundo año de estudios universitarios., Angesichts des Abbaus der Motivation von vielen Studenten im neuen pädagogischen Kontext, versucht diese Studie von Wertvorstellungen der Kompetenz und Kontrollbarkeit, die die Studenten bezuglich der neuen pädagogischen Fähigkeiten haben, zu befreien. Sie erlaubt auch, zu prüfen, wie die Wahrnehmungen sich im Laufe der Jahre der Studie verändern. Die Analyse der erhaltenen Ergebnisse, die anhand eines Fragebogens, der zu Beginn an 1 802 Studenten verteilt wurde, die sich für das Grundschullehramt eingeschrieben haben, zeigt, daß die Lehre als Projekt als eine dringend notwendige Aktivität empfunden wird und daß die Studenten das Gefühl haben, am besten Kontrolle ausüben zu können. Die Wahrnehmung der Studenten, bezüglich der Nützlichkeit der neuen Aktivitäten erlitt eine neue Abwertung zu Beginn des zweiten Jahres des Universitätsstudiums.

Despite the scarcity of reliable information about his life (a fact we will first recall), Andō Shōeki (1703–1762) has been the target of an intense appropriation process from the very beginning of his discovery by Kanō Kōkichi in 1899 until the present days. After surveying such a process, by which Shōeki was successively recognized as the Japanese pioneer of anarchism, socialism, communism, ecology, woman’s liberation and the lot, we found that, inside Shōeki’s system of thought itself, the most relevant element for explaining such a course lies in the omnipresence and harshness of its critique of the Confucian sages or saints, as we call them. Thus, this paper will focus on this latter aspect – the most celebrated and misunderstood one – of his thought. We will mainly examine what Shōeki exactly reproach the Saints in the Tōdō shinden chapter, “A Discussion of How the Saints Have Robbed Nature throughout the Ages” (Yoyo no seijin mina shizen wo nusumu no ron), which is the most elaborate on that subject. This will lead us to underpin the role played by the notion of shizen within our author’s system of thought and consequently to consider more closely the implications of such a concept, such as enabling a tautological discourse centered on the notions of a spontaneous totality. Thus, we notice that Shōeki, for ideological purposes, is forced to bring to light a kind of ultimate notion which puts a closure to every discourse. A comparison with Ogyū Sorai’s stance on the same problem helps us to understand by contrast why Shōeki, far from preparing any kind of social revolution, cannot but utter an outdated discourse longing on authenticity and the quest of origins.

A Geography of Urban Violence in the French suburbs. In the French urban peripheries, about a thousand districts said «disadvantaged» or «sensitive» are registered, in which are concentrated the most serious social difficulties, particularly unemployment and deliquency. The urban violence (defined as the whole attacks against institutions and officers that are representative of the State and the various authorities) is being significantly developed since the early 1990s. From original sources of the ministère de l'Intérieur (the French «Home Office»), the author attempts to delimit this phenomenon of anti-institutional violence, to understand its level, its forms and its evolution, and to find its geographical distribution in France. A strong but non exclusive relationship is seen between drug and violence demonstrations., En France, à la périphérie des villes, l'on rencense environ un millier de quartiers appelés «défavorisé» ou «sensibles» où se concentrent aujourd'hui les plus graves difficultés sociales, en particulier le chômage et la délinquance. La violence urbaine, définie comme l'ensemble des atteintes aux institutions et aux agents qui représentent l'Etat et les différents pouvoirs, s'y développe considérablement depuis le début des années 1990. L'auteur, à partir de sources inédites, provenant du ministère de l'Intérieur, tente de cerner ce phénomène de la violence antiinstitutionnelle, d'en saisir les degrés, les formes, l'évolution et d'en repérer la distribution géographique au sein du territoire français. Une relation forte mais non exclusive apparaît entre la drogue et les manifestations de la violence., Joly Jacques. Géographie de la violence urbaine en banlieue. In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1995-3. Les marginalités urbaines. pp. 323-328.

En se concentrant sur le cas d'Ando Shoeki, penseur confu- cianiste du milieu de l'epoque Tokugawa, lui-meme inseparable de la recuperation dans un sens marxiste ou ecologiste dont sa pensee fit l'objet, cet article tente d'expliquer comment deux mots de significations et relevant de traditions intellectuelles tres differentes comme le sont shizen et «nature» (l'idee de spontaneite est leur seul denominateur commun), en sont venus a devenir, de par leur meme fonction ideologique, deux mots de traduction l'un pour l'autre a l'epoque de Meiji, et, partant, de mettre l'accent sur certaines difficultes que peut rencontrer une problematique comparatiste centree sur l'idee de nature.

The chief characteristics of the French university system are shown on many maps which bring out regional and local factors., L’Atlas de la France universitaire (1) trace, à travers de nombreuses cartes, les principales caractéristiques du système universitaire français public actuel et en montre les enjeux régionaux et locaux., El Atlas de la Francia universitaria subraya, a través de numerosos mapas, las principales características del actual sistema universitario público francés y muestra lo que está en juego a escala regional y local., Frémont Armand, Hérin Robert, Joly Jacques. Atlas de la France universitaire. In: Mappemonde, 1992/2. pp. 10-14.

Nowadays, sex education contributes to public health not only with regard to the prevention of HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections and sex abuse, but it is also concerned with addressing aspects such as interpersonal relationships and psychosocial implications. The school setting has emerged as a unique environment for access to information and scientific knowledge that contribute to better understanding of the various dimensions of sexuality. Teachers' and future teachers' conceptions about sex education are analysed in this paper. Data were obtained from a questionnaire designed by the European Biohead-Citizen research project. Responses were received from 2 537 teachers from four Mediterranean countries (Tunisia, Lebanon, Morocco and France) who completed the questionnaire. The methodology is based upon analyses of core components that support the discovery of teachers' conceptions. Following that exercise, standardised factorial scores were calculated. Results for in-service and pre-service teachers show high correlations between their conceptions and national culture, religious beliefs, and level of academic training. Detailed results are presented and discussed.

Objective: A literature review on the incidence of different forms of child maltreatment revealed that rates in Australia and Quebec (Canada) were similar. This study sought to determine the prevalence and co-occurrence of various forms of violence (physical, sexual and psychological) and explore gender and age difference. Methods: A telephone inquiry was conducted with a representative sample of 1,002 adults from the province of Quebec. Results: More than one in three adults (37%) reported having experienced at least one of three forms of violence in childhood. Twelve per cent (12%) of the adults experienced two forms of violence while 4% of the respondents reported having experienced all three forms of violence in childhood. Psychological violence (22%) was the form most frequently reported, followed by physical violence (19%) and sexual violence (16%). The different prevalence rates did not vary as a function of age. However, regarding gender, women were more likely to report having been sexually victimised (rape and fondling) and less likely to report having experienced physical violence. A lower percentage of women reported having sustained no form of childhood victimisation and a higher percentage of women reported have experienced both sexual and psychological violence compared to men. Conclusion: These results, including both the global rates and those particular to each gender, are comparable to findings in similar North American studies. The co-occurrence rates noted are salient enough to necessitate particular attention to diverse clinical clientele and need to be considered in future research exploring the risk factors of violence and its subsequent repercussions. Language: en

International audience; Nowadays, sex education contributes to public health not only with regard to the prevention of HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections and sex abuse, but it is also concerned with addressing aspects such as interpersonal relationships and psychosocial implications. The school setting has emerged as a unique environment for access to information and scientific knowledge that contribute to better understanding of the various dimensions of sexuality. Teachers’ and future teachers’ conceptions about sex education are analysed in this paper. Data were obtained from a questionnaire designed by the European Biohead-Citizen research project. Responses were received from 2 537 teachers from four Mediterranean countries (Tunisia, Lebanon, Morocco and France) who completed the questionnaire. The methodology is based upon analyses of core components that support the discovery of teachers’ conceptions. Following that exercise, standardised factorial scores were calculated. Results for in-service and pre-service teachers show high correlations between their conceptions and national culture, religious beliefs, and level of academic training. Detailed results are presented and discussed.; L’éducation à la sexualité contribue de nos jours à la santé publique car elle concerne non seulement la prévention du sida (et d’autres infections sexuellement transmissibles), les violences sexuelles mais également les rapports interpersonnels et les implications psychosociales. L’école apparaît comme le lieu privilégié d’accès aux informations et aux connaissances scientifiques qui permettent de connaître et de comprendre les différentes dimensions de la sexualité. Dans cet article, les conceptions d’enseignants et de futurs enseignants sur l’éducation à la sexualité sont analysées. Les données ont été recueillies à l’aide du questionnaire construit dans le cadre du projet de recherche européen Biohead-Citizen. Le questionnaire a été renseigné par 2 537 enseignants et futurs enseignants de quatre pays de l’aire culturelle méditerranéenne (Tunisie, Liban, Maroc et France). La méthodologie repose sur des analyses en composantes principales permettant de dégager les conceptions des enseignants et futurs enseignants. À leur suite, des scores factoriels standardisés ont été calculés. Les résultats montrent que les facteurs qui se corrèlent le plus étroitement avec les conceptions des enseignants et des futurs enseignants, sont la culture du pays, le niveau de croyance en Dieu et le niveau de formation. Des résultats détaillés sont présentés et discutés.

OBJECTIVE: To date, the phenomenon of concurrent forms of violence against children has received little consideration from research. This study sought to determine the prevalence and cooccurrence of various forms of violence (physical, sexual and psychological). METHOD: A telephone survey was conducted with a representative sample of 822 Quebec adults. RESULTS: More than one in three adults (36%) reported having experienced one form of violence in childhood. Ten percent (10%) of the adults experienced two forms of violence while 3% of the respondents reported having experienced all three forms of violence in childhood. Physical violence (22%) was the form most frequently reported, followed by psychological violence (16%) and sexual violence (14%). The different prevalence rates did not vary as a function of age. However, women were more likely to report having been sexually victimized (rape and fondling) and less likely to report having experienced physical violence. DISCUSSION: These results, including both the global rates and those particular to each gender, are comparable to findings in similar North American studies. The co-occurrence noted is salient enough to necessitate particular attention to diverse clinical clientele and to be considered in future research exploring the risk factors of violence and its subsequent sequelae.

This article reopens the issue of a medical practice that has been well established for more than three decades by proposing an extension of the period during which treatment with the "morning-after" pill is currently prescribed. The objective is to determine the effectiveness of the regimen of Yuzpe and Lancee when it is administered between 72 and 120 hours after sexual intercourse.We conducted an observational study comparing 2 groups of women for whom the regimen of Yuzpe and Lancee was administered after unprotected sexual intercourse. One group (usual time frame treatment group) sought consultation within 72 hours (n = 131), and the other (extended time frame treatment group) after 72 to 120 hours (n = 169).The pregnancy rate was 0.8% for the72-hour group and 1.8% for the 72- to 120-hour group. The effectiveness rate varied from 87% to 90% for the72-hour group and from 72% to 87% for the 72- to 120-hour group. In both groups the chi(2) tests showed that emergency contraceptive pills significantly reduced the risk of pregnancy.Women should be encouraged to seek consultation as quickly as possible after unprotected sexual intercourse. However, if the usual time limit (72 hours) has expired, the so-called "morning-after" pill should be recommended if an intrauterine contraceptive device is not available. Emergency contraceptive pills have a favorable success rate after 72 hours, with a pregnancy rate that is significantly lower than would be expected if no contraceptive were administered.

Summary - Nature and Spontaneity : the Example of Andô Shôeki Andô Shôeki ^lali (1703-1762), a Confucean master, who first settled in Hachinobe, then in the Odate area, has in recent years been the object of an appropriation process by socialist, Marxist and ecologist thinkers. Shôeki has even been made the pioneer of the women's liberation movement in Japan. Having reviewed Shôeki's little known life, we retrace the history of this movement to demonstrate what we have been able to gather from the definitions Shôeki gave and used of the idea, shizen ê ^ or ziran. Since the end of the Meiji period, this word has been used as the translation of the western idea, "nature" but during the Edo period, it kept its meanings of "free movement" and "spontaneity" as is seen in Chinese classics. In fact, regarding the exacerbated use of this idea of nature - the equivalent of the "absolute" and "liberty" in western tradition - Shôeki played an ideological role similar to the one we see in the western use of the word, "nature" to the end all discourse thereby allowing him to safeguard a purely naturalistic system. Such a system was already in disarray during his lifetime ; however if was one that led him to envision a society based on the vision of a perfectly closed and autarkical world., Andô Shôeki $lii^ (1703-1762) est un maître confucéen établi à Hachinohe, puis dans la région d'Odate, qui fut ces dernières années l'objet de tout un mouvement de récupération de la part de penseurs socialistes, marxistes ou écologistes quand on ne le fit devenir le chantre de la libération de la femme au Japon... Après avoir essayé de faire le point sur la bibliographie de notre auteur, nous voudrions retracer l'histoire d'un tel mouvement de récupération afin de montrer ensuite que ce dernier fut en fait attisé par les définitions que donne et l'emploi que fait Shôeki de la notion de shizen É #* - ziran, mot qui, depuis la fin de Meiji, traduit la notion occidentale de nature mais qui, à l'époque d'Edo, conservait son sens de libre agir, de spontanéité, tel que nous le rencontrons dans les classiques chinois. De fait, l'utilisation exacerbée d'une telle notion, équivalent de celles d'absolu et de liberté dans notre tradition, clôturant tout discours, et à laquelle, donc, Shôeki fit ici jouer un rôle idéologique semblable à celui que remplit souvent notre mot nature, lui permit certes de préserver un système purement naturaliste déjà mis à mal à son époque, mais débouchant sur un projet de société totalisant reposant sur la vision d'un monde parfaitement clos et autarcique., Joly Jacques. Nature et spontanéité: l'exemple d'Ando Shoeki. In: Ebisu, n°13, 1996. pp. 75-119.

RESUME L’absence de consensus autour d’une definition de l’empathie, sa confusion avec les phenomenes de sympathie ou de compassion n’ont pas manque de se repercuter sur les recherches entreprises pour etudier et, en particulier, mesurer, ce phenomene. Il en a resulte une confusion qu’il convient de reduire autant que possible. L’objectif de cet article consiste a proposer : 1 / un historique theorique et critique visant a assigner une place plus precise a l’empathie au sein du vaste champ conceptuel qui est le sien, et 2 / une nouvelle echelle de mesure (CEC) valide de l’empathie qui permette d’apprehender celle-ci de maniere plus fine, en la distinguant clairement des phenomenes connexes que sont la contagion emotionnelle et de ce que nous appellerons la coupure par rapport aux emotions. La seconde partie de cette etude, qui sera publiee en 2006, fera etat de la validation du test CEC et du fait que, grâce a ce dernier et a sa conceptualisation sous-jacente, l’empathie apparait comme une competence emotionnelle, cognitive et sociale susceptible de constituer un objectif educatif pour les enseignants concernes par la regulation des comportements en classe.

Cet article a pour objectif de decrire les conditions de naissance des grands prematures (GP), nes a un terme inferieur a 33 semaines d’amenorrhee (S A) et/ou dont le poids de naissance (PN) est inferieur a 1 500 gr, en Ile-de-France (IDF) entre le 1er juin et le 31 decembre 1998.L’etude porte sur les couples meres/grands prematures, y compris les interruptions medicales de grossesse (IMG), dont l’accouchement est survenu dans l’un des 135 sites de naissance d’IDF.Entre le 1/6/1998 et le 31/12/1998, 1 337 meres ont accouche dans 84 maternites d’IDF, dont 263 ont eu une IMG (19,7 %). Elles sont un peu plus âgees que les meres franciliennes en general (25 % ont 35 ans et plus) ; 4,3 % d’entre elles n’ont pas de couverture sociale.Pour ces 1 337 meres, il y a eu 1556 issues de grossesse, soit 1,6 % des naissances domiciliees (INSEE) de la region. Les 1 074 meres, hors les IMG, ont donne naissance a 1290 enfants : 202 enfants sont morts nes, 46 sont decedes en salle de naissance et 1042 enfants sont vivants a la sortie de salle de naissance. Pour les 1 074 meres (hors IMG), 195 (soit 18 %) ont eu une grossesse multiple, 175 gemellaires, 19 triples, 1 quadruple ; 599 ont accouche dans un centre perinatal de type III (CP-III) (une maternite adjacente a une reanimation neonatale dans l’etablissement) soit une proportion avoisinant 60 %, d’apres l’enquete. Cette proportion varie selon : le departement de domicile (40 % en Seine-et-Marne – departement depourvu de CP-III – a 70 % dans les Hauts de Seine) ; et selon que la grossesse est unique (58,8 %), gemellaire (72,6 %) ou triple (84,2 %).Le transfert ante partum est le mode d’admission pour 62,7 % des femmes qui ont accouche en CP-III.Ce type d’etude est utile pour mesurer la mise en place d’une regionalisation des soins pour le haut risque perinatal et l’acces a une prise en charge adequate. Elle permet de produire des informations sur l’inequite d’acces aux soins, notamment pour les femmes qui vivent en grande couronne.

Joly Jacques. Structure sociale de l'agglomération et des quartiers de Grenoble. In: Revue de géographie alpine, tome 66, n°4, 1978. pp. 385-407.

and the socialist municipality of Grenoble, resulting from the elections oj 1965, 1972 and 1977 has consciously fought against social segregation. Although its initial profile was different the recent social change can be found in Grenoble as elsewhere: the aging of the population, growth of the tertiary sector, a relative drop in working class numbers, more olerical staff and executives, a rise in female employment and a tendency towards payment by salary. The intention of this article is to show that these changes have not lessened social specification in the different neighbourhoods of the town or in the districts of the urban area; the policy of the Grenoble municipality has been mined by the lack of a coordinated policy for the area and by the structures of society in general. Nevertheless it does contain the seeds of new attitudes..., Résumé. — L'expansion démographique des années 1950 et 1960 a été accompagnée d'une distribution plus complexe des catégories sociales dans l'espace urbain. La municipalité socialiste de Grenoble, issue des élections de 1965, 1971 et 1977, a entrepris de lutter contre la ségrégation sociale. Le changement social contemporain se manifeste, d'autre part, à Grenoble comme ailleurs mais à partir d'un profil initial original, par un vieillissement de la population, par l'affirmation du secteur tertiaire, par le déclin relatif des ouvriers, la poussée des employés et des cadres, la progression de l'emploi féminin et du salariat. L'article essaye de montrer que l'ensemble de ces transformations n'a pas abouti à l'atténuation des spécifications sociales dans les quartiers de la ville et les communes de l'agglomération. L'action de la municipalité grenobloise est hypothéquée par l'absence d'une politique coordonnée au niveau de l'agglomération et par les structures de la société globale. Elle porte cependant les germes d'attitudes nouvelles., Guibourdenche Henri, Joly Jacques. Changement social et structures spatiales dans l'agglomération et les quartiers de Grenoble (1968-1975) . In: Revue de géographie alpine, tome 67, n°3, 1979. pp. 257-279.

This study aims at specifying some of the cognitive processes underlying decision-making in squash competition. More specifically, the study focuses on the strategy of the defending player (D) when chosing among three categories of preparation (total preparation for one particular event, partial preparation in favor of one event and absence of biased preparation). D is viewed as an information processing system (IPS) placed in a problem-solving situation, the problem being what decision to reach. The results obtained in a preceding investigation about the nature of the information processed by a player to anticipate and prepare for the opponent's shot in a real game setting, are used to determine a typical protocol of the behavior of D. The analysis of this protocol allows one to formally define (in Backus-Normal-Form) the problem space of D which is also D's internal representation of the task environment. From the problem space are derived (1) the problem behavior graph depicting the search of D through his problem space for a solution, and (2) the production system (a set of conditional statements, each expressing what to do under specific conditions) defining the logic of the search. The results of this first phase of the simulation study of a decision-making model of squash competition show that the cognitive strategy of D is based upon the use of a specific preformed algorithm. This algorithm could be stored in some long-term memory and activated by the current state of information in short-term memory. Finally, the proposed model also leads to the suggestion that the cognitive strategy of the performer may be influenced by a variety of factors such as the experience of the player, the time pressure, the expectancies, the performer's confidence in his predictions and the mistakes caused by incorrect predictions.

Using a dismantled time-series design, eighteen subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: meditation ( N = 5); meditation and imagery ( N = 4); waiting list ( N = 5). Treatment lasted twelve weeks, while pre- and post-baseline periods were of four weeks. An assessment control group control was also used during baseline periods ( N = 4). The severity of psoriasis symptoms was reliably rated by dermatologists. While controlling for extraneous factors influencing psoriasis symptoms, a time-series multivariate regression analysis revealed a significant difference between the mean psoriasis ratings of treatment and control groups after treatment (partial r = .30, p < .01). No additional impact was associated with the use of the imagery technique (partial r = − .06, p > .05). Four subjects in the treatment groups, two in each condition, succeeded in clinically improving their psoriasis symptoms, and none deteriorated. The practice of mediation may be clinically effective for some patients in reducing their psoriasis symptoms.

— At the beginning of the eighties Grenoble, like a lot of large cities in France, is facing a period of pratically zero demographic growth. For the first time, the inner-part of the town is undergoing a population decrease while a large urbanized area is springing up through housing development projects beyond the limits of the concentrated built- up area. The geographic redistribution of the inhabitants is supplanting the previous influx of new populations which played an important role in the recent past. The consequences of this are still very present and are particulary noticable in the relatively young demographic structure. The internal movement of the population, within the urban area, represents, in fact, a closed residential circuit and is closely linked to the social background of the householders. The author highlights these movements which are reinforced by the socio-spatial segregation existing between the outskirts of the city with their middle class, house-owning population, and that heart of the town where the younger and older generation of householders — foreigners and the lower classes — are concentrated and where there is a serious housing shortage., Résumé. — Comme la plupart des grandes agglomérations, celle de Grenoble est entrée, avec les années 80, dans une phase de croissance démographique quasi-nulle. Pour la première fois la ville-centre et des communes de sa proche banlieue enregistrent même une régression de population alors que tend à se constituer une vaste aire urbanisée par extension de l'habitat au-delà des frontières de l'agglomération. La redistribution géographique des habitants prend désormais le pas sur l'arrivée de nouvelles populations qui joua dans le passé récent un rôle exceptionnel. Les conséquences de l'immigration sont encore très présentes, notamment par une structure démographique relativement jeune. Le mouvement de la population à l'intérieur de l'aire urbaine constitue un véritable circuit résidentiel lié à l'appartenance sociale des ménages. L 'auteur insiste sur les divergences d'évolution qui accentuent la ségrégation socio-spatiale entre les communes de la périphérie qui accueillent des couches moyennes, propriétaires de leur habitation, et celles du cœur de l'agglomération où se concentrent les ménages les plus jeunes et les plus âgés, les étrangers et les plus démunis, alors même que sévit une grave crise du logement., Joly Jacques. Grenoble, un espace urbain en mutation. In: Revue de géographie alpine, tome 72, n°1, 1984. pp. 59-79.

From the study of the case of social restoration of old centre districts of Grenoble, the author questions the adequary of the local policies as to the solution to the problem of the social sharing of urban centralism., A partir de l'étude du cas de réhabilitation des quartiers anciens centraux de Grenoble, l'auteur s'interroge sur la validité des politiques locales quant à la résolution du problème du partage social de la centralité urbaine., Joly Jacques. Aspects sociaux de la réanimation des vieux quartiers centraux : politique nationale et pratique locale. Réflexions à partir du cas de Grenoble. In: Revue de géographie de Lyon, vol. 60, n°3, 1985. pp. 205-216.