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The article presents information on lie-detectors. In accord with our modern era of technology and psychosomatics, we now have the "lie-detector," a device which is being used with increasing frequency by police laboratories on suspected criminals and their accomplices and by some government agencies on suspected Communists and "fellow-travelers." However, our talent for gadgetry has not left our sense of equity so far behind that we cannot still ask: What is this mysterious lie-detector? Does it serve any useful function? How trustworthy are its findings? What is their legal status? What is the lie-detector? The lie-detector is a relatively simple device for making a graphic record of a person's breathing and blood pressure while he is being questioned.

THE PHENOMENA of masochism seem at first sight to pose a biodynamic paradox, in that self-injurious behavior patterns appear to serve the purposes neither of self preservation nor of procreation. Consequently, Freud thought it necessary to postulate a self-destructive "repetition compulsion," or "death instinct," which every organism manifests outwardly by hostility and aggression, and inwardly by "primary masochism," involuntary processes and inevitable death.1 Many writers,2 however, have pointed out that from a clinical standpoint what appears to be masochistic behavior may actually or symbolically represent a gratification of unconscious dependent, sexual or other needs and that therefore the concept of primary masochism may be both unnecessary and misleading. It is our purpose here to report certain laboratory observations in animals which may throw further light on this problem. RATIONALE AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS In previous experiments3 it was shown that if an animal trained to respond to a