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Objective: The emergence and increasing spread of resistance to antibiotics in uropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae is a huge public health problem and increase the morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to produce scientific data on the virulence and level of resistance of these bacteria in Benin. Results: This study was conducted on 230 strains of enterobacteria isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. These virulence factors sought were hemolysis, hemagglutination, serum resistance, biofilm formation, and the production of lipase, protease and lecithinase. The molecular characterization of the virulence and antibiotic resistance genes was accomplished by PCR according to the different conditions for each gene. The bacteria possessed several types of virulence factors such as hemagglutinin (28.26%), lipase production (23.92%) and hemolysin production (17.83%). The virulence gene identified were FimH (74.79%), PapC (30.44%), Iss (11.34%) and Biofilm (3.92%). The antibiotic resistance genes such as Bla-SHV (49.56%), Bla-CTX-M15, Bla-CTX-M2 (33.92%), Bla-CTX-M9 (19.13%) and bla-CTX-M1 (11.74%) were also detected. Conclusion: These results filled the national gap about virulence and antimicrobial resistance of enterobacteria responsible of urinary tract infection and may be used to improve the management of patients in Benin.

Enterobacteria are host bacteria found in the gut of all warm-blooded animals. Many of these can be found in poultry faeces and can cause zoonotic diseases. This study was aimed to characterize Enterobacteria other than Salmonella from faeces of poultry sold in local markets in southern Benin. Fifteen markets in three cities were selected for sampling in Southern Benin. A total of 207 faecal samples were obtained from Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou and Ouidah. ‘’Association Francaise de NORmalisation’’ (AFNOR) standard (NF U: 47–100) was used for bacteriological analysis. The Api 20E Gallery was used for the identification of bacteria. Antibiogram was performed using antibiotics of different families in order to check the resistance pattern of the isolates. The resistance genes that were targeted for amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were blaCTX-M1, blaCTX-M2, blaCTX-M9, blaCTX-M15 and blaSHV. Results showed that Escherichia coli was the most identified isolates (74.11%), followed by Citrobacter diversus (7.06%) and Enterobacter cloacae (5.88%). The identified bacteria showed resistance to cephalosporins, carbapenems, aminoglycosides and quinolones. The highest resistances observed were for quinolones and cephalosporins. The strains carried the blaSHV resistance gene (21.57%) as well as the fimH virulence gene (41.57%). As conclusion, the detection of multi–resistant isolates is a concern about the risks faced by poultry handlers since they are in constant contact with animals and animal faeces. Public health is also emphasized since majority of Beninese populations are consumers of meat.

The use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is a common practice in developing countries. However, this unregulated or irrational use may pose a risk of toxicity to humans in the short and/or long term. Recent studies reported interesting ethnopharmacological, antioxidant, and phytochemical data on some medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of male infertility in Benin. Unfortunately, very little data exist on the long-repeated dose toxicity of these medicinal plants. This study was aimed at evaluating the larval cytotoxicity and subacute toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of Cassytha filiformis whole plant, Gardenia ternifolia roots, and Rourea coccinea leaves. The subacute toxicity of these plants was evaluated in male Wistar albino rats at three different doses (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) according to the OECD 407 guidelines. Hematological and biochemical examinations and the histological study of the liver and kidneys were carried out. Larval cytotoxicity was assessed by the sensitivity of Artemia salina larvae to different concentrations of the studied plants extracts. The mean lethal concentration (LC50) was determined by the probit method. Subacute toxicity data indicated that there was no mortality or structural alterations of the liver and kidneys in the lot of treated animals. However, significant alterations in certain hematological and biochemical parameters (hematocrit, ASAT, and uremia) were noted. These abnormalities were observed in the lot of rats treated with Rourea coccinea and Cassytha filiformis extracts. Larval cytotoxicity data indicate that the studied plants extracts are not cytotoxic (LC50 > 0.1 mg/mL). These data suggest that the use in traditional medicine of studied plants at high doses and repeated over a long period of time requires special attention.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of African swine fever (ASF) disease in Benin. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 70 pig farms from the Departement of Atlantique and Oueme and also by using the data available from the Directorate of Livestock on the spread of ASF in Benin from 2014 to 2018. The prevalence of ASF was assessed with 106 nasal swabs from apparently healthy domestic pigs and 15 organ samples from dead ASF-suspected pigs. ASF virus detection was carried out by conventional polymerase chain reac¬tion using Qiagen Kit for DNA extraction. Data recorded were processed with SAS software (2006). Results: It appears that ASF is an endemic disease in Benin with the Department of Oueme as the hotspot of dissemination of the virus in the country. The losses due to ASF recorded from 2014 to 2018 are evaluated to 884,850,000 CFA Franc by estimating the average cost of a pig at 25,000 FCFA. A prevalence of 1.89% (CI at 95%, 0.713.49) was recorded for live animals with a positive result in organs from all dead pigs suspected of ASF. Breeding practices related to the sharing of breeding males, scavenging pigs, and non-compliance with biosecurity measures were the risk factors identified. Conclusion: The present study sheds light on the areas prone to the ASF virus in Benin. Moreover, the cross-sectional data recorded on the prevalence of ASF will help to better rule on the spread of the disease. It would be interesting for the Beninese Republic to increase its efforts for ASF control. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(3.000): 464-470]

Poultry farming is an important sector of the Beninese agriculture. But this sector is facing economic difficulties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Moringa oleifera powder and soybean meal on zootechnical parameters in the ISA Brown pullet. For this purpose, the experiment was carried out on a total of 250 day-old chicks with an initial average weight of 40 ± 1 g. Among these chicks, 25 subjects were used for the digestibility test and the rest were grouped into cinq (05) batches of 45 chicks fed with different rations. The test lasted 56 days. The apparent digestibility of the dry matter varied significantly from 50.0 ± 9.18 to 50.42 ± 16.11 at the 5% threshold between the different batches. Feed consumption of chicks of the different experimental batches did not show any significant variation, while for the feed conversion rate, weight gain and average daily gain, most averages vary significantly between batches and weeks. It brings out that M. oleifera powder improves the feed conversion and growth rates of ISA Brown pullets fed with a feed containing M. oleifera powder at different incorporation rates. Key words: Moringa oleifera, soybean, ISA Brown laying hens, zootechnical parameters.

Today, more than 80% of the West African population use traditional medicine in case of illness. However, several research studies are carried out in order to improve animal health, especially about antimicrobial resistance and vaccine failures observed in farms. This study aimed to review findings about second metabolites and therapeutics activities of Acacia nilotica used in African phytomedicine. Information has been searched on databases such as Agora, Hinari, Google Scholar, various journals, books and articles. Information capitalized are about traditional use of A. nilotica, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, antibacterial, antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive activities of the plant. These notions constituted will help for better management of disease and other research perspectives like in vivo test of Acacia nilotica extracts on viral pathologies in Animal health.

Antioxidants are a family of substances that can neutralize free radicals and prevent and/or treat diseases associated with oxidative stress such as male’s infertility. Medicinal plants are one of the main sources of antioxidants. Aim: This work was aimed at evaluating the chemical and antioxidant potential of different extracts from some plants used in traditional Beninese medicine for the treatment of male infertility. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on aqueous, hydro-ethanolic and ethanolic extracts from of the roots of Gardenia ternifolia (G. ternifolia), the whole plant of Cassytha filiformis (C. filiformis), the leaves of Rourea coccinea (R. coccinea) and the seed of Garcinia kola (G .kola). Quantification of the total polyphenols and flavonoids content of these extracts was evaluated respectively by the method using Folin Ciocalteu and the method using Aluminum trichloride. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by molecular spectrophotometry using the free radical scavenging of DPPH and FRAP methods. Results: The results obtained indicated a variation of total polyphenols and flavonoids content according to the type of extract. Hydro-ethanolic extract of the various plants studied has a high polyphenols and flavonoids content. In variable proportions, all the extracts tested reduced the DPPH radical and ferric iron, reflecting their antioxidant potential. The best antioxidant activity has been obtained with the hydro-ethanolic extracts. Conclusion: This study showed that all the plant's extracts studied have antioxidant activity that varies with the type of extract. However, the hydro-ethanolic extractions showed the best antioxidant activities. The data obtained in the present study justified the use of these plants in management of pathologies involving oxidative stress.

Background: Infectious diseases are serious public health issue both in developing countries and industrialized nations. In developing countries, they are the main cause of high mortality rates. In the second group, existing resistance strains to antibiotics is developing and growing at an alarming rate. The purpose of this study was to produce data of national interest to implement sustainable control program against the spread of antimicrobial resistance strains in Benin. Methods: One hundred and ninety (190) urine samples were collected in selected hospitals in Benin from patients with urinary tract infection. After getting the informed consent from the patients, samples collections were performed under aseptic conditions and cultured for further analysis in the laboratory. The resistance profile of the bacterial strains was established. The search for beta-lactamase production by the isolates was performed using the synergy test for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cephalosporins. Mathematical modeling for predicting the development of resistance of the strains by the year 2024 was carried out employing the compartmental deterministic models. Results: Two hundred and thirty (230) strains were identified from the urine samples. Male individuals were the most affected by urinary tract infections. Individuals between the ages of 21-30 were predominantly infected. E. coli was the most isolated species (32.43%) in the urine samples, followed by K. pneumoniae (26.85%) and E. cloacae (25.92%). The susceptibility testing of isolates showed a high resistance to amoxicillin (91.82%). Whereas the lowest resistance was to imipenem (2%). The beta-lactamase was produced by 24.03% of the strains. Escherichia coli (32.43%) was the most productive of broad spectrum beta-lactamase, followed by K. pneumoniae (31.03%). The mathematical modeling revealed a rampant rise in resistance development of the strains to the tested antibiotics. Conclusions: These results provide important data for developing new preventive strategies against the evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. It therefore, further deserves a constructive advocacy so that more actions are taken against the rampant spread of antimicrobial resistance strains in our health facilities as well as in the communities.

Objectif : L’élevage du canard de Barbarie est moins développé au Bénin comparativement aux poulets et à la pintade. L’objectif de l’étude est de caractériser cet élevage dans le Sud du Bénin. Méthodologie et résultats : Ainsi, une enquête a été réalisée de Juin 2015 à Août 2016 dans 213 élevages de canard de Barbarie répartis dans trois zones agro-écologiques: dépression, pêcheries et terres de barre. L’élevage de canard de Barbarie est pratiqué par plusieurs catégories socio-professionnelles dont l’âge varie de 39 à 42ans. Il est plus pratiqué par les hommes dans les zones des pêcheries (67,86 %) et des terres de barre (78,50 %) et plus par les femmes (59,55 %) dans la zone de dépression (p

Ethnobotanical relevance: Many plants are widely used in traditional medicine across Africa. In Benin, practitioners of Beninese traditional medicine make use of diverse medicinal plants in the traditional management of various diseases including diarrhoea. Aim of the study: This study aimed at highlighting the ethnomedicinal uses of 17 plants in the traditional treatment of diarrhoea and other diseases in southern Benin. Methods: An ethnomedicinal survey was carried out using the semi-structured interview method among practitioners of traditional medicine in Benin. This allowed for the identification of the traditional uses of these plants. The ethnobotanical data collected was analyzed using indices such as Use Value, Informant Consensus Factor and Fidelity Index of medicinal plants. A total of 72 informants participated in this study, including 52 market herbalists and 20 traditional healers. Results: The cited plants were involved in the treatment of 39 diseases and symptoms of diseases which have been divided into 15 categories. The most frequently mentioned disease categories were infectious-, blood and digestive diseases,offering treatement for malaria, diarrhoea and fever, amongst others. These plants have maximum potential for the treatment of infectious diseases, as well as metabolic, respiratory, skin, blood, digestive and circulatory diseases. Conclusion: This study revealed that interviewed informants (market herbalists and traditional healers) had good knowledge of the treatment of several diseases using the 17 plants . . It confirmed that the 17 selected plants are used in the traditional treatment of diarrhoea as well as other diseases. This study provided a database for Future pharmacological investigations on the basis of this ethnobotanical documentation.

Ethanol consumption is a risk factor of male infertility. The use of medicinal plants offers an alternative for the treatment of male infertility in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the Rourea coccinea effect on ethanol-induced male infertility in Wistar rats. Twenty-five (25) male Wistar rats were randomised into five groups of five rats and treated by oesophageal gavage over a 28-day period. Group 1 (negative control) received distilled water; Group 2 (positive control) received 30% ethanol at 7 mg/kg body weight; Group 3 (reference control) received 30% ethanol co-treated with the reference drug, clomiphene citrate; Groups 4 and 5 (test groups) received 30% ethanol co-treated with Rourea coccinea hydro-ethanolic extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. Testosterone hormone, sperm parameters and testicular histopathology were evaluated. Ethanol treatment induced a significant reduction (p

The use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is a common practice in developing countries. However, this unregulated or poorly rational use may present a dose-dependent risk of toxicity to humans. This study aimed to explore the phytochemical and toxicological characteristics of ten (10) plant species used in the traditional treatment of infectious diarrhea in Benin. The acute toxicity of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of Khaya senegalensis, Daniellia oliveri, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Vernonia amygdalina, Manihot esculenta, Ocimum gratissimum, Senna italica, Diospyros mespiliformis, Pterocarpus erinaceus, and Anacardium occidentale was evaluated following the OECD 423 protocol at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg. This safety test was complemented by a larval cytotoxicity test. Hematological and biochemical examinations, as well as a histological study of the liver and kidneys, were performed. Larval cytotoxicity was assessed by the sensitivity of Artemia salina larvae to different concentrations of the plant extracts studied. Testing for chemical compounds was performed on the basis of differential staining and precipitation reactions. The mean lethal concentration (LC50) was determined by the probit method. The qualitative phytochemical screening of the plants studied revealed the presence of catechic tannins, gallic tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins and sterol-terpenes, alkaloids, saponosides, and reducing compounds. This composition varied according to the plants studied. Acute toxicity data indicated that there was no mortality and no structural and functional alterations of the liver and kidneys of treated animals. Larval cytotoxicity data suggest that the plants studied are not cytotoxic (LC50 ≥ 0.1 mg/mL). These observations reflect the safety of these plants and justify their use in traditional medicine in the treatment of many diseases including diarrheal diseases.

Medicinal plants are a precious heritage for humanity and especially for the majority of poor communities in developing countries who depend on them for primary health care and livelihoods. They are used in traditional practices against urinary tract infections without any scientific evidence for most of the species used. This work aims to have a summary of the literature on some medicinal plants used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. To do this, this study was carried out based on the different medicinal plants cited by herbalists in southern Togo against urinary tract infections. The names of these different plants have each been the subject of research with keywords in search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, FreefullPdf, and others to bring out the traditional use of these plants in the world. From all of the above, it appears that the medicinal plant species cited by actors of the Togolese pharmacopoeia are used to treat several diseases in the world. The organs of these plants, such as leaves, bark, and roots are used in the treatment of common illnesses such as typhoid fever, diarrhea, malaria, bronchitis, and hypofertility. Coughs, colds, skin diseases, toothache, gonorrhoea, viral infections, and many other diseases are treated with these plants. The plants are often combined with other plants in traditional medicine. They are used in the form of decoction, fumigation, herbal tea, and others. The type of disease treated by the plants changes from region to region and is also dependent on the culture of the region in the world. The use of medicinal plants is a very ancient practice. It is a very suitable alternative to modern medicine. However, there is a need to have more detailed studies on these plants, such as their toxicological effects.

Objective Post-harvest shrimp losses are a big problem due to the proliferation of spoilage bacteria. Presence and multiplication of these bacteria promotes the emergence of food-borne diseases. This study was carried out to characterize some spoilage bacteria from tropical brackish water shrimps and black tiger shrimps stored in ambient temperature (25 °C). Results 22 isolates of Bacillus spp; 09 isolates of Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS) and 04 isolates of enterobacteria such as Pantoea spp (01); Serratia plymutica (01) and Serratia rubidaea (02) have been identified. Resistance and virulence genes were then detected. All isolates expressed resistance to at least three of antibiotics tested. 03 isolates of enterobacteria were susceptible to cetfazidim and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Bacillus spp showed total susceptibility to cefixim, ertapenem and cetfazidim. Staphylococci were susceptible to clindamycin. Pantoea spp was resistant to all antibiotics but exhibited intermediate susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. 04 isolates of Staphylococci were positive to mecA resistances genes. All the enterobacteria harbor no tetracycline resistance genes. All the isolates of Bacillus exhibited the presence of enterotoxin genes. Also, a high prevalence of 21 isolates to hemolytic enterotoxins was noted. 17 isolates from them kept ability to cell-lyse factor production like sphingomyelinase activities. The majority of Bacillus isolates identified by the present study poses a potential risk of food poisoning due to the prevalence of toxin genes found.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance surveillance and infection risk assessment are important for optimizing the quality of healthcare in hospitals. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance and infection risks in Tertiary hospitals in Benin. Methods: Bacteriological examinations were carried out on swab samples from the hospital environment at Sakete-Ifangni Hospital and Menontin Hospital in Benin. The environmental swabs were supplemented with wound swabs from Menontin Hospital. In both hospitals, antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated strains was determined by the agar diffusion method. Results: The results showed that coagulase-negative staphylococci (45%) comprised the most isolated species in the environment of the Surgery and Operating Departments of Sakete-Ifangni Hospital, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (27.50%) and Proteus spp. (15%). At Menontin Hospital, only one specimen was sterile from wound swabs. From environmental swabs, 29 out of 45 samples were positive. Staphylococcus aureus (31%), Escherichia coli (15%), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (12%) were the most isolated species from wounds. Strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci (29%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15%), and Proteus mirabilis (12%) were the most common strains in swabs. The study of the adequacy of treatment of infections caused by bacteria responsible for wound suppuration showed that 52% of the wounded received appropriate antibiotic treatment. At Menontin Hospital, many isolated strains from room environment samples were found in the wounds of the patients. In both hospitals, the isolated strains were multiresistant to conventional antibiotics. Conclusions: These data show how surveillance of infection risks and antimicrobial resistance is important to prevent healthcare-associated infections.

Background Uvaria chamae (Annonaceae), Phyllantus amarus (Phyllantaceae) and Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) are empirically alleged to be used as Beninese medicinal plants in the treatment of salmonellosis. This study aimed to produce scientific data on in vitro and in vivo efficacy of Uvaria chamae, Lantana camara and Phyllantus amarus on multiresistant Salmonella spp isolated in Benin.Results After in vitro tests on aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Uvaria chamae, Lantana camara and Phyllantus amarus , only the aqueous extract of Uvaria chamae (leaves) showed the best anti- Salmonella ’s activity. It has been used for the following experiments. The induction of salmonellosis revealed 9.0 10 8 CFU/ml was optimal concentration for triggering and maintaining the symptoms in chicks. This infective concentration has been used for in vivo assessment. 24 hours post inoculation later, the symptoms of salmonellosis (wet cloaca, diarrhea stool and somnolence) were observed in infected groups. After seven days of treatment, the rate of reduction of bacterial load at 100 mg / L, 200 mg / L, 400 mg / L of this extract was 85%, 52.38% and 98% respectively in the chicks groups infected with Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028. About the groups infected with Salmonella spp (virulent strain), the rate of reduction of bacterial load at 100 mg / L, 200 mg / L, 400 mg / L of this extract was 0%, 98.66% and 99.33%. The toxicity tests did not show any significant effect of the Uvaria chamae ’s extract on the biochemical and hematological parameters of the chicks.Conclusion The aqueous extract of Uvaria chamae is active in vitro and in vivo on multiresistant strains of Salmonella spp . This plant is a good candidate for the development of an improved traditional medicine for the management of salmonellosis.

Salmonella infections are major public health problems worldwide. The hereby review aimed to establish an overview on the pathogenicity, epidemiology and virulence factors of Salmonella spp. in the world. A systematic search was conducted online using the keywords ‘Salmonella’, ‘Salmonella spp.’, ‘Salmonella spp. Epidemiology’, ‘virulence factors of Salmonella spp. in the world’, ‘bacteria responsible for the contamination of meat products’, ‘non-typhoid salmonella’. These keywords were entered into databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using mainly French language. The obtained articles were included based on the reliability of their source, the study area (usually Benin and Africa) and the subject. The review revealed that Salmonella spp. is motile Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, of the family Enterobacteriaceae, currently counting more than 2,600 serovars. Human contamination occurs through the ingestion of contaminated water and food and can cause gastroenteritis or typhoid fever, which are two serious public health problems. A gene set constituting the pathogenicity islands determines the pathogenesis of Salmonella spp. The diagnosis is based on bacteriological, serological and molecular techniques. Salmonella infections are usually treated using antibiotics; however, emergence of antibiotic resistance in these microorganisms suggests that the anti-salmonella control should explore new sources such as medicinal plants

Aim:: This study aimed to report medicinal plants that are likely to be used in the control of salmonellosis. Materials and Methods:: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Southern Benin. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 150 farmers and 100 traditional therapists in seven high municipalities. This step helped to collect plants that are used in the treatment of animal salmonellosis and typhoid fever in human. Results:: The results revealed a low level of use of medicinal plants among breeders who prefer antibiotics such as oxytetracycline (53.55%), tylosine + sulfadimerazine (15.30%), and alphaceryl (19.13%). However, plants such as Moringa oleifera (leaves), Carica papaya (leaves and seeds), and Vernonia amygdalina (leaves) were mostly used by some farmers. From traditional therapists, 57 plant species of 32 families were identified as typhoid fever cures; among which Leguminosae, Asteraceae, and Euphorbiaceae were predominant. Persea americana (22.72%), V. amygdalina (7.57%), and Corchorus olitorius (7.57%) were the most cited by traditherapists for the treatment of typhoid fever in human. Conclusion:: This study provides a database for further studies on the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of Benin plant species on Salmonella spp. These evaluations will guarantee the availability of new therapeutic solutions for populations.

In order to determine the prevalence of bovine brucellosis, tuberculosis and dermatophilosis, a study was carried out in main dairy areas of Benin from April to September 2015. For brucellosis, 780 sera and 78 milk samples were analyzed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). For tuberculosis, 780 cattle underwent a comparative intradermal tuberculin test and 78 milk samples were used for Ziehl-Neelsen’s staining. About dermatophilosis, 78 samples of scabs were collected for Giemsa’s staining. For brucellosis, the overall individual animal seroprevalence was 8.85%. The regions of Borgou with 19.33% and Atlantique with 0% prevalence showed significant differences (p

Background: Infectious diseases are serious public health issue both in developing countries and industrialized countries. In developing countries, they are the main cause of high mortality rates. In the second group, existing resistance to antibiotics is developing growing at an alarming rate. The purpose of this study was to produce data of national interest to implement sustainable control of antimicrobial resistance as well as it spreads. Methods: One hundred ninety (190) urine samples were collected in several hospitals in Benin from patients suspected of having a urinary tract infection. After getting the inform consent from patients, samples collections were performed under aseptic conditions and were further subjected to bacteriological tests in the laboratory. The resistance profile of the bacterial strains identified was then established. The search for betalactamase production was performed by the synergy test between amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and cephalosporins. Mathematical modeling of the resistance of the strains identified by 2024 was finally carried out using compartmental deterministic models. Results: Two hundred thirty (230) strains were identified from urine samples. Male individuals were the most affected by urinary tract infections. Individuals in the 21-30 age groups were predominant. Escherichia coli was the most isolated bacterial species (32.43%) in this study followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (26.85%) and Enterobacter cloaceae (25.92%). The susceptibility testing of isolates bacteria to antibiotics showed a strong resistance of strains to amoxicillin (91.82%). The lowest resistance obtained was observed with imipenem (2%). The betalactamase was produced by 24.03% of the strains identified. Escherichia coli (32.43%) was indeed the most productive of betalactamase followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (31.03%). Mathematical modeling revealed a rampant rise in the resistance of bacteria to the antibiotics tested. Conclusions: These results provide important data for public health. They deserve constructive advocacy so that more specific actions are taken in relation to antimicrobial resistance.

Recent studies reported interesting ethnopharmacological, antibacterial, and phytochemical data on some medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of salmonellosis in Benin. Unfortunately, very little data exists on the toxicity of these species. This study aims to evaluate chemical characteristic of six Benin pharmacopoeial plants used in the traditional treatment of salmonellosis in Benin. The acute toxicity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts ofPsidium guajava,Vernonia amygdalina,Cajanus cajan,Phyllanthus amarus,Uvaria chamae, andLantana camarawas evaluated according to OECD Guideline 423 at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight on Wistar rats. Histological sections were performed on the liver and kidneys to confirm hematological and biochemical data. The content of aluminum, chromium, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, zinc, arsenic, selenium, and manganese was measured in 10 mg of each extract by the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICPOES) method. The results of our study generally show the absence of significant effect of the extracts on the hematological and biochemical parameters of the rats. However, with the exception of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts ofPsidium guajavaroot and the ethanolic extract ofPhyllanthus amarus(P>0.05), all the extracts have a significant effect on the aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) level, with a variable threshold of significance (0.0001< P ≤ 0.05). No mortalities and no renal histological conditions were recorded in the treated rats. In general, the heavy metal contents of the extracts do not exceed the standards set by the WHO/FDA except for a few extracts. Arsenic was not detected in any extract, while aluminum and chromium were detected at levels above the WHO/FDA standards. On the basis of these data, it appears that the six plants studied do not show any toxicity. In view of the pharmacological and chemical data previously available, these plants are good candidates for the development of improved traditional medicines with antibacterial and particularly anti-Salmonellaproperties.

Objective Salmonella spp. are one of the leading foodborne pathogens worldwide naturally found in the intestines of many animals. People that are in direct contact with the infected animals or their cages may become ill. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antibiogram and virulence genes associated with Salmonella serovars from fecal samples of animals intended for consumption in Southern Benin. Results Out of a total of 406 samples, 2.46% were positive. The isolates identified were multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. to penicillins, first generation cephalosporins and some aminoglycosides. All Salmonella isolates produced invA gene of 284 bp, fimA of 85 bp and stn of 260 bp. The spvC gene (571 bp) was present in 10% of the isolates whereas the spvR gene (310 bp) was found in 20% of the isolates. The control strain possessed all the tested genes. The invA gene implies that strains are able to invade epithelial cells. The fimA and stn genes present in all isolates show that they are capable of causing gastrointestinal illness in humans. The presence of spvC and spvR genes suggests the possibility of these strains to produce toxins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-019-4341-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Aim: The present study aims to evaluate zootechnic parameters and blood sugar in rabbits submitted to diets containing different levels of pepper (Capsicum frutescens). Materials and Methods: To this end, 30 rabbits weighing on average 1252±35 g at the beginning of the experiment were subjected to five rations with three repetitions for 56 days: The food R0 (or control) which is floury provender contains 0% of C. frutescens; R5, R10, R15, and R20 provender containing, respectively, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% of C. frutescens fruits’ powder. Rabbits consumed on average from 75.47 to 80.97 g dry matter. Results: Digestibility ranged from 52.39% to 61.01%. The average daily gain and feed consumption index were similar for all diets. Blood glucose was amended by the various servings is 0.98 g/L and 0.88 g/L, respectively, for doses. Conclusion: It appears from this study that rabbits consumed well diets containing C. frutescens. However, C. frutescens’ effect on the growth performances of rabbits is not noticeable. Furthers experiments will be useful to evaluate C. frutescens’ mechanism of action on blood sugar.

Aim : The present study aims to evaluate the morphometric parameters and level of Salmonella and Escherichia coli contamination of Tilapia guineensis and Sarotherodon melanotheron in the waterway of Southern Benin. Materials and Methods : 183 T. guineensis and 195 S. melanotheron were collected from June to July 2014 in four waterways: Lake Aheme, Nokoue Lake, coastal lagoon, and lagoon of Porto-Novo. Weight, total length, and standard length of these fish were evaluated. E. coli and Salmonella sp . were sought in fresh fish. Results : The results obtained in this study indicate that S. melanotheron presented high-performance of length and weight more than T. guineensis in Aheme Lake and lagoon of Porto-Novo. However, in Nokoue Lake and coastal lagoon, no difference was observed between the two species of fish. As for bacteriological analysis, the population of T. guineensis was more contaminated with E. coli with respective values of 60% and 59.52% in the Nokoue Lake and coastal lagoon than in the two other streams. Regarding the population of S . melanotheron , she was most contaminated in the coastal lagoon with a percentage of 66.66% in Aheme Lake, Nokoue Lake, and the lagoon of Porto-Novo. However, no Salmonella germ was detected in fish analyzed in this study. Conclusion : It appears that the morphometric parameters and weight of T. guineensis are lower than those of S. melanotheron . The evaluation of the microbiological quality revealed that T. guineensis is more contaminated with E. coli that S. melanotheron .

Article history: Received on: 29/06/2015 Revised on: 19/09/2015 Accepted on: 27/12/2015 Available online: 30/04/2016 In Africa, various medicines are used in animal diseases treatment. This study aims to identify the medicinal plants that are often used to cure bacterial diseases in domestic animals, in order to promote their rational and sustainable use. The work was performed by working with 787 breeders in the 8 agro-ecological zones of Benin, from June to December 2013. An ethnobotanical survey has identified 32 medicinal plants species among which Afzelia africana, Crossopteryx febrifuga, Albizia chevalieri, Khaya senegalensis, Mangifera indica and Entada africana are used for bovine pasteurellosis. The bronchitis is treated by 11 species of medicinal plants which include Allium sativum, Garcinia kola, Terminalia laxiflora, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides and Detarium microcarpum. For infectious coryza treatment, 8 plants have been identified among which, we have Securinega virosa, Capsicum annuum, Anacardium occidentale and Vitellaria paradoxa. About cutaneous streptothricosis, 3 plants (Zea mays, Piliostigma thonningii and Parkia biglobosa) were cited for its treatment. Contagious bovine peripneumonia is treated by 3 plants (Tamarindus indica, Oxythenanthera abyssinica and Khaya senegalensis). Avian salmonellosis is also treated by 3 plants (Bridelia ferruginea, Cissus quadrangularis and Ocimum gratissimum). Concerning Blackleg and enterotoxemia, they are respectively treated by Aganope stulhmannii and Ocimum gratissimum.

Hand hygiene is identified as one of the best prevention methods especially at laboratory level. Thus, several hydroalcoholic solutions have been designed and marketed. These solutions are widely sold in the Republic of Benin and do not have the same chemical composition. The present study aimed to assess the bacteriological effectiveness of these solutions because of their odd multitude. 11 hydroalcoholic solutions were collected from phar-macies and labelled. The sensitivity of reference bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was tested to these solutions. Thereafter, their ability to reduce bacterial colo-nies after impregnation of technicians’ hands was evaluated. At the end of the study, solutions A1, A8 and A10 were found active against S. aureus and E. coli. The inhibition diameters obtained were 13.5 and 29 mm respectively for A1, 20.5 and 32.5mm for A8 and 31 and 44.5 mm for solution A10. The rest were revealed inactive on the bacteria strains. After application on technicians’ hands, solutions A1, A8 and A10 showed reduction proportions of 60%, 4.30% and 41.67%, respectively. Apart from the ethanol contained in these three solutions, the presence of chlorhexidine enhances the effective-ness of the solution A10. These findings demonstrate that not all hand wash-ing hydroalcoholic solutions commercially available are effective. It is therefore important that concerned authorities evaluate the antibacterial perfor-mance of these products before being placed on the market in other to curb infections and protect populations’ health safety.

Aim: This study aims to identify the dominant viral animal pathologies and to list the traditional recipes used by the breeders for their treatment. Materials and Methods: The method of data collection was based on a retrospective survey. Thus, 787 breeders and agro-breeders scattered in the eight agro-ecological areas of Benin were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Results: In total, 5 pathologies were reported by breeders. Among those pathologies, foot and mouth disease was reported by all of the breeders of the southern part of Borgou compared with the other areas (p

Infectious diseases remain a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. This study has been carried out to gather primary ethnopharmacological informations about endogenous recipes used to manage common infectious diseases from Maritime Region of Lome in Togo. For this purpose, 34 herbalists have been investigated. The methods used consist on Triplet purchase of Medicinal Recipes. The results showed that herbalists know 51 plants species belonging to 32 botanical families for the infectious diseases management. Annonaceae (12.5%), Apocynaceae (12.5%), Rubiaceae (12.5%) were the most represented families. Cocos nucifera Linn. (7.74 %) and Cymbopogon citratus Stapf (7.74 %) were most cited. Moreover, the number of plants species cited by herbalists varies from the first visits to the third. We recorded a larger number of 50 plants species firstly, a reduced number of 40 plants species at the second visit and a small number of 29 plants species for the third visits. It is thus obvious to confirm herbalists’ declaration through pharmacological tests in order to explore new substances for combatting drugs resistance.

Objectives. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial and chemical properties of some medicinal plants used in the fight against enteropathogens in Benin. Methods. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Senna siamea, Uvaria chamae, Lantana camara and Phyllantus amarus were tested on 10 bacterial strains. Well diffusion technique, coupled with the microdilution determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (CMB) was used for antibacterial testing. The larval cytotoxicity was evaluated by using Artemia salina crustacean larvae. flavonoids and polyphenols were also assayed by the method using aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) and the method using the folin-Ciocalteu reagent, respectively. Results. The results of the study revealed that extracts had an effective antibacterial activity at 100 mg/mL, with MIC between 100 and 25 mg/mL and CMB between 100 and 50 mg/mL. The inhibition diameters of the extracts varied between 7.5 and 21 mm. The ethanolic extract of Phyllantus amarus leaves showed the best antibacterial activity. None of the extracts tested was found to be cytotoxic at the dose of 20 mg/mL. The aqueous Uvaria chamae root extract has the highest polyphenol content (231.896552±0.27586207 in μg EAG/100 mg extract), whereas the aqueous leaf extract of Uvaria chamae is the richest in flavonoids (41.061082 0.43180737 in μg ER/100 mg of extract). Conclusions. These interesting results can be used in the development of improved traditional medicines against enteropathogens.

Growth promoters are widely used in poultry farming. However, this practice is a potential risk of microbial resistances and eventually can have harmful effects on human health. For that, the search of alternative solutions knows an increasing interest. The spices, owing to their multiple properties, are potentials growth promoters for poultry. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of Capsicum frutescens supplementation on growth performances, hematological and biochemical parameters and on the carcass of broilers. A total of 200 (Hubbard) day old chicks with an initial average weight of 49.63±3.74 g were used in this study. They were randomly divided into 5 different groups (P0; P5; P5’; P10 and P10’) with 4 repetitions. P0 (control group which received basal diet); P5 (basal diet plus pepper at 0.5% for one month); P5' (basal diet plus pepper at 0.5% pepper for 2 months) P10 (basal diet plus pepper at 1% for one month) and P10' (basal diet plus 1% pepper for 2 months). The experiments lasted 56 days. Apparent digestibility of dry matter varied from 73.5 ± 1.28% to 74.95 ± 1.28% but not significantly different (p>0.05). Feed consumption, the final body weight average and the feed conversion ratio were similar for all groups. The blood glucose level was reduced by the pepper supplementation (p 0.05). In conclusion, although the chickens did not reject food supplemented with Capsicum frutescens powder, it’s effects were not perceptible on growth performances. However, the lowering effect of this spice on blood glucose level was proved in this study.

Objective: Hypercholesterolemia is the greatest risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The present study is conducted to evaluate the lipid lowering activity of leaves and fruits of Solanum macrocarpon, a vegetable, on Wistar rats experimentally rendered hypercholesterolemic by Triton X-100. Materials and Methods: The leaves and fruits were administered (p.o.) for 7 days to rats at doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg of body weight. Atorvastatin was used as reference treatment drug. The data were analyzed by the Brown-Forsythe ANOVA, Dunnett’s T3 multiple comparison test, and Dunnett’s t test. All tests were done at the 5% significance level. Results: Administration of S. macrocarpon (fruits as well as leaves) resulted in a statistically significant decrease in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides in the treated groups compared with the untreated hypercholesterolemic group, regardless of the administrated doses. A significant increase in HDL-cholesterol was observed in the treated groups. Hepatic disorders due to the Triton have been corrected by S. macrocarpon. Conclusions: This vegetable effectively suppresses experimental hypercholesterolemia in Wistar rats, suggesting a protective role in cardiovascular diseases. Its use by individuals at risk should be promoted.