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1. Age Differences in Vestibular Brain Connectivity Are Associated With Balance Performance

Author

Fatemeh Noohi, Catherine Kinnaird, Yiri De Dios, Igor S. Kofman, Scott J. Wood, Jacob Bloomberg, Ajitkumar Mulavara, Kathleen H. Sienko, Thad A. Polk, and Rachael D. Seidler

Subjects
aging, balance performance, functional connectivity, sensory weighting, vestibular system, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract

Visual and auditory brain network connectivity decline with age, but less is known about age effects on vestibular functional connectivity and its association with behavior. We assessed age differences in the connectivity of the vestibular cortex with other sensory brain regions, both during rest and during vestibular stimulation. We then assessed the relationship between vestibular connectivity and postural stability. A sample of seventeen young and fifteen older adults participated in our study. We assessed the amount of body sway in performing the Romberg balance task, with degraded somatosensory and visual inputs. The results showed no significant difference in balance performance between age groups. However, functional connectivity analyses revealed a main effect of age and condition, suggesting that vestibular connectivity was higher in young adults than older adults, and vestibular connectivity increased from resting state to stimulation trials. Surprisingly, young adults who exhibited higher connectivity during stimulation also had greater body sway. This suggests that young adults who exhibit better balance are those who respond more selectively to vestibular inputs. This correlation is non-significant in older adults, suggesting that the relationship between vestibular functional connectivity and postural stability differs with age.

Published
2020
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5. Parallels between astronauts and terrestrial patients – taking physiotherapy rehabilitation 'To infinity and beyond'

Author

Julie A. Hides, Maria Stokes, Gunda Lambrecht, Rebecca Cusack, Gita Ramdharry, and Jacob Bloomberg

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Earth, Planet, medicine.medical_treatment, Population, Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Spaceflight, Bed rest, law.invention, rehabilitation, spaceflight, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, law, Intensive care, medicine, Humans, education, Parallels, Wasting, Physical Therapy Modalities, education.field_of_study, Rehabilitation, exercise, Weightlessness, Critically ill, business.industry, Neuromuscular Diseases, 030229 sport sciences, Space Flight, microgravity, Athletes, Physical therapy, Astronauts, Female, medicine.symptom, reconditioning, Weightlessness Countermeasures, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Exposure to the microgravity environment induces physiological changes in the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and sensorimotor systems in healthy astronauts. As space agencies prepare for extended duration missions, it is difficult to predict the extent of the effects that prolonged exposure to microgravity will have on astronauts. Prolonged bed rest is a model used by space agencies to simulate the effects of spaceflight on the human body, and bed rest studies have provided some insights into the effects of immobilisation and inactivity. Whilst microgravity exposure is confined to a relatively small population, on return to Earth, the physiological changes seen in astronauts parallel many changes routinely seen by physiotherapists on Earth in people with low back pain (LBP), muscle wasting diseases, exposure to prolonged bed rest, elite athletes and critically ill patients in intensive care. The medical operations team at the European Space Agency are currently involved in preparing astronauts for spaceflight, advising on exercises whilst astronauts are on the International Space Station, and reconditioning astronauts following their return. There are a number of parallels between this role and contemporary roles performed by physiotherapists working with elite athletes and muscle wasting conditions. This clinical commentary will draw parallels between changes which occur to the neuromuscular system in the absence of gravity and conditions which occur on Earth. Implications for physiotherapy management of astronauts and terrestrial patients will be discussed.

Published
2017

6. Sensorimotor coordination aftereffects of exposure to a virtual environment.

Author

Deborah Harm, Laura Taylor, Millard Reschke, Jeffrey Somers, and Jacob Bloomberg

Subjects
SENSORIMOTOR cortex, REDUCED gravity environments, VIRTUAL reality, ASTRONAUTS
Abstract

Abstract  Virtual reality environments (VRs) offer unique training opportunities, particularly for training astronauts and preadapting them to microgravity. The purpose of the current research was to compare disturbances in eye–head–hand (EHH) and eye–head (GAZE) sensorimotor coordination produced by repeated exposures to VR systems. In general, we observed significant increases in position errors in manual target acquisition for both horizontal and vertical targets. We also observed a significant decrement in the ability of subjects to maintain gaze on horizontal eccentric targets immediately after exposure to VR. These preliminary findings provide some direction for developing training schedules for VR users that facilitate adaptation and support the idea that VRs may serve as an analog for sensorimotor effects of spaceflight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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