1,807 results on '"Jacobs Jan"'
Search Results
2. Combining machine learning with high-content imaging to infer ciprofloxacin susceptibility in isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium
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Tran, Tuan-Anh, Sridhar, Sushmita, Reece, Stephen T., Lunguya, Octavie, Jacobs, Jan, Van Puyvelde, Sandra, Marks, Florian, Dougan, Gordon, Thomson, Nicholas R., Nguyen, Binh T., Bao, Pham The, and Baker, Stephen
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- 2024
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3. Knowledge, awareness, and risk practices related to bacterial contamination of antiseptics, disinfectants, and hand hygiene products among healthcare workers in sub-saharan Africa: a cross-sectional survey in three tertiary care hospitals (Benin, Burkina Faso, and DR Congo)
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Lompo, Palpouguini, Heroes, Anne-Sophie, Ouédraogo, Kadija, Okitale, Patient, Wakpo, Abel, Kalema, Jocelyne, Lunguya, Octavie, Tinto, Halidou, Affolabi, Dissou, Sangaré, Lassana, and Jacobs, Jan
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- 2024
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4. Plugging the leaks: antibiotic resistance at human-animal interfaces in low-resource settings.
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Nadimpalli, Maya, Stegger, Marc, Viau, Roberto, Yith, Vuthy, de Lauzanne, Agathe, Sem, Nita, Borand, Laurence, Huynh, Bich-Tram, Brisse, Sylvain, Passet, Virginie, Overballe-Petersen, Søren, Aziz, Maliha, Gouali, Malika, Jacobs, Jan, Phe, Thong, Hungate, Bruce, Leshyk, Victor, Pickering, Amy, Gravey, François, Liu, Cindy, Johnson, Timothy, Hello, Simon, and Price, Lance
- Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest public health challenges of our time. International efforts to curb resistance have largely focused on drug development and limiting unnecessary antibiotic use. However, in areas where water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure is lacking, we propose that bacterial flow between humans and animals can exacerbate the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens. Here, we describe the consequences of poor environmental controls by comparing mobile resistance elements among Escherichia coli recovered from humans and meat in Cambodia, a middle-income country with substantial human-animal connectivity and unregulated antibiotic use. We identified identical mobile resistance elements and a conserved transposon region that were widely dispersed in both humans and animals, a phenomenon rarely observed in high-income settings. Our findings indicate that plugging leaks at human-animal interfaces should be a critical part of addressing antibiotic resistance in low- and especially middle-income countries.
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- 2023
5. Coherence of the business cycles of prospective members of the euro area and the euro area business cycle
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Haan, Jakob de, Jacobs, Jan P.A.M., and Zijm, Renske
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- 2024
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6. WHO global research priorities for antimicrobial resistance in human health
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Aanensen, David, Alanio, Alexandre, Alastruey-Izquierdo, Ana, Alemayehu, Tinsae, Al-Hasan, Majdi, Allegaert, Karel, Al-Maani, Amal Saif, Al-Salman, Jameela, Alshukairi, Abeer Nizar, Amir, Afreenish, Applegate, Tanya, Araj, George F, Villalobos, Marlen Arce, Årdal, Christine, Ashiru-Oredope, Diane, Ashley, Elizabeth A, Babin, François-Xavier, Bachmann, Laura H, Bachmann, Till, Baker, Kate Susan, Balasegaram, Manica, Bamford, Colleen, Baquero, Fernando, Barcelona, Laura Isabel, Bassat, Quique, Bassetti, Matteo, Basu, Sulagna, Beardsley, Justin, Vásquez, Grey Benoit, Berkley, James A, Bhatnagar, Anuj K, Bielicki, Julia, Bines, Julie, Bongomin, Felix, Bonomo, Robert A, Bradley, John S, Bradshaw, Catriona, Brett, Ana, Brink, Adrian, Brown, Colin, Brown, Jeremy, Buising, Kirsty, Carson, Carolee, Carvalho, Anna Cristina, Castagnola, Elio, Cavaleri, Marco, Cecchini, Michele, Chabala, Chishala, Chaisson, Richard E, Chakrabarti, Arunaloke, Chandler, Clare, Chandy, Sujith John, Charani, Esmita, Chen, Lisa, Chiara, Francesca, Chowdhary, Anuradha, Chua, Arlene, Chuki, Pem, Chun, Doo Ryeon, Churchyard, Gavin, Cirillo, Daniela, Clack, Lauren, Coffin, Susan E, Cohn, Jennifer, Cole, Michelle, Conly, John, Cooper, Ben, Corso, Alejandra, Cosgrove, Sara E, Cox, Helen, Daley, Charles L, Darboe, Saffiatou, Darton, Tom, Davies, Gerry, de Egea, Viviana, Dedeić-Ljubović, Amela, Deeves, Miranda, Denkinger, Claudia, Dillon, Jo-Anne R, Dramowski, Angela, Eley, Brian, Roberta Esposito, Susanna Maria, Essack, Sabiha Y, Farida, Helmia, Farooqi, Joveria, Feasey, Nicholas, Ferreyra, Cecilia, Fifer, Helen, Finlayson, Heather, Frick, Mike, Gales, Ana Cristina, Galli, Luisa, Gandra, Sumanth, Gerber, Jeffrey S, Giske, Christian, Gordon, Bruce, Govender, Nelesh, Guessennd, Nathalie, Guindo, Ibrehima, Gurbanova, Elmira, Gwee, Amanda, Hagen, Ferry, Harbarth, Stephan, Haze, John, Heim, Jutta, Hendriksen, Rene, Heyderman, Robert Simon, Holt, Kathryn Elizabeth, Hönigl, Martin, Hook, Edward W, Hope, William, Hopkins, Heidi, Hughes, Gwenda, Ismail, Ghada, Issack, Mohammad Iqbal, Jacobs, Jan, Jasovský, Dušan, Jehan, Fyeza, Pearson, Antonieta Jimenez, Jones, Makoto, Joshi, Mohan P, Kapil, Arti, Kariuki, Samuel, Karkey, Abhilasha, Kearns, Gregory L, Keddy, Karen Helena, Khanna, Nina, Kitamura, Akiko, Kolho, Kaija-Leena, Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P, Kotwani, Anita, Kozlov, Roman S, Kranzer, Katharina, Kularatne, Ranmini, Lahra, Monica M, Langford, Bradley J, Laniado-Laborin, Rafael, Larsson, Joakim, Lass-Flörl, Cornelia, Le Doare, Kirsty, Lee, Hyukmin, Lessa, Fernanda, Levin, Anna S, Limmathurotsakul, Direk, Lincopan, Nilton, Lo Vecchio, Andrea, Lodha, Rakesh, Loeb, Mark, Longtin, Yves, Lye, David Chien, Mahmud, Asif Mujtaba, Manaia, Célia, Manderson, Lenore, Mareković, Ivana, Marimuthu, Kalisvar, Martin, Irene, Mashe, Tapfumanei, Mei, Zeng, Meis, Jacques F, Lyra Tavares De Melo, Flávio Augusto, Mendelson, Marc, Miranda, Angelica Espinosa, Moore, David, Morel, Chantal, Moremi, Nyambura, Moro, Maria Luisa, Moussy, Francis, Mshana, Stephen, Mueller, Arno, Ndow, Francis J, Nicol, Mark, Nunn, Andrew, Obaro, Stephen, Obiero, Christina W, Okeke, Iruka N, Okomo, Uduak, Okwor, Tochi J, Oladele, Rita, Omulo, Sylvia, Ondoa, Pascale, Ortellado de Canese, Juana Medarda, Ostrosky-Zeichner, Luis, Padoveze, Maria Clara, Pai, Madhukar, Park, Benjamin, Parkhill, Julian, Parry, Christopher M, Peeling, Rosanna, Sobreira Vieira Peixe, Luísa Maria, Perovic, Olga, Pettigrew, Melinda M, Principi, Nicola, Pulcini, Céline, Puspandari, Nelly, Rawson, Timothy, Reddy, Denasha Lavanya, Reddy, Kessendri, Redner, Paulo, Rodríguez Tudela, Juan Luis, Rodríguez-Baño, Jesús, Van Katwyk, Susan Rogers, Roilides, Emmanuel, Rollier, Christine, Rollock, Leslie, Ronat, Jean-Baptiste, Ruppe, Etienne, Sadarangani, Manish, Salisbury, David, Salou, Mounerou, Samison, Luc Hervé, Sanguinetti, Maurizio, Sartelli, Massimo, Schellack, Natalie, Schouten, Jeroen, Schwaber, Mitchell J, Seni, Jeremiah, Senok, Abiola, Shafer, William M, Shakoor, Sadia, Sheppard, Donald, Shin, Jong-Hee, Sia, Sonia, Sievert, Dawn, Singh, Ishwar, Singla, Rupak, Skov, Robert Leo, Soge, Olusegun O, Sprute, Rosanne, Srinivasan, Arjun, Srinivasan, Subasree, Sundsfjord, Arnfinn, Tacconelli, Evelina, Tahseen, Sabira, Tangcharoensathien, Viroj, Tängdén, Thomas, Thursky, Karin, Thwaites, Guy, Tigulini de Souza Peral, Renata, Tong, Deborah, Tootla, Hafsah Deepa, Tsioutis, Constantinos, Turner, Katy M, Turner, Paul, Omar, Shaheed Vally, van de Sande, Wendy WJ, van den Hof, Susan, van Doorn, Rogier, Veeraraghavan, Balaji, Verweij, Paul, Wahyuningsih, Retno, Wang, Hui, Warris, Adilia, Weinstock, Hillard, Wesangula, Evelyn, Whiley, David, White, Peter J, Williams, Phoebe, Xiao, Yonghong, Moscoso, Martin Yagui, Yang, Hsu Li, Yoshida, Sachiyo, Yu, Yunsong, Żabicka, Dorota, Zignol, Matteo, Rudan, Igor, Bertagnolio, Silvia, Dobreva, Zlatina, Centner, Chad M, Olaru, Ioana Diana, Donà, Daniele, Burzo, Stefano, Huttner, Benedikt D, Chaillon, Antoine, Gebreselassie, Nebiat, Wi, Teodora, Hasso-Agopsowicz, Mateusz, Allegranzi, Benedetta, Sati, Hatim, Ivanovska, Verica, Kothari, Kavita U, Balkhy, Hanan H, Cassini, Alessandro, Hamers, Raph L, and Weezenbeek, Kitty Van
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- 2024
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7. Specificity of malaria rapid diagnostic tests is affected by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness
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Gillet Philippe, Jacobs Jan, Ngoyi Dieudonné, Lukuka Albert, Kande Viktor, Atua Benjamin, Van Griensven Johan, Muyembe Jean-Jacques, Büscher Philippe, and Leion Veerle
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Published
- 2012
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8. Assessment of desiccants and their instructions for use in rapid diagnostic tests
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Barbé Barbara, Gillet Philippe, Beelaert Greet, Fransen Katrien, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Published
- 2012
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9. SMS based external quality assessment of reading and interpretation of malaria rapid diagnostic tests: Preliminary results among more than 2000 end-users in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Mukadi Pierre, Leion Veerle, Lukuka Albert, Mbatshi Joêl, Otshudiema John, Muyembe Jean-Jacques, Gillet Philippe, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Published
- 2012
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10. Residual Seasonality: A Comparison of X13 and CAMPLET
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Abeln, Barend, Jacobs, Jan P. A. M., Abeln, Barend, and Jacobs, Jan P. A. M.
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- 2023
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11. CAMPLET: Seasonal Adjustment Without Revisions
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Abeln, Barend, Jacobs, Jan P. A. M., Abeln, Barend, and Jacobs, Jan P. A. M.
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- 2023
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12. Seasonal Adjustment of Daily Data with CAMPLET
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Abeln, Barend, Jacobs, Jan P. A. M., Abeln, Barend, and Jacobs, Jan P. A. M.
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- 2023
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13. COVID-19 and Seasonal Adjustment
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Abeln, Barend, Jacobs, Jan P. A. M., Abeln, Barend, and Jacobs, Jan P. A. M.
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- 2023
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14. Introduction
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Abeln, Barend, Jacobs, Jan P. A. M., Abeln, Barend, and Jacobs, Jan P. A. M.
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- 2023
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15. Seasonal Adjustment of Economic Tendency Survey Data
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Abeln, Barend, Jacobs, Jan P. A. M., Abeln, Barend, and Jacobs, Jan P. A. M.
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- 2023
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16. Coherence of output gaps in the euro area: The impact of the COVID-19 shock
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de Haan, Jakob, Jacobs, Jan P.A.M., and Zijm, Renske
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- 2024
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17. Does Household Borrowing Reduce the Trade Balance? Evidence from Developing and Developed Countries
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Xu, Can, Jacobs, Jan P. A. M., and Haan, Jakob de
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- 2023
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18. Incidence of typhoid fever in Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria (the Severe Typhoid in Africa programme): a population-based study
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Marks, Florian, Im, Justin, Park, Se Eun, Pak, Gi Deok, Jeon, Hyon Jin, Wandji Nana, Lady Rosny, Phoba, Marie-France, Mbuyi-Kalonji, Lisette, Mogeni, Ondari D, Yeshitela, Biruk, Panzner, Ursula, Cruz Espinoza, Ligia María, Beyene, Tigist, Owusu-Ansah, Michael, Twumasi-Ankrah, Sampson, Yeshambaw, Melese, Alemu, Ashenafi, Adewusi, Oluwafemi J, Adekanmbi, Olukemi, Higginson, Ellen, Adepoju, Akinlolu, Agbi, Sarah, Cakpo, Enoch G, Ogunleye, Veronica O, Tunda, Gaëlle Nkoji, Ikhimiukor, Odion O, Mbuyamba, Jules, Toy, Trevor, Agyapong, Francis Opoku, Osei, Isaac, Amuasi, John, Razafindrabe, Tsiriniaina Jean Luco, Raminosoa, Tiana Mirana, Nyirenda, Gabriel, Randriamampionona, Njariharinjakampionona, Seo, Hyeong Won, Seo, Hyejin, Siribie, Mohamadou, Carey, Megan E, Owusu, Michael, Meyer, Christian G, Rakotozandrindrainy, Ndrainaharimira, Sarpong, Nimarko, Razafindrakalia, Mathilde, Razafimanantsoa, Ravomialisoa, Ouedraogo, Moussa, Kim, Yeonseon J, Lee, Jooah, Zellweger, Raphaël M, Kang, Sophie S Y, Park, Ju Yeon, Crump, John A, Hardy, Liselotte, Jacobs, Jan, Garrett, Denise O, Andrews, Jason R, Poudyal, Nimesh, Kim, Deok Ryun, Clemens, John D, Baker, Stephen G, Kim, Jerome H, Dougan, Gordon, Sugimoto, Jonathan D, Van Puyvelde, Sandra, Kehinde, Aderemi, Popoola, Oluwafemi A, Mogasale, Vittal, Breiman, Robert F, MacWright, William R, Aseffa, Abraham, Tadesse, Birkneh Tilahun, Haselbeck, Andrea, Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw, Teferi, Mekonnen, Bassiahi, Abdramane Soura, Okeke, Iruka N, Lunguya-Metila, Octavie, Owusu-Dabo, Ellis, and Rakotozandrindrainy, Raphaël
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- 2024
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19. Conclusion
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Abeln, Barend, Jacobs, Jan P. A. M., Abeln, Barend, and Jacobs, Jan P. A. M.
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- 2023
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20. Affordable blood culture systems from China: in vitro evaluation for use in resource-limited settings
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Hardy, Liselotte, Vermoesen, Tine, Genbrugge, Els, Natale, Alessandra, Franquesa, Céline, Gleeson, Birgitta, Ferreyra, Cecilia, Dailey, Peter, and Jacobs, Jan
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- 2024
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21. A genomic appraisal of invasive Salmonella Typhimurium and associated antibiotic resistance in sub-Saharan Africa
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Van Puyvelde, Sandra, de Block, Tessa, Sridhar, Sushmita, Bawn, Matt, Kingsley, Robert A., Ingelbeen, Brecht, Beale, Mathew A., Barbé, Barbara, Jeon, Hyon Jin, Mbuyi-Kalonji, Lisette, Phoba, Marie-France, Falay, Dadi, Martiny, Delphine, Vandenberg, Olivier, Affolabi, Dissou, Rutanga, Jean Pierre, Ceyssens, Pieter-Jan, Mattheus, Wesley, Cuypers, Wim L., van der Sande, Marianne A. B., Park, Se Eun, Kariuki, Simon, Otieno, Kephas, Lusingu, John P. A., Mbwana, Joyce R., Adjei, Samuel, Sarfo, Anima, Agyei, Seth O., Asante, Kwaku P., Otieno, Walter, Otieno, Lucas, Tahita, Marc C., Lompo, Palpouguini, Hoffman, Irving F., Mvalo, Tisungane, Msefula, Chisomo, Hassan-Hanga, Fatimah, Obaro, Stephen, Mackenzie, Grant, Deborggraeve, Stijn, Feasey, Nicholas, Marks, Florian, MacLennan, Calman A., Thomson, Nicholas R., Jacobs, Jan, Dougan, Gordon, Kariuki, Samuel, and Lunguya, Octavie
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- 2023
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22. Antibiotic use by poultry farmers in Kiambu County, Kenya: exploring practices and drivers of potential overuse
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Kariuki, Jeniffer Waiyego, Jacobs, Jan, Ngogang, Marie Paule, and Howland, Olivia
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- 2023
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23. Not recommended fixed-dose antibiotic combinations in low- and middle-income countries – the example of Tanzania
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Vliegenthart-Jongbloed, Klaske and Jacobs, Jan
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- 2023
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24. Persistent digestive disorders in the tropics: causative infectious pathogens and reference diagnostic tests
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Becker Sören L, Vogt Jürg, Knopp Stefanie, Panning Marcus, Warhurst David C, Polman Katja, Marti Hanspeter, von Müller Lutz, Yansouni Cedric P, Jacobs Jan, Bottieau Emmanuel, Sacko Moussa, Rijal Suman, Meyanti Fransiska, Miles Michael A, Boelaert Marleen, Lutumba Pascal, van Lieshout Lisette, N’Goran Eliézer K, Chappuis François, and Utzinger Jürg
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Bacteria ,Clinical microbiology ,Diagnosis ,Digestive disorders ,Gastroenterology ,Helminths ,Intestinal protozoa ,Persistent diarrhoea ,Virus ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Persistent digestive disorders account for considerable disease burden in the tropics. Despite advances in understanding acute gastrointestinal infections, important issues concerning epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and control of most persistent digestive symptomatologies remain to be elucidated. Helminths and intestinal protozoa are considered to play major roles, but the full extent of the aetiologic spectrum is still unclear. We provide an overview of pathogens causing digestive disorders in the tropics and evaluate available reference tests. Methods We searched the literature to identify pathogens that might give rise to persistent diarrhoea, chronic abdominal pain and/or blood in the stool. We reviewed existing laboratory diagnostic methods for each pathogen and stratified them by (i) microscopy; (ii) culture techniques; (iii) immunological tests; and (iv) molecular methods. Pathogen-specific reference tests providing highest diagnostic accuracy are described in greater detail. Results Over 30 pathogens may cause persistent digestive disorders. Bacteria, viruses and parasites are important aetiologic agents of acute and long-lasting symptomatologies. An integrated approach, consisting of stool culture, microscopy and/or specific immunological techniques for toxin, antigen and antibody detection, is required for accurate diagnosis of bacteria and parasites. Molecular techniques are essential for sensitive diagnosis of many viruses, bacteria and intestinal protozoa, and are increasingly utilised as adjuncts for helminth identification. Conclusions Diagnosis of the broad spectrum of intestinal pathogens is often cumbersome. There is a need for rapid diagnostic tests that are simple and affordable for resource-constrained settings, so that the management of patients suffering from persistent digestive disorders can be improved.
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- 2013
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25. Evaluation of the malaria rapid diagnostic test SDFK90: detection of both PfHRP2 and Pf-pLDH
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Heutmekers Marloes, Gillet Philippe, Cnops Lieselotte, Bottieau Emmanuel, Van Esbroeck Marjan, Maltha Jessica, and Jacobs Jan
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Malaria ,Plasmodium falciparum ,Diagnosis ,Rapid diagnostic test ,Histidine-rich protein ,Plasmodium falciparum-specific Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase ,Evaluation ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Rapid diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum infections is important because of the potentially fatal complications. SDFK90 is a recently marketed malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) targeting both histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) and P. falciparum-specific Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (Pf-pLDH). The present study evaluated its diagnostic accuracy. Methods SDFK90 was tested against a panel of stored whole blood samples (n= 591) obtained from international travellers suspected of malaria, including the four human Plasmodium species and Plasmodium negative samples. Microscopy was used as a reference method, corrected by PCR for species diagnosis. In addition, SDFK90 was challenged against 59 P. falciparum samples with parasite density ≥4% to assess the prozone effect (no or weak visible line on initial testing and a higher intensity upon 10-fold dilution). Results Overall sensitivity for the detection of P. falciparum was 98.5% and reached 99.3% at parasite densities >100/μl. There were significantly more PfHRP2 lines visible compared to Pf-pLDH (97.3% vs 86.9%), which was mainly absent at parasite densities p = 1.00) and test results were reproducible. A prozone effect was seen for the PfHRP2 line in 14/59 (23.7%) P. falciparum samples tested, but not for the Pf-pLDH line. Few minor shortcomings were observed in the kit’s packaging and information insert. Conclusions SDFK90 performed excellent for P. falciparum diagnosis. The combination of PfHRP2 and Pf-pLDH ensures a low detection threshold and counters potential problems of PfHRP2 detection such as gene deletions and the prozone effect.
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- 2012
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26. Evaluation of the rapid diagnostic test CareStart pLDH Malaria (Pf-pLDH/pan-pLDH) for the diagnosis of malaria in a reference setting
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Heutmekers Marloes, Gillet Philippe, Maltha Jessica, Scheirlinck Annelies, Cnops Lieselotte, Bottieau Emmanuel, Van Esbroeck Marjan, and Jacobs Jan
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Malaria ,Plasmodium ,Diagnostic ,Evaluation ,RDT ,Rapid diagnostic tests ,pLDH ,Lactate dehydrogenase ,CareStart ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background The present study evaluated CareStart pLDH Malaria, a three-band rapid diagnostic test detecting Plasmodium falciparum-specific parasite lactate dehydrogenase (Pf-pLDH) and pan Plasmodium-specific pLDH (pan-pLDH) in a reference setting. Methods CareStart pLDH was retrospectively and prospectively assessed with a panel of stored (n = 498) and fresh (n = 77) blood samples obtained in international travelers suspected of malaria. Both panels comprised all four Plasmodium species; the retrospective panel comprised also Plasmodium negative samples. The reference method was microscopy corrected by PCR. The prospective panel was run side-to-side with OptiMAL (Pf-pLDH/pan-pLDH) and SDFK60 (histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP-2)/pan-pLDH). Results In the retrospective evaluation, overall sensitivity for P. falciparum samples (n = 247) was 94.7%, reaching 98.7% for parasite densities > 1,000/μl. Most false negative results occurred among samples with pure gametocytaemia (2/12, 16.7%) and at parasite densities ≤ 100/μl (7/12, 58.3%). None of the Plasmodium negative samples (n = 96) showed visible test lines. Sensitivities for Plasmodium vivax (n = 70), Plasmodium ovale (n = 69) and Plasmodium malariae (n = 16) were 74.3%, 31.9% and 25.0% respectively. Wrong species identification occurred in 10 (2.5%) samples and was mainly due to P. vivax samples reacting with the Pf-pLDH test line. Overall, Pf-pLDH test lines showed higher line intensities compared to the pan-pLDH lines (67.9% and 23.0% medium and strong line intensities for P. falciparum). In the prospective panel (77 Plasmodium-positive samples), CareStart pLDH showed higher sensitivities for P. falciparum compared to OptiMAL (p = 0.008), lower sensitivities for P. falciparum as compare to SDFK60 (although not reaching statistical significance, p = 0.08) and higher sensitivities for P. ovale compared to both OptiMAL (p = 0.03) and SDFK60 (p = 0.01). Inter-observer and test reproducibility were good to excellent. Conclusion CareStart pLDH performed excellent for the detection of P. falciparum, well for P. vivax, but poor for P. ovale and P. malariae.
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- 2012
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27. Assessment of the knowledge of graphical symbols labelled on malaria rapid diagnostic tests in four international settings
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Gillet Philippe, Sopheak Thai, Van den Sande Björn, Mukadi Pierre, Monzote Lianet, Hermans Veerle, and Jacobs Jan
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Graphical symbols ,in vitro diagnostics ,ISO 15223 ,malaria rapid diagnostic tests ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Graphical symbols on in vitro diagnostics (IVD symbols) replace the need for text in different languages and are used on malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) marketed worldwide. The present study assessed the comprehension of IVD symbols labelled on malaria RDT kits among laboratory staff in four different countries. Methods Participants (n = 293) in Belgium (n = 96), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, n = 87), Cambodia (n = 59) and Cuba (n = 51) were presented with an anonymous questionnaire with IVD symbols extracted from ISO 15223 and EN 980 presented as stand-alone symbols (n = 18) and in context (affixed on RDT packages, n = 16). Responses were open-ended and scored for correctness by local professionals. Results Presented as stand-alone, three and five IVD symbols were correctly scored for comprehension by 67% and 50% of participants; when contextually presented, five and seven symbols reached the 67% and 50% correct score respectively. 'Batch code' scored best (correctly scored by 71.3% of participants when presented as stand-alone), 'Authorized representative in the European Community' scored worst (1.4% correct). Another six IVD symbols were scored correctly by less than 10% of participants: 'Do not reuse', 'In vitro diagnostic medical device', 'Sufficient for', 'Date of manufacture', 'Authorised representative in EC', and 'Do not use if package is damaged'. Participants in Belgium and Cuba both scored six symbols above the 67% criterion, participants from DRC and Cambodia scored only two and one symbols above this criterion. Low correct scores were observed for safety-related IVD symbols, such as for 'Biological Risk' (42.7%) and 'Do not reuse' (10.9%). Conclusion Comprehension of IVD symbols on RDTs among laboratory staff in four international settings was unsatisfactory. Administrative and outreach procedures should be undertaken to assure their acquaintance by end-users.
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- 2011
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28. Implementing ideal health policy in a fragile health system: the example of expanding the use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in mainland Tanzania
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de Bethune Xavier, Masanja Irene M, and Jacobs Jan
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Malaria rapid diagnostic tests ,health systems ,Tanzania ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Malaria confirmation before treatment provides an opportunity for improving the quality of malaria case management in endemic regions. However, increased coverage of this strategy is facing many organizational, logistical and technical challenges that threaten its success. Introducing an intervention with system-wide effect, such as the use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in areas where malaria is still a public health problem, should be accompanied by system strengthening measures to better attain the goal of improving quality of care.
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- 2011
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29. External quality assessment of malaria microscopy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Lokombe Jean, Kahodi Simelo, Atua Ben, Lukuka Albert, Gillet Philippe, Mukadi Pierre, Muyembe Jean-Jacques, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background External quality assessments (EQA) are an alternative to cross-checking of blood slides in the quality control of malaria microscopy. This study reports the findings of an EQA of malaria microscopy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Methods After validation, an EQA slide panel and a questionnaire were delivered to diagnostic laboratories in four provinces of DRC. The panel included three samples for diagnosis (sample 1: Plasmodium falciparum, 177,000/μl, sample 2: P. falciparum, 2,500/μl, sample 3: no parasites seen), one didactic sample (Howell-Jolly bodies) and one sample for assessing the quality of staining. Participating laboratories were addressed and selected through the network of the National Tuberculosis Control Programme. Participants were asked to return the responses together with a stained thin and thick blood film for evaluation of Giemsa stain quality. Results Among 174 participants (response rate 95.1%), 26.2% scored samples 1, 2 and 3 correctly and 34.3%, 21.5% and 5.8% of participants reported major errors in one, two or three samples respectively. Major errors included reporting "no malaria" or "non-falciparum malaria" for Plasmodium falciparum-positive samples 1 and 2 (16.1% and 34.9% of participants respectively) and "P. falciparum" for Plasmodium negative sample 3 (24.0%). Howell-Jolly bodies (didactic sample) were not recognized by any of the participants but reported as "P. falciparum" by 16.7% of participants. With parasite density expressed according to the "plus system", 16.1% and 21.5% of participants scored one "+" different from the reference score for samples 1 and 2 respectively and 9.7% and 2.9% participants scored more than two "+" different. When expressed as counts of asexual parasites/μl, more than two-thirds of results were outside the mean ± 2SD reference values. The quality of the Giemsa stain was poor, with less than 20% slides complying with all criteria assessed. Only one quarter of participants purchase Giemsa stain from suppliers of documented reliability and half of participants use a buffered staining solution. One third of participants had participated in a formal training about malaria diagnosis, half of them earlier than 2007. Conclusion The present EQA revealed a poor quality of malaria microscopy in DRC.
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- 2011
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30. A simple and fast method to exclude high Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in travellers with imported malaria
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Jacobs Jan, van Thiel Pieter PAM, Koelewijn Rob, van Wolfswinkel Marlies E, van Gool Tom, van Hellemond Jaap J, and van Genderen Perry JJ
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malaria ,traveller ,imported disease ,aldolase ,severe malaria ,rapid diagnostic test ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Counts of malaria parasites in peripheral blood are important to assess severity of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Thin and thick smears are routinely used for this purpose. Methods In this study the Binax NOW® Malaria Test, an easy-to-perform rapid diagnostic test, with Histidine Rich Protein-2 (HRP-2) and aldolase as diagnostic markers, was used for semi-quantitative assessment of parasitaemia of P. faciparum. Results In 257 patients with imported P. falciparum malaria, reactivity of aldolase increased with higher parasitaemia. In all patients with a parasitaemia above 50,000 asexual parasites/μl (> 1%) co-reactivity of HRP-2 and aldolase was observed. Absence of aldolase reactivity in the presence of HRP-2 was a reliable predictive marker to exclude high (> 1%) parasitaemia in P. falciparum malaria. Conclusions Assessment of HRP-2 and aldolase co-reactivity can be of help in clinical decision making in the acute care setting of returning travellers suspected of having malaria.
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- 2011
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31. Prozone in malaria rapid diagnostics tests: how many cases are missed?
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Tiago Armindo, Mabunda Samuel, Mosse Carla DD, Tadeu Benvindo T, Canhanga Oreana DJV, Chaúque Hélder S, De Weggheleire Anja, Stokx Jocelijn, Scheirlinck Annelies, Gillet Philippe, Bruggeman Cathrien, Bottieau Emmanuel, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Prozone means false-negative or false-low results in antigen-antibody reactions, due to an excess of either antigen or antibody. The present study prospectively assessed its frequency for malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and Plasmodium falciparum samples in an endemic field setting. Methods From January to April 2010, blood samples with P. falciparum high parasitaemia (≥ 4% red blood cells infected) were obtained from patients presenting at the Provincial Hospital of Tete (Mozambique). Samples were tested undiluted and 10-fold diluted in saline with a panel of RDTs and results were scored for line intensity (no line visible, faint, weak, medium and strong). Prozone was defined as a sample which showed no visible test line or a faint or weak test line when tested undiluted, and a visible test line of higher intensity when tested 10-fold diluted, as observed by two blinded observers and upon duplicate testing. Results A total of 873/7,543 (11.6%) samples showed P. falciparum, 92 (10.5%) had high parasitaemia and 76 were available for prozone testing. None of the two Pf-pLDH RDTs, but all six HRP-2 RDTs showed prozone, at frequencies between 6.7% and 38.2%. Negative and faint HRP-2 lines accounted for four (3.8%) and 15 (14.4%) of the 104 prozone results in two RDT brands. For the most affected brand, the proportions of prozone with no visible or faint HRP-2 lines were 10.9% (CI: 5.34-19.08), 1.2% (CI: 0.55-2.10) and 0.1% (CI: 0.06-0.24) among samples with high parasitaemia, all positive samples and all submitted samples respectively. Prozone occurred mainly, but not exclusively, among young children. Conclusion Prozone occurs at different frequency and intensity in HRP-2 RDTs and may decrease diagnostic accuracy in the most affected RDTs.
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- 2011
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32. Seroprevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections and evaluation of the pre-donation screening performance at the Provincial Hospital of Tete, Mozambique
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Kidane Solon, Jani Ilhes V, Beulane Adelino J, Maendaenda Rosa, Casas Esther C, De Weggheleire Anja, Gillet Philippe, Stokx Jocelijn, Mosse Carla D, Jacobs Jan, and Bottieau Emmanuel
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Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background The World Health Organization recommends universal and quality-controlled screening of blood donations for the major transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs): human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis. The study objectives were to determine the seroprevalence of these TTIs among blood donors at the Provincial Hospital of Tete, Mozambique, and to assess the local pre-donation screening performance. Methods All consenting voluntary and replacement candidate blood donors were consecutively included from February to May 2009. Sera of all candidates, independent of deferral by questionnaire, were submitted to screening with quality-assured rapid or simple assays for HIV, HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), HCV and syphilis. Assays locally used by the blood bank for HBV and syphilis screening were run in parallel to quality-assured external assays supplied during the study, and all discordant samples were submitted to confirmation testing in reference laboratories in Mozambique and Belgium. Results Of 750 consenting candidates (50.5% of voluntary donors), 71 (9.5%) were deferred by the questionnaire, including 38 specifically because of risk behavior for TTI. Of the 679 non-deferred candidates, 127 (18.7%) had serological confirmation of at least one TTI, with a lower prevalence in voluntary than in replacement donors (15.2% versus 22.4%, p = 0.016). Seroprevalence of HIV, HBsAg and syphilis infections was 8.5%, 10.6 % and 1.2%. No confirmed HCV infection was found. Seroprevalence of TTIs was similar in the 38 candidates deferred for TTI risk as in the non-deferred group, except for HBsAg (26.3 % versus 10.6 %; p = 0.005). The local assays used for HBV and syphilis had sensitivities of 98.4% and 100% and specificities of 80.4% and 98.8% respectively. This resulted in the rejection of 110 of the 679 blood donations (16.2%) because of false positive results. Conclusions The seroprevalence of TTIs after questionnaire screening is high in Tete, Mozambique, but HCV infection does not appear as a major issue. The questionnaire did not exclude effectively HIV-infected donor candidates, while the locally used assays led to unnecessary rejection of many safe donations. A contextualized questionnaire and consistent use of quality-assured assays would considerably improve the current screening procedure for blood donation.
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- 2011
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33. Rapid diagnostic tests as a source of DNA for Plasmodium species-specific real-time PCR
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Van Esbroeck Marjan, Gillet Philippe, Boderie Merel, Cnops Lieselotte, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background This study describes the use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) as a source of DNA for Plasmodium species-specific real-time PCR. Methods First, the best method to recover DNA from RDTs was investigated and then the applicability of this DNA extraction method was assessed on 12 different RDT brands. Finally, two RDT brands (OptiMAL Rapid Malaria Test and SDFK60 malaria Ag Plasmodium falciparum/Pan test) were comprehensively evaluated on a panel of clinical samples submitted for routine malaria diagnosis at ITM. DNA amplification was done with the 18S rRNA real-time PCR targeting the four Plasmodium species. Results of PCR on RDT were compared to those obtained by PCR on whole blood samples. Results Best results were obtained by isolating DNA from the proximal part of the nitrocellulose component of the RDT strip with a simple DNA elution method. The PCR on RDT showed a detection limit of 0.02 asexual parasites/μl, which was identical to the same PCR on whole blood. For all 12 RDT brands tested, DNA was detected except for one brand when a low parasite density sample was applied. In RDTs with a plastic seal covering the nitrocellulose strip, DNA extraction was hampered. PCR analysis on clinical RDT samples demonstrated correct identification for single species infections for all RDT samples with asexual parasites of P. falciparum (n = 60), Plasmodium vivax (n = 10), Plasmodium ovale (n = 10) and Plasmodium malariae (n = 10). Samples with only gametocytes were detected in all OptiMAL and in 10 of the 11 SDFK60 tests. None of the negative samples (n = 20) gave a signal by PCR on RDT. With PCR on RDT, higher Ct-values were observed than with PCR on whole blood, with a mean difference of 2.68 for OptiMAL and 3.53 for SDFK60. Mixed infections were correctly identified with PCR on RDT in 4/5 OptiMAL tests and 2/5 SDFK60 tests. Conclusions RDTs are a reliable source of DNA for Plasmodium real-time PCR. This study demonstrates the best method of RDT fragment sampling for a wide range of RDT brands in combination with a simple and low cost extraction method, allowing RDT quality control.
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- 2011
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34. Malaria rapid diagnostic kits: quality of packaging, design and labelling of boxes and components and readability and accuracy of information inserts
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Bruggeman Cathrien, Ravinetto Raffaella, Hermans Veerle, Maltha Jessica, Gillet Philippe, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background The present study assessed malaria RDT kits for adequate and correct packaging, design and labelling of boxes and components. Information inserts were studied for readability and accuracy of information. Methods Criteria for packaging, design, labelling and information were compiled from Directive 98/79 of the European Community (EC), relevant World Health Organization (WHO) documents and studies on end-users' performance of RDTs. Typography and readability level (Flesch-Kincaid grade level) were assessed. Results Forty-two RDT kits from 22 manufacturers were assessed, 35 of which had evidence of good manufacturing practice according to available information (i.e. CE-label affixed or inclusion in the WHO list of ISO13485:2003 certified manufacturers). Shortcomings in devices were (i) insufficient place for writing sample identification (n = 40) and (ii) ambiguous labelling of the reading window (n = 6). Buffer vial labels were lacking essential information (n = 24) or were of poor quality (n = 16). Information inserts had elevated readability levels (median Flesch Kincaid grade 8.9, range 7.1 - 12.9) and user-unfriendly typography (median font size 8, range 5 - 10). Inadequacies included (i) no referral to biosafety (n = 18), (ii) critical differences between depicted and real devices (n = 8), (iii) figures with unrealistic colours (n = 4), (iv) incomplete information about RDT line interpretations (n = 31) and no data on test characteristics (n = 8). Other problems included (i) kit names that referred to Plasmodium vivax although targeting a pan-species Plasmodium antigen (n = 4), (ii) not stating the identity of the pan-species antigen (n = 2) and (iii) slight but numerous differences in names displayed on boxes, device packages and information inserts. Three CE labelled RDT kits produced outside the EC had no authorized representative affixed and the shape and relative dimensions of the CE symbol affixed did not comply with the Directive 98/79/EC. Overall, RDTs with evidence of GMP scored better compared to those without but inadequacies were observed in both groups. Conclusion Overall, malaria RDTs showed shortcomings in quality of construction, design and labelling of boxes, device packages, devices and buffers. Information inserts were difficult to read and lacked relevant information.
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- 2011
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35. Evaluation of the rapid diagnostic test SDFK40 (Pf-pLDH/pan-pLDH) for the diagnosis of malaria in a non-endemic setting
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Van Esbroeck Marjan, Bottieau Emmanuel, Cnops Lieselotte, Gillet Philippe, Maltha Jessica, Bruggeman Cathrien, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background The present study evaluated the SD Bioline Malaria Ag 05FK40 (SDFK40), a three-band RDT detecting Plasmodium falciparum-specific parasite lactate dehydrogenase (Pf-pLDH) and pan Plasmodium-specific pLDH (pan-pLDH), in a reference setting. Methods The SDFK40 was retrospectively and prospectively tested against a panel of stored (n = 341) and fresh (n = 181) whole blood samples obtained in international travelers suspected of malaria, representing the four Plasmodium species as well as Plasmodium negative samples, and compared to microscopy and PCR results. The prospective panel was run together with OptiMAL (Pf-pLDH/pan-pLDH) and SDFK60 (histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP-2)/pan-pLDH). Results Overall sensitivities for P. falciparum tested retrospectively and prospectively were 67.9% and 78.8%, reaching 100% and 94.6% at parasite densities >1,000/μl. Sensitivity at parasite densities ≤ 100/μl was 9.1%. Overall sensitivities for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale were 86.7% and 80.0% (retrospectively) and 92.9% and 76.9% (prospectively), reaching 94.7% for both species (retrospective panel) at parasite densities >500/μl. Sensitivity for Plasmodium malariae was 21.4%. Species mismatch occurred in 0.7% of samples (3/411) and was limited to non-falciparum species erroneously identified as P. falciparum. None of the Plasmodium negative samples in the retrospective panel reacted positive. Compared to OptiMAL and SDFK60, SDFK40 showed lower sensitivities for P. falciparum, but better detection of P. ovale. Inter-observer agreement and test reproducibility were excellent, but lot-to-lot variability was observed for pan-pLDH results in case of P. falciparum. Conclusion SDFK40 performance was poor at low (≤ 100/μl) parasite densities, precluding its use as the only diagnostic tool for malaria diagnosis. SDFK40 performed excellent for P. falciparum samples at high (>1,000/μl) parasite densities as well as for detection of P. vivax and P. ovale at parasite densities >500/μl.
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- 2011
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36. External quality assessment on the use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in a non-endemic setting
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Bruggeman Cathrien, Muyembe Jean-Jacques, Van Esbroeck Marjan, Vernelen Kris, Mukadi Pierre, Gillet Philippe, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are increasingly used as a tool for the diagnosis of malaria, both in endemic and in non-endemic settings. The present study reports the results of an external quality assessment (EQA) session on RDTs in a non-endemic setting. Methods After validation of antigen stability during shipment at room temperature, three clinical samples and a questionnaire were sent to clinical laboratories in Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg using malaria RDTs. Participants were asked to report the results of the RDTs as observations (visibility of the RDT control and test lines) and interpretations (report as formulated to the clinician). In addition, participants were invited to fill in a questionnaire on the place of RDTs in the diagnostic strategy of malaria. Results A total of 128/133 (96.2%) of clinical laboratories using RDTs participated. Six three-band and one four-band RDT brands were used. Analytical errors were rare and included (i) not recognizing invalid RDT results (1.6%) and (ii) missing the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum (0.8%). Minor errors were related to RDT test result interpretation and included (i) reporting "RDT positive" without species identification in the case of P. falciparum and non-falciparum species (16.9% and 6.5% respectively) and (ii) adding incorrect comments to the report (3.2%). Some of these errors were related to incorrect RDT package insert instructions such as (i) not reporting the possibility of mixed species infection in the case of P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax (35.5% and 18.5% respectively) and (ii) the interpretation of P. vivax instead of non-falciparum species at the presence of a pan-species antigen line (4.0%). According to the questionnaire, 48.8% of participants processed ≤20 requests for malaria diagnosis in 2009. During opening hours, 93.6% of 125 participants used RDTs as an adjunct to microscopy but outside opening hours, nearly one third of 113 participants relied on RDTs as the primary (4.4%) or the single tool (25.7%) for malaria diagnosis. Conclusion In this non-endemic setting, errors in RDT performance were mainly related to RDT test line interpretations, partly due to incorrect package insert instructions. The reliance on RDTs as the primary or the single tool for the diagnosis of malaria outside opening hours is of concern and should be avoided.
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- 2010
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37. Giemsa-stained thick blood films as a source of DNA for Plasmodium species-specific real-time PCR
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Bottieau Emmanuel, Van Esbroeck Marjan, Cnops Lieselotte, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background This study describes the use of thick blood films (TBF) as specimens for DNA amplification with the Plasmodium species-specific real-time PCR that was recently validated on whole blood samples. Methods The panel of 135 Giemsa-stained clinical TBFs represented single infections of the four Plasmodium species with varying parasite densities or only gametocytes, mixed infections, and negative samples and was stored for up to 12 years. Half of the Giemsa-stained TBF was scraped off by a sterile scalpel and collected into phosphate buffered saline. DNA was extracted with the Qiagen DNA mini kit with minor modifications. DNA was amplified with the 18S rRNA real-time PCR targeting the four Plasmodium species with four species-specific primers and probes in combination with one genus-specific reverse primer. Results of the PCR on TBF were compared to those of the PCR on whole blood and to microscopy. Results Correct identification for single species infections was obtained for all TBF samples with Plasmodium falciparum (n = 50), Plasmodium vivax (n = 25), Plasmodium ovale (n = 25) and in all but one samples with Plasmodium malariae (n = 10). Compared to whole blood samples, higher Ct-values were observed by PCR on TBF with a mean difference of 5.93. Four out of five mixed infections were correctly identified with PCR on TBF. None of the negative samples (n = 20) gave a PCR signal. PCR on TBF showed a detection limit of 0.2 asexual parasites/μl compared to 0.02/μl for whole blood. Intra-run variation was higher for PCR on TBF (%CV 1.90) compared to PCR on whole blood (%CV 0.54). Compared to microscopy, PCR on TBF generated three more species identifications in samples containing a single species and detected the same four mixed-infections. Conclusions Giemsa-stained TBFs are a reliable source of DNA for Plasmodium real-time PCR analysis, allowing applications in reference and research settings in case whole blood samples are not available.
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- 2010
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38. Buffer substitution in malaria rapid diagnostic tests causes false-positive results
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Van den Ende Jef, Mori Marcella, Gillet Philippe, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are kits that generally include 20 to 25 test strips or cassettes, but only a single buffer vial. In field settings, laboratory staff occasionally uses saline, distilled water (liquids for parenteral drugs dilution) or tap water as substitutes for the RDT kit's buffer to compensate for the loss of a diluent bottle. The present study assessed the effect of buffer substitution on the RDT results. Methods Twenty-seven RDT brands were run with EDTA-blood samples of five malaria-free subjects, who were negative for rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies. Saline, distilled water and tap water were used as substitute liquids. RDTs were also run with distilled water, without adding blood. Results were compared to those obtained with the RDT kit's buffer and Plasmodium positive samples. Results Only eight cassettes (in four RDT brands) showed no control line and were considered invalid. Visible test lines occurred for at least one malaria-free sample and one of the substitutes in 20/27 (74%) RDT brands (saline: n = 16; distilled water: n = 17; and tap water: n = 20), and in 15 RDTs which were run with distilled water only. They occurred for all Plasmodium antigens and RDT formats (two-, three- and four-band RDTs). Clearance of the background of the strip was excellent except for saline. The aspects (colour, intensity and crispness) of the control and the false-positive test lines were similar to those obtained with the RDT kits' buffer and Plasmodium positive samples. Conclusion Replacement of the RDT kit's dedicated buffer by saline, distilled water and tap water can cause false-positive test results.
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- 2010
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39. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests: Plasmodium falciparum infections with high parasite densities may generate false positive Plasmodium vivax pLDH lines
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van Esbroeck Marjan, van den Ende Jef, Cnops Lieselotte, Gillet Philippe, Maltha Jessica, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Most malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) detect Plasmodium falciparum and an antigen common to the four species. Plasmodium vivax-specific RDTs target P. vivax-specific parasite lactate dehydrogenase (Pv-pLDH). Previous observations of false positive Pv-pLDH test lines in P. falciparum samples incited to the present study, which assessed P. vivax-specific RDTs for the occurrence of false positive Pv-pLDH lines in P. falciparum samples. Methods Nine P. vivax-specific RDTs were tested with 85 P. falciparum samples of high (≥2%) parasite density. Mixed P. falciparum/P. vivax infections were ruled out by real-time PCR. The RDTs included two-band (detecting Pv-pLDH), three-band (detecting P. falciparum-antigen and Pv-pLDH) and four-band RDTs (detecting P. falciparum, Pv-pLDH and pan-pLDH). Results False positive Pv-pLDH lines were observed in 6/9 RDTs (including two- three- and four-band RDTs). They occurred in the individual RDT brands at frequencies ranging from 8.2% to 29.1%. For 19/85 samples, at least two RDT brands generated a false positive Pv-pLDH line. Sixteen of 85 (18.8%) false positive lines were of medium or strong line intensity. There was no significant relation between false positive results and parasite density or geographic origin of the samples. Conclusion False positive Pv-pLDH lines in P. falciparum samples with high parasite density occurred in 6/9 P. vivax-specific RDTs. This is of concern as P. falciparum and P. vivax are co-circulating in many regions. The diagnosis of life-threatening P. falciparum malaria may be missed (two-band Pv-pLDH RDT), or the patient may be treated incorrectly with primaquine (three- or four-band RDTs).
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- 2010
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40. Evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test (CareStart™ Malaria HRP-2/pLDH (Pf/pan) Combo Test) for the diagnosis of malaria in a reference setting
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van Esbroeck Marjan, Cnops Lieselotte, Bottieau Emmanuel, Gillet Philippe, Maltha Jessica, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) are widely used for diagnosing malaria. The present retrospective study evaluated the CareStart™ Malaria HRP-2/pLDH (Pf/pan) Combo Test targeting the Plasmodium falciparum specific antigen histidine-rich protein (HRP-2) and the pan-Plasmodium antigen lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) in a reference setting. Methods The CareStart™ Malaria HRP-2/pLDH (Pf/pan) Combo Test was evaluated on a collection of samples obtained in returned international travellers using microscopy corrected by PCR as the reference method. Included were P. falciparum (n = 320), Plasmodium vivax (n = 76), Plasmodium ovale (n = 76), Plasmodium malariae (n = 23) and Plasmodium negative samples (n = 95). Results Overall sensitivity for the detection of P. falciparum was 88.8%, increasing to 94.3% and 99.3% at parasite densities above 100 and 1,000/μl respectively. For P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae, overall sensitivities were 77.6%, 18.4% and 30.4% respectively. For P. vivax sensitivity reached 90.2% for parasite densities above 500/μl. Incorrect species identification occurred in 11/495 samples (2.2%), including 8/320 (2.5%) P. falciparum samples which generated only the pan-pLDH line. For P. falciparum samples, 205/284 (72.2%) HRP-2 test lines had strong or medium line intensities, while for all species the pan-pLDH lines were less intense, especially in the case of P. ovale. Agreement between observers was excellent (kappa values > 0.81 for positive and negative readings) and test results were reproducible. The test was easy to perform with good clearing of the background. Conclusion The CareStart™ Malaria HRP-2/pLDH (Pf/pan) Combo Test performed well for the detection of P. falciparum and P. vivax, but sensitivities for P. ovale and P. malariae were poor.
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- 2010
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41. Evaluation of the Palutop+4 malaria rapid diagnostic test in a non-endemic setting
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van Esbroeck Marjan, Cnops Lieselotte, Vlieghe Erika, Gillet Philippe, van Dijk David PJ, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Palutop+4 (All. Diag, Strasbourg, France), a four-band malaria rapid diagnostic test (malaria RDT) targeting the histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP-2), Plasmodium vivax-specific parasite lactate dehydrogenase (Pv-pLDH) and pan Plasmodium-specific pLDH (pan-pLDH) was evaluated in a non-endemic setting on stored whole blood samples from international travellers suspected of malaria. Methods Microscopy corrected by PCR was the reference method. Samples include those infected by Plasmodium falciparum (n = 323), Plasmodium vivax (n = 97), Plasmodium ovale (n = 73) and Plasmodium malariae (n = 25) and 95 malaria negative samples. Results The sensitivities for the diagnosis of P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae and P. ovale were 85.1%, 66.0%, 32.0% and 5.5%. Sensitivities increased at higher parasite densities and reached 90.0% for P. falciparum >100/μl and 83.8% for P. vivax > 500/μl. Fourteen P. falciparum samples reacted with the Pv-pLDH line, one P. vivax sample with the HRP-2 line, and respectively two and four P. ovale and P. malariae samples reacted with the HRP-2 line. Two negative samples gave a signal with the HRP-2 line. Faint and weak line intensities were observed for 129/289 (44.6%) HRP-2 lines in P. falciparum samples, for 50/64 (78.1%) Pv-pLDH lines in P. vivax samples and for 9/13 (69.2%) pan-pLDH lines in P. ovale and P. malariae samples combined. Inter-observer reliabilities for positive and negative readings were excellent for the HRP-2 and Pv-pLDH lines (overall agreement > 92.0% and kappa-values for each pair of readers ≥ 0.88), and good for the pan-pLDH line (85.5% overall agreement and kappa-values ≥ 0.74). Conclusions Palutop+4 performed moderately for the detection of P. falciparum and P. vivax, but sensitivities were lower than those of three-band malaria RDTs.
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- 2009
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42. Test characteristics of the SD FK80 Plasmodium falciparum/Plasmodium vivax malaria rapid diagnostic test in a non-endemic setting
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Van Esbroeck Marjan, Cnops Lieselotte, Bottieau Emmanuel, van Dijk David PJ, Gillet Philippe, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background The SD FK80 P.f/P.v Malaria Antigen Rapid Test (Standard Diagnostics, Korea) (FK80) is a three-band malaria rapid diagnostic test detecting Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP-2) and Plasmodium vivax-specific lactate dehydrogenase (Pv-pLDH). The present study assessed its performance in a non-endemic setting. Methods Stored blood samples (n = 416) from international travellers suspected of malaria were used, with microscopy corrected by PCR as the reference method. Samples infected by Plasmodium falciparum (n = 178), Plasmodium vivax (n = 99), Plasmodium ovale (n = 75) and Plasmodium malariae (n = 24) were included, as well as 40 malaria negative samples. Results Overall sensitivities for the diagnosis of P. falciparum and P. vivax were 91.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 86.2% - 95.0%) and 75.8% (65.9% - 83.6%). For P. falciparum, sensitivity at parasite densities ≥ 100/μl was 94.6% (88.8% - 97.6%); for P. vivax, sensitivity at parasite densities ≥ 500/μl was 86.8% (75.4% - 93.4%). Four P. falciparum samples showed a Pv-pLDH line, three of them had parasite densities exceeding 50.000/μl. Two P. vivax samples, one P. ovale and one P. malariae sample showed a HRP-2 line. For the HRP-2 and Pv-pLDH lines, respectively 81.4% (136/167) and 55.8% (43/77) of the true positive results were read as medium or strong line intensities. The FK80 showed good reproducibility and reliability for test results and line intensities (kappa values for both exceeding 0.80). Conclusion The FK80 test performed satisfactorily in diagnosing P. falciparum and P. vivax infections in a non-endemic setting.
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- 2009
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43. Evaluation of the SD FK70 Malaria Ag Plasmodium vivax rapid diagnostic test in a non-endemic setting
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Gillet Philippe, Bosselaers Katrien, Cnops Lieselotte, Bottieau Emmanuel, Van Esbroeck Marjan, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background For clinical and epidemiological reasons, it is interesting to diagnose non-falciparum malaria to the species level. This retrospective study assessed the performance of the SD BIOLINE Malaria Antigen Pv test (FK70), a two-band immunochromatographic test detecting Plasmodium vivax-specific lactate dehydrogenase, on samples of international travellers in a non-endemic setting. Methods Stored blood samples from international travellers suspected of malaria were used, with microscopy corrected by PCR as the reference method. Samples infected by Plasmodium vivax (n = 100), Plasmodium falciparum (n = 75), Plasmodium ovale (n = 75) and Plasmodium malariae (n = 25) were included, as well as 100 malaria-negative samples. End points were sensitivity, specificity, inter-reader reliability and reproducibility. Results The overall sensitivity of the FK70 for the diagnosis of P. vivax was 88.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 83.6% – 90.3%). For parasite densities > 500/μl, a sensitivity of 97.2% (CI: 92.6% – 99.1%) was obtained. Specificity was 98.5%, with 4 out of 75 P. falciparum samples testing positive. None of the P. ovale samples tested positive. Nearly two-thirds (57/88, 64.7%) of positive P. vivax samples showed faint or weak line intensities, with stronger line intensities at higher parasite densities. The test showed excellent reproducibility and reliability for test results and line intensities (kappa values exceeding 0.98 and 0.87 respectively). Conclusion The FK70 test performed well in diagnosing P. vivax infections in a non-endemic reference setting. It can be of added value to microscopy in species differentiation of malaria infections, especially at parasite densities > 500/μl.
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- 2009
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44. Test characteristics of two rapid antigen detection tests (SD FK50 and SD FK60) for the diagnosis of malaria in returned travellers
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Van Esbroeck Marjan, Cnops Lieselotte, Bottieau Emmanuel, Gillet Philippe, Van der Palen Mirna, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background Two malaria rapid diagnostic tests were evaluated in a travel clinic setting: the SD FK50 Malaria Ag Plasmodium falciparum test (a two-band test) and the SD FK60 Malaria Ag P. falciparum/Pan test (a three-band test). Methods A panel of stored whole blood samples (n = 452 and n = 614 for FK50 and FK60, respectively) from returned travellers was used. The reference method was microscopy with PCR in case of discordant results. Results For both tests, overall sensitivity for the detection of P. falciparum was 93.5%, reaching 97.6% and 100% at parasite densities above 100 and 1,000/μl respectively. Overall sensitivities for Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae for the FK60 test were 87.5%, 76.3% and 45.2%, but they reached 92.6% and 90.5% for P. vivax and P. ovale at parasite densities above 500/μl. Specificities were above 95% for all species and both tests when corrected by PCR, with visible histidine-rich protein-2 lines for P. malariae (n = 3) and P. vivax and P. ovale (1 sample each). Line intensities were reproducible and correlated to parasite densities. The FK60 tests provided clues to estimate parasite densities for P. falciparum below or above 1,000/μl. Conclusion Both the FK50 and FK60 performed well for the diagnosis of P. falciparum in the present setting, and the FK60 for the diagnosis of P. vivax and P. ovale at parasite densities > 500/μl. The potential use of the FK60 as a semi-quantitative estimation of parasite density needs to be further explored.
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- 2009
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45. Assessment of the prozone effect in malaria rapid diagnostic tests
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Gillet Philippe, Mori Marcella, Van Esbroeck Marjan, Ende Jef, and Jacobs Jan
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background The prozone effect (or high doses-hook phenomenon) consists of false-negative or false-low results in immunological tests, due to an excess of either antigens or antibodies. Although frequently cited as a cause of false-negative results in malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), especially at high parasite densities of Plasmodium falciparum, it has been poorly documented. In this study, a panel of malaria RDTs was challenged with clinical samples with P. falciparum hyperparasitaemia (> 5% infected red blood cells). Methods Twenty-two RDT brands were tested with seven samples, both undiluted and upon 10 ×, 50 × and 100 × dilutions in NaCl 0.9%. The P. falciparum targets included histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP-2, n = 17) and P. falciparum-specific parasite lactate dehydrogenase (Pf-pLDH, n = 5). Test lines intensities were recorded in the following categories: negative, faint, weak, medium or strong. The prozone effect was defined as an increase in test line intensity of at least one category after dilution, if observed upon duplicate testing and by two readers. Results Sixteen of the 17 HRP-2 based RDTs were affected by prozone: the prozone effect was observed in at least one RDT sample/brand combination for 16/17 HRP-2 based RDTs in 6/7 samples, but not for any of the Pf-pLDH tests. The HRP-2 line intensities of the undiluted sample/brand combinations with prozone effect (n = 51) included a single negative (1.9%) and 29 faint and weak readings (56.9%). The other target lens (P. vivax-pLDH, pan-specific pLDH and aldolase) did not show a prozone effect. Conclusion This study confirms the prozone effect as a cause of false-negative HRP-2 RDTs in samples with hyperparasitaemia.
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- 2009
46. Patterns of inflammation and the use of reversibility testing in smokers with airway complaints
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van Weel Chris, Dentener Mieke A, Jacobs Jan A, Schermer Tjard RJ, Vernooy Juanita HJ, Chavannes Niels H, van Schayck Onno CP, and Wouters Emiel FM
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Diseases of the respiratory system ,RC705-779 - Abstract
Abstract Background Although both smoking and respiratory complaints are very common, tools to improve diagnostic accuracy are scarce in primary care. This study aimed to reveal what inflammatory patterns prevail in clinically established diagnosis groups, and what factors are associated with eosinophilia. Method Induced sputum and blood plasma of 59 primary care patients with COPD (n = 17), asthma (n = 11), chronic bronchitis (CB, n = 14) and smokers with no respiratory complaints ('healthy smokers', n = 17) were collected, as well as lung function, smoking history and clinical work-up. Patterns of inflammatory markers per clinical diagnosis and factors associated with eosinophilia were analyzed by multiple regression analyses, the differences expressed in odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Results Multivariately, COPD was significantly associated with raised plasma-LBP (OR 1.2 [1.04–1.37]) and sTNF-R55 in sputum (OR 1.01 [1.001–1.01]), while HS expressed significantly lowered plasma-LBP (OR 0.8 [0.72–0.95]). Asthma was characterized by higher sputum eosinophilic counts (OR 1.3 [1.05–1.54]), while CB showed a significantly higher proportion of sputum lymphocytic counts (OR 1.5 [1.12–1.9]). Sputum eosinophilia was significantly associated with reversibility after adjusting for smoking, lung function, age, gender and allergy. Conclusion Patterns of inflammatory markers in a panel of blood plasma and sputum cells and mediators were discernable in clinical diagnosis groups of respiratory disease. COPD and so-called healthy smokers showed consistent opposite associations with plasma LBP, while chronic bronchitics showed relatively predominant lymphocytic inflammation compared to other diagnosis groups. Only sputum eosinophilia remained significantly associated with reversibility across the spectrum of respiratory disease in smokers with airway complaints.
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- 2006
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47. The burden of antimicrobial resistance in the Americas in 2019: a cross-country systematic analysis
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Aguilar, Gisela Robles, Swetschinski, Lucien R., Weaver, Nicole Davis, Ikuta, Kevin S., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Gray, Authia P., Chung, Erin, Wool, Eve E., Han, Chieh, Hayoon, Anna Gershberg, Araki, Daniel T., Abdollahi, Ashkan, Abu-Zaid, Ahmed, Adnan, Mohammad, Agarwal, Ramesh, Dehkordi, Javad Aminian, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y., Areda, Demelash, Azzam, Ahmed Y., Berezin, Eitan N., Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bhuyan, Soumitra S., Browne, Annie J., Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Chandrasekar, Eeshwar K., Ching, Patrick R., Dai, Xiaochen, Darmstadt, Gary L., De la Hoz, Fernando Pio, Diao, Nancy, Diaz, Daniel, Mombaque dos Santos, Wendel, Eyre, David, Garcia, Coralith, Haines-Woodhouse, Georgina, Hassen, Mohammed Bheser, Henry, Nathaniel J., Hopkins, Susan, Hossain, Md Mahbub, Iregbu, Kenneth Chukwuemeka, Iwu, Chidozie C.D., Jacobs, Jan Adriaan, Janko, Mark M., Jones, Ronald, Karaye, Ibraheem M., Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Imteyaz A., Khan, Taimoor, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Khusuwan, Suwimon, Kisa, Adnan, Koyaweda, Giscard Wilfried, Krapp, Fiorella, Kumaran, Emmanuelle A.P., Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Lim, Stephen S., Liu, Xuefeng, Luby, Stephen, Maharaj, Sandeep B., Maronga, Christopher, Martorell, Miquel, May, Jürgen, McManigal, Barney, Mokdad, Ali H., Moore, Catrin E., Mostafavi, Ebrahim, Murillo-Zamora, Efrén, Mussi-Pinhata, Marisa Marcia, Nanavati, Ruchi, Nassereldine, Hasan, Natto, Zuhair S., Qamar, Farah Naz, Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia, Ochoa, Theresa J., Ojo-Akosile, Tolulope R., Olagunju, Andrew T., Olivas-Martinez, Antonio, Ortiz-Brizuela, Edgar, Ounchanum, Pradthana, Paredes, Jose L., Patthipati, Venkata Suresh, Pawar, Shrikant, Pereira, Marcos, Pollard, Andrew, Ponce-De-Leon, Alfredo, Sady Prates, Elton Junio, Qattea, Ibrahim, Reyes, Luis Felipe, Roilides, Emmanuel, Rosenthal, Victor Daniel, Rudd, Kristina E., Sangchan, Weerawut, Seekaew, Samroeng, Seylani, Allen, Shababi, Niloufar, Sham, Sunder, Sifuentes-Osornio, Jose, Singh, Harpreet, Stergachis, Andy, Tasak, Nidanuch, Tat, Nathan Y., Thaiprakong, Areerat, Valdez, Pascual R., Yada, Dereje Y., Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Hay, Simon I., Dolecek, Christiane, Sartorius, Benn, Murray, Christopher J.L., and Naghavi, Mohsen
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- 2023
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48. The Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP), Severe Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa (SETA), Surveillance of Enteric Fever in India (SEFI), and Strategic Typhoid Alliance Across Africa and Asia (STRATAA) Population-based Enteric Fever Studies: A Review of Methodological Similarities and Differences
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Carey, Megan E, MacWright, William R, Im, Justin, Meiring, James E, Gibani, Malick M, Park, Se Eun, Longley, Ashley, Jeon, Hyon Jin, Hemlock, Caitlin, Yu, Alexander T, Soura, Abdramane, Aiemjoy, Kristen, Owusu-Dabo, Ellis, Terferi, Mekonnen, Islam, Sahidul, Lunguya, Octavie, Jacobs, Jan, Gordon, Melita, Dolecek, Christiane, Baker, Stephen, Pitzer, Virginia E, Yousafzai, Mohammad Tahir, Tonks, Susan, Clemens, John D, Date, Kashmira, Qadri, Firdausi, Heyderman, Robert S, Saha, Samir K, Basnyat, Buddha, Okeke, Iruka N, Qamar, Farah N, Voysey, Merryn, Luby, Stephen, Kang, Gagandeep, Andrews, Jason, Pollard, Andrew J, John, Jacob, Garrett, Denise, and Marks, Florian
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Infectious Diseases ,Vaccine Related ,Digestive Diseases ,Immunization ,Clinical Research ,Rare Diseases ,Emerging Infectious Diseases ,Biodefense ,Prevention ,Foodborne Illness ,Prevention of disease and conditions ,and promotion of well-being ,3.4 Vaccines ,Aetiology ,2.4 Surveillance and distribution ,2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Clean Water and Sanitation ,Africa South of the Sahara ,Asia ,Humans ,India ,Salmonella typhi ,Typhoid Fever ,Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines ,blood culture ,enteric fever surveillance ,Salmonella Typhi ,typhoid fever ,Salmonella Typhi ,Biological Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Microbiology - Abstract
Building on previous multicountry surveillance studies of typhoid and others salmonelloses such as the Diseases of the Most Impoverished program and the Typhoid Surveillance in Africa Project, several ongoing blood culture surveillance studies are generating important data about incidence, severity, transmission, and clinical features of invasive Salmonella infections in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. These studies are also characterizing drug resistance patterns in their respective study sites. Each study answers a different set of research questions and employs slightly different methodologies, and the geographies under surveillance differ in size, population density, physician practices, access to healthcare facilities, and access to microbiologically safe water and improved sanitation. These differences in part reflect the heterogeneity of the epidemiology of invasive salmonellosis globally, and thus enable generation of data that are useful to policymakers in decision-making for the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs). Moreover, each study is evaluating the large-scale deployment of TCVs, and may ultimately be used to assess post-introduction vaccine impact. The data generated by these studies will also be used to refine global disease burden estimates. It is important to ensure that lessons learned from these studies not only inform vaccination policy, but also are incorporated into sustainable, low-cost, integrated vaccine-preventable disease surveillance systems.
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- 2020
49. Seasonal Adjustment Without Revisions
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Abeln, Barend, primary and Jacobs, Jan P. A. M., additional
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- 2023
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50. COVID-19 and Seasonal Adjustment
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Abeln, Barend and Jacobs, Jan P. A. M.
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- 2022
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