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Purpose: To examine the influence of occupational socialization on the beliefs and actions of six sport pedagogy doctoral students (DSs) in terms of physical education (PE) teaching and physical education teacher education (PETE). Method: Data were collected with five qualitative techniques and analyzed by employing analytic induction and constant comparison. Results: DSs had conservative or liberal views about PE and endorsed hybrid forms of PETE, which included elements of the behavioristic, traditional/craft, and critical inquiry orientations. Patterns of socialization that shaped these beliefs and actions were both congruent and contrasting with those described in past research. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of asking potential DSs about their beliefs and the forces that shaped those beliefs during recruitment. In addition, it indicates that the potency of doctoral education can be enhanced when it has a dual focus on PETE and research and when DSs experience it within a cohort.

Radioiodine accumulates in aqueous solutions and off-gas streams during nuclear fuel reprocessing. In addition, radioiodine is highly mobile in geological environments. Most of the radioiodine can be captured during fuel reprocessing in off-gas streams using solid sorbents and scrubbing solutions. Once iodine is captured, it must be stored in a durable form for eventual disposal. Iodosodalite has been investigated as a waste form for radioiodine, however these synthesis processes often result in mixed products and iodine volatilization during consolidation. This paper proposes a novel approach to synthesizing iodosodalite utilizing a sol–gel method followed by heat treatment. This method was chosen to lower processing temperatures and improve product yield. Preliminary experiments conducted to determine the viability of this synthesis method are presented. In addition, consolidation of sol–gel derived iodosodalite with a glass binder was explored using three different methods: (1) incorporating the glass binder during gel preparation using alkoxide precursors; (2) separately preparing the glass binder using a sol–gel method; and (3) separately preparing the glass binder using a melt-quench technique. Glass-bonded iodosodalite was successfully synthesized using these novel sol–gel-based approaches.

In this paper, sodium aluminosilicate aerogels and xerogels were evaluated as scaffolds for a variety of different getters including Ag+, Cs+, Cu2+, Fe3+, K+, Li+, Rb+, Sb3+, Sn2+, and Sn4+ for the...

The set of 34 baseline subtracted and thermally corrected Raman spectra of BaO–B2O3 glassforming melts with the composition xgBaO–(1 − xg)B2O3 (xg = 0.20; 0.25; 0.30; 0.35; 0.40; 045; 0.50; 0.55; 0.60) measured at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1100 °C was analyzed. The thermodynamic model of Shakhmatkin and Vedishcheva was evaluated for each glass melt. Nine following system components (defined as stable crystalline phases of the BaO–B2O3 binary phase diagram) were considered: BaO, B2O3, 2BaO·5B2O3 (Ba2B5), 2BaO·B2O3 (Ba2B), 3BaO·B2O3 (Ba3B), 4BaO·B2O3 (Ba4B), BaO·B2O3 (BaB), BaO·2B2O3 (BaB2), and BaO·4B2O3 (BaB4). The equilibrium molar amounts of system components were used for the evaluation of the molar amounts of basic structural units Tn (trigonal boron with n-bridging oxygen atoms, n = 0, 1, 2, 3) and Q4 (tetragonal boron with 4-bridging oxygen atoms). Only three structural units (Q4, T3, and T2) with the not negligible equilibrium molar amount were found. The significant correlation between equilibrium molar amounts of Q4 and T3 was found. Malfait’s decomposition was performed for the most abundant units, i.e., T3 and T2. Multivariate curve resolution analysis performed for two components resulted in the Raman spectra (so-called loadings) and relative abundances (so-called scores) of each component. The obtained loadings were in good agreement with the partial Raman spectra obtained by the Malfait’s decomposition.

About 5% of B cells in healthy mice and humans are allelically or isotypically included and hence co-express two different antibodies. In mice, dual antibody B cells (B2R) expand with systemic autoimmunity, co-express autoreactive and non-autoreactive antibodies, and participate in immune responses, but this phenomenon is strain dependent. This study was developed with two goals: 1) to establish the contribution of TLR and IFN receptor signaling to the development of germinal center B cells that express two antibodies in MRL/lprmice; and 2) to determine whether B2RB cells are increased and particularly activated in a subset of adult patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Results from the MRL/lprstudies indicate that the enhanced differentiation of dual-κ B cells into germinal center B cells is due to a heightened response to TLR7 and TLR9 signaling, further fueled by an increased response to type II IFN. To understand the clinical and translational implications of our observations in mouse B2RB cells, cohorts of SLE patients and healthy controls were recruited and evaluated for expression of dual BCRs. Results from flow cytometry and microscopy revealed supraphysiological frequencies of κ+λ+B2Rcells in one fourth of the SLE patients. Abnormal numbers of κ+λ+B cells correlated with higher frequencies of activated naïve B cells and age-associated B cells, and a lower proportion of “B cells that are naïve IgD+” (BND). However, results from single cell V(D)J sequencing demonstrated that these high κ+λ+SLE patients harbored normal frequencies of κ+λ+and other B2RB cells. and we further show that their B cells were instead decorated by κ and λ VH4-34 autoantibodies. Thus, our findings indicate that elevated flow cytometric detection of isotypically-included B cells can identify patients with high titers of B cell-reactive VH4-34 autoantibodies and abnormal distribution of B cell subsets relevant to autoimmunity.

International audience; A glass‐ceramic waste form is being developed for immobilization of waste streams of alkali (A), alkaline‐earth (AE), rare earth (RE), and transition metals generated by transuranic extraction for reprocessing of used nuclear fuel. Benefits over an alkali borosilicate waste form are realized by the partitioning of the fission product fraction insoluble in glass into a suite of chemically durable crystalline phases through controlled cooling, including (AE,A,RE)MoO4 (powellite) and (RE,A,AE)10Si6O26 (oxyapatite). In this study, a simplified 8‐oxide system (SiO2‐Nd2O3‐CaO‐Na2O‐B2O3‐Al2O3‐MoO3‐ZrO2) was melted, then soaked at various temperatures from 1450 to 1150°C, and subsequently quenched, in order to obtain snapshots into the phase distribution at these temperatures. For these samples, small angle X‐ray and neutron scattering, quantitative X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance, Nd3+ visible absorption, and temperature‐dependent viscosity were characterized. In this composition, soak temperatures of urn:x-wiley:00027820:media:jace16406:jace16406-math-00011250°C were necessary to nucleate calcium molybdate (~10‐20 nm in diameter). Further cooling produced oxyapatite and total crystallization increased with lower soak temperatures. Both Na and Nd entered the crystalline phases with lower‐temperature soak conditions. Slow cooling or long isothermal treatments at ~975°C produced significantly higher crystal fractions.

Immobilization of chemically complex aqueous waste streams from used nuclear fuel reprocessing is achievable at higher waste loadings with glass ceramics as compared to borosilicate glasses. Additionally, crystalline phases with similar chemistry are more durable than their amorphous counterparts. However, during glass ceramic fabrication, mechanical stresses at crystal-glass interfaces, which are caused by thermal expansion mismatching during cooling, create locales where water is capable of accessing and reacting with the various phases in the glass ceramic, thus releasing radionuclides into the aqueous phase. In the present work, we build on previous chemical durability investigations of a glass-ceramic containing crystalline oxyapatite [Ca2Nd8(SiO4)6O2] and powellite [(Ca,Sr,Ba)MoO4] secondary phases. The individual crystalline and bulk glass phases have been fabricated separately and the corrosion behavior has been investigated with single-pass flow-through (SPFT) testing at 90 °C in buffered pH(RT) 4, 7, 9 and pH 11 solutions and with the static product consistency test (PCT). The results demonstrate the varying dissolution kinetics of the individual phases in the range of pH studies. The consequence of the varying dissolution kinetics are described with a conceptual model of glass-ceramic dissolution mechanisms.

Metal chloride waste generated from pyroprocessing is considered as one of the more problematic wastes in radioactive waste immobilization for the reprocessing of used nuclear fuel. This waste cannot be directly vitrified using the conventional approach using a borosilicate matrix because of the high chloride content in the waste. Thus, an indirect immobilization method using a SAP (SiO2 Al2O3 P2O5) composite via dechlorination of the salt waste was evaluated as an alternative with a binder glass to aid in the consolidation process. Additionally, U-SAP was developed by adding consolidation promoters such as B and Al to the SAP and then, the glass binder was not needed. In the present contribution, basic properties of U-SAP dechlorination products and U-SAP waste forms were characterized by physical and chemical analysis methods. Structure of U-SAP waste form was investigated with X-ray diffraction, transmission, scanning transmission, and scanning electron microscopies, energy dispersive spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and atom-probe tomography. The results showed that uniform and nano-sized droplets were composed of crystalline Li3PO4 or a mixture of Li3PO4 and amorphous phosphorous-based phases. The droplets were encapsulated by durable silicate glass. Interfacial region composed of Si O Al(B) and Al(B) O P components connected immiscible silicate and phosphorous phases. The Li3PO4, which is not chemically durable, was protected by silicate glass from leaching and very small amount of Li was contained in silicate glass. The good leaching properties of the U-SAP waste form are attributed to this structure.

Central B cell tolerance, the process restricting the development of many newly generated autoreactive B cells, has been intensely investigated in mouse cells while studies in humans have been hampered by the inability to phenotypically distinguish autoreactive and nonautoreactive immature B cell clones and the difficulty in accessing fresh human bone marrow samples. Using a human immune system mouse model in which all human Igκ+ B cells undergo central tolerance, we discovered that human autoreactive immature B cells exhibit a distinctive phenotype that includes lower activation of ERK and differential expression of CD69, CD81, CXCR4, and other glycoproteins. Human B cells exhibiting these characteristics were observed in fresh human bone marrow tissue biopsy specimens, although differences in marker expression were smaller than in the humanized mouse model. Furthermore, the expression of these markers was slightly altered in autoreactive B cells of humanized mice engrafted with some human immune systems genetically predisposed to autoimmunity. Finally, by treating mice and human immune system mice with a pharmacologic antagonist, we show that signaling by CXCR4 is necessary to prevent both human and mouse autoreactive B cell clones from egressing the bone marrow, indicating that CXCR4 functionally contributes to central B cell tolerance. This work was supported by the NIH (Grants AI124474 and AI131639 to R.P. and Grant AI136534 to R.M.T.). It was also supported in part by NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences Colorado Clinical and Translational Science Awards Grant UL1 TR002535. The contents are the authors’sole responsibility anddo not necessarily represent official NIH views. Sí

A series of basaltic eruptions from 1963 to 1967 off the southern coast of Iceland produced the oceanic island of Surtsey. Investigations of this volcanic system provide a time-lapse window into the real-time alteration of basaltic tephra through interactions with meteoric water in a subaerial tuff cone and with seawater in submarine deposits. In 1979, a 181 m core was recovered from a borehole (SE-01) on the eastern flank of the Surtur vent. In 2017, the ICDP-supported SUSTAIN drilling project drilled two vertical cored boreholes (SE-02a, SE-02b) to 151 and 187 m below surface (m b.s.) parallel to the 1979 borehole, and an additional angled cored borehole (SE-03) to 354 measured depth. These newly recovered cores, in comparison with the 1979 core, have promoted research into alteration processes within the volcano over the half century since its eruption. The scientific drilling undertaken in both 1979 and 2017 provides data critical to investigating mechanisms and rates of mineralogical change in basalt, evolving material and magnetic properties, and the characterization of basalt-hosted microbial communities. Previous research, including mineralogical analyses and geophysical downhole logging, reveals a weakly altered region at ~143-155 m b.s. that corresponds with a submarine zone of cool seawater inflow. The purpose of this study is to better understand processes in this zone by examining SE-02b drill core samples taken at 141.6 m b.s. (83-86 °C) with mineralogical analyses and at 148 m b.s. (83-84 °C) with magnetic analyses and microbial community analyses. Mapping of the weakly-consolidated basaltic tuff at micrometer-scale using synchrotron X-ray micro-diffraction and micro-fluorescence studies shows that the basalt is primarily composed of fresh sideromelane glass, volcanic crystals, and open voids. Olivine and labradorite are the principal volcanic minerals; they have begun to alter to lizardite and aluminous tobermorite, respectively. The basaltic glass has begun to alter to nanocrystalline clinochlore and smectitic clay mineral, mainly nontronite and montmorillonite. The abundance of fresh glass, however, confirms a weakly altered region of the volcano. Uniaxial and cubic single domain titanomagnetite is the principal magnetic remanence carrier in the glass, whereas the magnetic minerals in more highly altered zones of lapilli tuff, only a few meters distant, are more oxidized and exhibit different magnetic anisotropies, consistent with the growth of secondary titanomaghemite. The properties of magnetic remanence remained relatively stable in the cool seawater inflow zone but changed very rapidly during fluid-rock interactions at higher hydrothermal temperatures. The microbial community detected in the drill core sample at 148 m b.s. from SE-02b is dominated by taxa generally found in seawater such as Psychromonas, Glaciecola, Marinomonas and suggests a possible infiltration of microbial taxa from the seawater to the submarine deposit. This anomalously permeable, poorly-consolidated horizon provides a strong contrast to the characteristics of the well-lithified lapilli tuff deposits and demonstrates the potential for substantial variability in mineralogical, magnetic and microbial submarine processes in other Surtseyan volcanoes and seamount structures.

This paper discusses the effects of composition on the unit cell parameter (a), unit cell volume (V), specific volume (v), and density (ρ) of various sodalites including $${M}_{8}^{+}{\left({\mathrm{AlSiO}}_{4}\right)}_{6}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$$ (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, and/or Ag) and $${\mathrm{Na}}_{8}{\left({\mathrm{AlSiO}}_{4}\right)}_{6}{X}_{2}^{-}$$ (X = Cl, Br, and/or I). Compositional models were developed, and the results show that the models are successful at predicting a, V, and v (and thus ρ) within the compositional range available in the literature. Discussion is included on the correlation between the ionic radii of the alkali metals and halides in the sodalite β-cages and the measured values of a, V, v, and ρ. The data show linear increases in a and ρ with increases in the average ionic radii of the $${M}^{+}$$ and $${X}^{-}$$ constituents (data for v show a linear decrease).

Robust sensing frameworks such as high-speed inline drilling sensors provide a better understanding of drillingstring dynamics for a complete picture of the drilling processes. This understanding comes mostly from having a robust data analytics platform where clear understanding of the downhole phenomena is represented using either physics models or digital twins. Most of the current analytical, based on a comprehensive review of technical per-review papers, have been carried out using cloud computing resources. The proposed data processing approach provides a suitable methodology where analysis of multi-channel heterogeneous sources, such as the outputs of high-speed inline drilling sensors, are processed within a given window of time. Feature selection is attained using linear discriminants which provides an accurate assessment of the type of patterns the machine learning framework needs to use as a reference. Linear discriminants have shown feature selection provides a clear path towards the synthesis of real-time deterministic synthetic sensors. Measurements for torque and bending share same units and use similar evaluation of the physical phenomena. There are additional measurement devices in the sensing suite those provide rotational speed, acceleration, pressure and temperature. The data this heterogeneous framework provides needs to be properly aligned using the system's embedded clock as a reference. A machine learning framework tuned to the features found using linear discriminants can discern and predict signal behaviors. At this point, it is possible to provide feedback in case of abnormal activity while generating relevant key performance indicators (KPI) suitable for drilling optimization and torque modeling. This paper offers two major novel ideas. Firstly, evaluation of machine learning approaches using linear discriminants for real-time deterministic systems has not been documented as part of any automation effort in the oil & gas vertical. Secondly, the use of inline drilling sensors data makes it an important milestone towards the implementation of control frameworks using surface instrumentation data based on a highly desirable set of data points and assured data quality. For readability purposes, the paper has been organized in three sections: 1) description of data flows considering current machine learning (ML) methodologies used in O&G and evaluation of their approach towards deterministic behaviors; 2) comparison of current vs ideal sensor architectures and their influences on data analytics approaches; 3) description of approach used for time series analysis assuming an on-sensor analytics implementation.

Spatially distributed populations often rely on large‐scale processes for long‐term population stability. These processes are driven by individuals moving across the landscape through long‐distance dispersal movements. However, as landscapes are continually altered by anthropogenic development, increased fragmentation and avoidance behavior can affect landscape permeability and limit dispersal. Lesser prairie‐chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) are a species of concern that have lost significant portions (>90%) of their historic distribution in the Southern Great Plains of the United States and are currently being impacted by continued anthropogenic development. Using GPS telemetry locations of 346 lesser prairie‐chickens across their entire geographic distribution, we identified 184 different long‐distance movements that drive population connectivity. We used empirical cumulative distribution functions to create a selection–avoidance–neutral curve and estimated the spatial scale of response to anthropogenic features (i.e., towers and windmills, large transmission and smaller distribution powerlines, oil wells, roads, and fences) during these movements. In addition, we tested for behavioral differences between movement types (e.g., exploratory loops vs. long‐distance movements between home ranges) and for regional differences in response among study areas. We found that during long‐distance movements, lesser prairie‐chickens generally avoided all anthropogenic feature types we tested despite some variation in the reported response distance among study areas. However, they avoided the tallest features (i.e., towers and windmills and transmission powerlines) at much greater distances in comparison with the shorter features in our analysis. Our results show that long‐distance movements are likely affected by responses to functional landscape fragmentation through increased development of anthropogenic features in important connectivity zones. As our estimated response distances during long‐distance movements varied in comparison with previously reported response distances during other behavioral states (e.g., breeding or nesting), using long‐distance or dispersal specific movement data may be more appropriate when asking questions related to connectivity across the landscape.

[EN] The structure of xBaO·(1 − x) PO (x = 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, and 0.50) glasses was studied by Raman spectroscopy and thermodynamic model Shakhmatkin and Vedishcheva (SVTDM). The seven system components (defined as stable crystalline phases of the BaO–PO binary phase diagram) were considered in the SVTDM: BaO, PO, 4BaO·PO (B4P), 3BaO·PO (B3P), 2BaO·PO (B2P), BaO·PO (BP), and BaO·2 PO (BP2). Only the equilibrium molar abundances of BP and BP2 were non-negligible in all studied glass compositions. Therefore, in the next step, multivariate curve analysis (MCR) of the baseline—subtracted, thermally—corrected experimental Raman spectra, was performed for two components (BP2 and BP). MCR resulted in the Raman spectra (loadings) and relative abundances (scores) of each considered component. The MCR method reproduced 98.93% of the spectral data variance. Then, the decomposition of Malfait was used. The perfect fit between the MCR loadings and the partial Raman spectra of BP2 and BP, obtained by Malfait’s decomposition, was found, confirming the validity of thermodynamic model., This paper is created in the frame of the Project FunGlass that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement No. 739566. This work was supported by The Slovak Grant Agency for Science under Grant No. VEGA 1/0064/18, and the Project Centre for Functional and Surface Functionalized Glass (CEGLASS), ITMS code is 313011R453, operational program Research and innovation, co-funded from European Regional Development Fund.

This paper discusses the synthesis, characterization, and chemical durability assessment of oxyapatite [Ca2Nd8(SiO4)6O2] and mixed-alkaline-earth powellite [(Ca,Sr,Ba)MoO4]. These are the major crystalline phases that precipitate from the melt during cooling of a glass-ceramic waste form currently being evaluated for immobilizing wastes produced during the aqueous reprocessing of used nuclear fuel. The oxyapatite was made at 99.7% purity using a solution-based process followed by heat treatments. The powellite, made by melting carbonates and slow-cooling the melt, formed two different phases, one rich in Ca (74.7%) and Sr (19.4%) (balance is Ba) and the other rich in Sr (25.6%) and Ba (65.6%) (balance is Ca). Following static dissolution tests after 5 days, the oxyapatite phase had a maximum normalized loss of 0.024 g m−2 for Ca and the powellite phases showed a higher normalized loss from the Ba-powellite (0.22 g m−2) compared with the Sr-powellite (0.06 g m−2) and Ca-powellite (0.02 g m−2). Additionally, crystal structure data were measured using X-ray diffraction and are compared in detail with literature data of powellites and oxyapatites of similar chemistries.

Autoreactive B cells have a major function in autoimmunity. A small subset of B cells expressing two distinct B-cell-antigen-receptors (B2R cells) is elevated in many patients with systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in the MRL(/lpr) mouse model of lupus, and is often autoreactive. Here we show, using RNAseq and in vitro and in vivo analyses, signals that are required for promoting B2R cell numbers and effector function in autoimmune mice. Compared with conventional B cells, B2R cells are more responsive to Toll-like receptor 7/9 and type I/II interferon treatment, display higher levels of MHCII and co-receptors, and depend on IL-21 for their homeostasis; moreover they expand better upon T cell-dependent antigen stimulation, and mount a more robust memory response, which are characteristics essential for enhanced (auto)immune responses. Our findings thus provide insights on the stimuli for the expansion of an autoreactive B cell subset that may contribute to the etiology of SLE., Conventional B cells express clonally specific antigen receptors, but a small subset of B cells from patients and mice with systematic lupus erythematosus simultaneously expresses two distinct antigen receptors. Here the authors show that these dual-specificity B cells have higher levels of MHC-II, depend on IL-21 for expansion, and mount stronger memory response.

Immobilization of radioiodine is an important requirement for current and future nuclear fuel cycles. Iodosodalite [Na8(AlSiO4)6I2] was synthesized hydrothermally from metakaolin, NaI, and NaOH. Dried unwashed sodalite powders were used to synthesize glass-bonded iodosodalite waste forms (glass composite materials) by heating pressed pellets at 650, 750, or 850 °C with two types of sodium borosilicate glass binders. These heat-treated specimens were characterized with X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, thermal analysis, porosity and density measurements, neutron activation analysis, and inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. For the best waste form produced (pellets mixed with 10 mass% of glass binder and heat-treated at 750 °C), the maximum possible elemental iodine loading was 19.8 mass%, but only ∼8–9 mass% waste loading of iodine was retained in the waste form after thermal processing. Other pellets with higher iodine retention either contained higher porosity or were incompletely sintered. ASTM C1308 and C1285 (product consistency test, PCT) experiments were performed to understand chemical durability under diffusive and static conditions. The C1308 test resulted in significantly higher normalized loss compared to the C1285 test, most likely because of the strong effect of neutral pH solution renewal and prevention of ion saturation in solution. Both experiments indicated that release rates of Na and Si were higher than for Al and I, probably due to a poorly durable Na-Si-O phase from the glass bonding matrix or from initial sodalite synthesis; however the C1308 test result indicated that congruent dissolution of iodosodalite occurred. The average release rates of iodine obtained from C1308 were 0.17 and 1.29 g m-2 d-1 for 80 or 8 m−1, respectively, and the C1285 analysis gave a value of 2 × 10−5 g m-2 d-1, which is comparable to or better than the durability of other iodine waste forms.

The work presented here is based off the concept that the rare earth chloride (RECl3) fission products within the used electrorefiner (ER) salt can be selectively removed as RECl3 (not yet demonstrated) or precipitated out as a mixture of REOCl and REOx through oxygen sparging (has been demonstrated). This paper presents data showing the feasibility of immobilizing a mixture of RECl3s at 10 mass% into a 78%TeO2-22%PbO glass while also showing that this same mixture of RECl3s can be oxidized to REOCl at 300 °C and then to REOx by 1200 °C, evolving Cl2(g). When the REOx mixture is heated at temperatures >1200 °C, the ratios of REOxs change. The mixture of REOx was then immobilized in a lanthanide borosilicate (LABS) glass at a high loading of 60 mass%. Both the 78%TeO2-22%PbO glass and LABS glass systems show good chemical durability. The advantages and disadvantages of tellurite and LABS glasses are compared.

In this study, hydrothermal and salt-occlusion processes were used to make chlorosodalite through reactions with a high-LiCl salt simulating a waste stream generated from pyrochemical treatment of oxide-based used nuclear fuel. Some products were reacted with glass binders to increase chlorosodalite yield through alkali ion exchange and to aid in densification. Hydrothermal processes included reaction of the salt simulant in an autoclave with either zeolite 4A or sodium aluminate and colloidal silica. Chlorosodalite yields in the crystalline products were nearly complete in the glass-bonded materials at values of 100 mass% for the salt-occlusion method, up to 99.0 mass% for the hydrothermal synthesis with zeolite 4A, and up to 96 mass% for the hydrothermal synthesis with sodium aluminate and colloidal silica. These results show promise for using chemically stable chlorosodalite to immobilize oxide reduction salt wastes.

This paper provides an overview of research evaluating the use of lead tellurite glass as a waste form for salt wastes from electrochemical reprocessing of used nuclear fuel. The efficacy of using lead tellurite glass to immobilize three different salt compositions was evaluated: a LiCl-Li 2 O oxide reduction salt containing fission products from oxide fuel, a LiCl-KCl eutectic salt containing fission products from metallic fuel, and SrCl 2 . Physical and chemical properties of glasses made with these salts were characterized with X-ray diffraction, bulk density measurements, differential thermal analysis, chemical durability tests, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. These glasses were found to accommodate high salt concentrations and have high densities, but further development is needed to improve chemical durability.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has long been implicated in the ability to use the current value of expected outcomes to guide behavior. More recently, this specific role has been conceptualized as a special case of a more general function that OFC plays in constructing a "cognitive map" of the behavioral task space by labeling the current task state and learning relationships among task states. Here, we have used single unit recording data from 2 prior studies to examine whether and how information relating different states within and across trials is represented in medial versus lateral OFC in rats. Using a hierarchical clustering analysis, we examined how neurons from each area represented information about differently valued trial types, defined by the cue-outcome pairings, versus how those same neurons represented information about similar epochs between these different trial types, such as the stimulus sample, delay, and reward consumption epochs. This analysis revealed that ensembles in the lateral OFC (lOFC) group states according to trial epoch, whereas those in the medial OFC (mOFC) organize the same states by trial type. These results suggest that the lOFC and mOFC construct cognitive maps that emphasize different features of the behavioral landscape, with lOFC tracking events based on local similarities, irrespective of their values and mOFC tracking more distal or higher order relationships relevant to value. (PsycINFO Database Record

This paper discusses work to develop Na2O-B2O3-SiO2 glass binders for immobilizing LiCl-KCl eutectic salt waste in a glass-bonded sodalite waste form following electrochemical reprocessing of used metallic nuclear fuel. Here, five new glasses with ∼20 mass% Na2O were designed to generate waste forms with high sodalite. The glasses were then used to produce ceramic waste forms with a surrogate salt waste. The waste forms made using these new glasses were formulated to generate more sodalite than those made with previous baseline glasses for this type of waste. The coefficients of thermal expansion for the glass phase in the glass-bonded sodalite waste forms made with the new binder glasses were closer to the sodalite phase in the critical temperature region near and below the glass transition temperature than previous binder glasses used. These improvements should result in lower probability of cracking in the full-scale monolithic ceramic waste form, leading to better long-term chemical durability.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been broadly implicated in the ability to use the current value of expected outcomes to guide behavior. Although value correlates have been prominently reported in lateral OFC, they are more often associated with more medial areas. Further, recent studies in primates have suggested a dissociation in which the lateral OFC is involved in credit assignment and representation of reward identity and more medial areas are critical to representing value. Previously, we used unblocking to test more specifically what information about outcomes is represented by OFC neurons in rats; consistent with the proposed dichotomy between the lateral and medial OFC, we found relatively little linear value coding in the lateral OFC (Lopatina et al., 2015). Here we have repeated this experiment, recording in the medial OFC, to test whether such value signals might be found there. Neurons were recorded in an unblocking task as rats learned about cues that signaled either more, less, or the same amount of reward. We found that medial OFC neurons acquired responses to these cues; however, these responses did not signal different reward values across cues. Surprisingly, we found that cells developed responses to cues predicting a change, particularly a decrease, in reward value. This is consistent with a special role for medial OFC in representing current value to support devaluation/revaluation sensitive changes in behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study uniquely examines encoding in rodent mOFC at the single-unit level in response to cues that predict more, less, or no change in reward in rats during training in a Pavlovian unblocking task, finding more cells responding to change-predictive cues and stronger activity in response to cues predictive of less reward.

The article Structure and Raman spectra of binary barium phosphate glasses.

This study demonstrates the conversion of a simulated salt waste from electrochemical fuel reprocessing into a chemically durable iron phosphate glass waste form through reaction of the salt with ammonium hydrogen phosphate precursors [i.e., NH4H2PO4 and (NH4)2HPO4] and adding Fe2O3. The reaction of the salt simulant ERV2 with the phosphate precursors resulted in dehalogenation of the salt through the production of gaseous NH4Cl and water vapor (plus other minor byproducts) with the residual salt cations incorporating into the iron phosphate glass as oxides. Physical properties and chemical durabilities were measured for iron phosphate glasses made using different salt/phosphate/Fe2O3 ratios. These iron phosphate glasses accommodate high salt cation loadings and have high bulk densities (∼3 × 103 kg/m3), which would provide a high storage volume waste form option (i.e., the volume required to immobilize a given mass of waste). A proof-of-concept demonstration was conducted to show that the NH4Cl off-gas generated during this process reacts with uranium dendrites to directly produce UCl3 that can be recycled as a feedstock for electrochemical processing.

Background The success of agents that reverse T-cell inhibitory signals, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies, has reinvigorated cancer immunotherapy research. However, since only a minority of patients respond to single-agent therapies, methods to test the potential anti-tumor activity of rational combination therapies are still needed. Conventional murine xenograft models have been hampered by their immune-compromised status; thus, we developed a hematopoietic humanized mouse model, hu-CB-BRGS, and used it to study anti-tumor human immune responses to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line and patient-derived colorectal cancer (CRC) xenografts (PDX). Methods BALB/c-Rag2nullIl2rγnullSIRPαNOD (BRGS) pups were humanized through transplantation of cord blood (CB)-derived CD34+ cells. Mice were evaluated for human chimerism in the blood and assigned into experimental untreated or nivolumab groups based on chimerism. TNBC cell lines or tumor tissue from established CRC PDX models were implanted into both flanks of humanized mice and treatments ensued once tumors reached a volume of ~150mm3. Tumors were measured twice weekly. At end of study, immune organs and tumors were collected for immunological assessment. Results Humanized PDX models were successfully established with a high frequency of tumor engraftment. Humanized mice treated with anti-PD-1 exhibited increased anti-tumor human T-cell responses coupled with decreased Treg and myeloid populations that correlated with tumor growth inhibition. Combination therapies with anti-PD-1 treatment in TNBC-bearing mice reduced tumor growth in multi-drug cohorts. Finally, as observed in human colorectal patients, anti-PD-1 therapy had a strong response to a microsatellite-high CRC PDX that correlated with a higher number of human CD8+ IFNγ+ T cells in the tumor. Conclusion Hu-CB-BRGS mice represent an in vivo model to study immune checkpoint blockade to human tumors. The human immune system in the mice is inherently suppressed, similar to a tumor microenvironment, and thus allows growth of human tumors. However, the suppression can be released by anti-PD-1 therapies and inhibit tumor growth of some tumors. The model offers ample access to lymph and tumor cells for in-depth immunological analysis. The tumor growth inhibition correlates with increased CD8 IFNγ+ tumor infiltrating T cells. These hu-CB-BRGS mice provide a relevant preclinical animal model to facilitate prioritization of hypothesis-driven combination immunotherapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0518-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In this paper, aluminosilicate aerogels were used as scaffolds for silver nanoparticles to capture I2(g). The starting materials for these scaffolds included Na–Al–Si−O and Al–Si–O aerogels, both synthesized from metal alkoxides. The Ag0 particles were added by soaking the aerogels in aqueous AgNO3 solutions followed by drying and Ag+ reduction under H2/Ar to form Ag0 crystallites within the aerogel matrix. In some cases, aerogels were thiolated with 3-(mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane as an alternative method for binding Ag+. During the Ag+-impregnation steps, for the Na–Al–Si−O aerogels, Na was replaced with Ag, and for the Al–Si–O aerogels, Si was replaced with Ag. The Ag-loading of thiolated versus nonthiolated Na–Al–Si–O aerogels was comparable at ∼35 atomic %, whereas the Ag-loading in unthiolated Al–Si–O aerogels was significantly lower at ∼7 atomic % after identical treatment. Iodine loadings in both thiolated and unthiolated Ag0-functionalized Na–Al–Si–O aerogels were >0.5 mI ms–1 (denoting the ma...

Hematopoietic humanized mice (hu-mice) have been developed to study the human immune system in an experimental in vivo model, and experiments to improve its performance are ongoing. Previous studies have suggested that the impaired maturation of human B cells observed in hu-mice might be in part due to inefficient interaction of the human B-cell-activating factor (hBAFF) receptor with mouse B-cell-activating factor (mBAFF), as this cytokine is an important homeostatic and differentiation factor for B lymphocytes both in mice and humans. To investigate this hypothesis, we created a genetically engineered mouse strain in which a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding full-length hBAFF replaces the mBAFF-encoding gene. Expression of hBAFF in the endogenous mouse locus did not lead to higher numbers of mature and effector human B cells in hu-mice. Instead, B cells from hBAFF knock-in (hBAFFKI) hu-mice were in proportion more immature than those of hu-mice expressing mBAFF. Memory B cells, plasmablasts, and plasma cells were also significantly reduced, a phenotype that associated with diminished levels of immunoglobulin G and T-cell-independent antibody responses. Although the reasons for these findings are still unclear, our data suggest that the inefficient B-cell maturation in hu-mice is not due to suboptimal bioactivity of mBAFF on human B cells.

The two fundamental limitations of the present computing paradigm are power dissipation from transistor switching and the architectural von Neumann bottleneck that segregates processing from memory. We examine a cellular architecture which radically intermixes memory and processing, and which is based on a transistor-less approach to representing binary information using the arrangement of charge within the molecule. Representing bits by molecular configuration, rather than a current switch, yields the limits of functional density and low power dissipation. Matching a new computational element to a new architectural framework could enable general purpose computing to evolve along a new roadmap.

Objective: To review literature regarding direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and determine their viability of administration in solution or via enteral tubes. Data Sources: MEDLINE literature searches identified articles published 2007-present using MeSH terms: factor Xa inhibitors, antithrombins, biological availability, and enteral nutrition. Package inserts were included. Manufacturers were asked to provide literature. Study Selection and Data Extraction: We included studies emphasizing bioavailability or enteral administration. Data Synthesis: Dabigatran and edoxaban package inserts recommend against altering the dosage form, and against enteral administration. One rivaroxaban study was identified. Given with food, enteral administration was comparable to the oral tablet. The mean AUC (0.889, 90% CI 86.12-91.84%) was within the equivalency margins; however Cmax (0.820, 90% CI 78.84-85.86%) was slightly below the 80% threshold. One apixaban study was identified. They showed bioequivalence between oral and enteral administration in different vehicles, but decreased bioavailability when crushed tablets were given along with nutritional support. AUC and Cmax were 32% and 19% lower, respectively, when apixaban solution was given via nasogastric (NG) tube with nutritional supplement versus oral administration of solution. Conclusions: Dabigatran capsules should not be altered, due to large variations in drug exposure. Rivaroxaban can be given as oral solution or via NG tube. Larger doses must be given with nutritional supplementation and enteral tubes must not be distal to the stomach. Apixaban can be given as oral solution or via nasogastric or gastric tube on an empty stomach. Food impairs bioavailability of the crushed tablets. There are insufficient data to recommend enteral administration of edoxaban and the package insert recommends against altering tablets.

The expectations of clients or upper management for a project play as important a role as actual performance and results in the equation of project management success. The failure or success of projects is a direct consequence of matching clients' and managers' expectations against the results. Well before designs, schedules and result-oriented activities, expectations are being formed. Pre-project activities should shape the expectations so that realistic probabilities of success are ensured. From inception to justification, tactics for managing expectations should vary with the phases of the nascent project. Positioning, networking, and commitment participation are useful activities in the pre-project phase. Studying needs and developing solutions can precede a formal project, and influence the probability of success.

Computer-aided tomography is commonly used for biomedical imaging in medicine and research. Most systems utilize some form of energized probe to either visualize tissues and/or localize a labeled compound. Common to all forms of tomographic imaging is the acquisition of cross-sectional images in a 360° rotation. Computer-interfaced software is used to reconstruct two-dimensional images into a three-dimensional representation. This allows selected two-dimensional images to be analyzed in any axis. In computed tomography (CT), also called computer-aided tomography or computerized axial tomography, X-rays produced by a cathode ray tube provide an external source of radiation that passes through the subject and are collected by a detector array. Density variations of different organs, tissues, and structures allow different amounts of radiation to penetrate and reach the detector to create an anatomical image.