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Background and aimsAnalysed using classical frequentist hypothesis testing with alpha set to 0.05, the Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study (EAGLES) did not find enough evidence to reject the hypothesis of no difference in neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPSAEs) attributable to varenicline, bupropion, or nicotine patch compared with placebo. This might be because the null hypothesis was true or because the data were insensitive. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis more directly using Bayes factors.DesignEAGLES was a randomised, double-blind, triple-dummy, controlled trial.SettingGlobal (16 countries across five continents), between November 2011 and January 2015.ParticipantsParticipants were smokers with (n = 4116) and without (n = 4028) psychiatric disorders.InterventionsVarenicline (1 mg twice daily), bupropion (150 mg twice daily), nicotine patch (21 mg once daily with taper) and matched placebos.MeasurementsThe outcomes included: (i) a composite measure of moderate/severe NPSAEs; and (ii) a composite measure of severe NPSAEs. The relative evidence for there being no difference in NPSAEs versus data insensitivity for the medications was calculated in the full and sub-samples using Bayes factors and corresponding robustness regions.FindingsFor all but two comparisons, Bayes factors were

In this article, we argue that picturebooks about food production, consumption, and distribution can provide rich opportunities for early childhood educators to facilitate critical conversations about culture, power, social action, and justice with their students.

In this article, we offer a framework for scholars and educators to investigate issues of power and the right to storytelling in diverse, international books for children. Specifically, we examine the peritext of picturebooks set in Africa to determine how various cultural relationships are invoked in the text. We suggest that there are three broad categories of relationships the creators of these picturebooks draw on to claim authenticity regarding the cultures about which they are writing: (a) spatial relationships, (b) affiliative relationships, and (c) personal relationships. Ultimately, we argue that this framework has the potential to engage scholars, educators, and students in dialogue about the power dynamics involved in the production and consumption of diverse texts.

Introduction This study aimed to (1) provide up-to-date estimates of how changes in the prevalence of e-cigarette use have been associated with changes in smoking cessation activities and use of licensed treatments among smokers in England and (2) explore any changes in these associations over time. Methods Data were aggregated quarterly on 67 548 past-year smokers between Q1-2007 and Q4-2022. Explanatory variables were the prevalence of (1) current e-cigarette use among smokers and (2) e-cigarette use during a quit attempt. Outcomes were rates of quit attempts and overall quits among past-year smokers, and the quit success rate and use of licensed treatments among those who made a quit attempt. Results The success rate of quit attempts increased by 0.040% (95% CI 0.019; 0.062) for every 1% increase in the prevalence of e-cigarette use during a quit attempt. No clear evidence was found for an association between current e-cigarette use and the quit attempt rate (B adj = 0.008 [95% CI −0.045; 0.061]) or overall quit rate (B adj = 0.063 [−0.031; 0.158]); or between use of e-cigarettes during a quit attempt and the overall quit rate (B adj = 0.030 [−0.054; 0.114]), use of prescription medication (varenicline/bupropion/nicotine replacement therapy [NRT]: B adj = −0.036 [−0.175; 0.102]), or use of over-the-counter NRT (B adj = −0.052 [−0.120; 0.015]). There was no clear evidence this pattern of associations has changed substantially over time. Conclusions Changes in the prevalence of e-cigarette use in England through 2022 have been positively associated with the success rate of quit attempts but not clearly associated with the quit attempt rate, overall quit rate, or use of licensed smoking cessation treatments. Implications If the association between the increase in e-cigarette use and the quit success rate is causal, then the use of e-cigarettes in quit attempts has helped in the region of 30 000 to 50 000 additional smokers in England to successfully quit each year since they became popular in 2013, over and above the number who were quitting before the advent of e-cigarettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The last 3 years have seen substantial changes in Great Britain (GB) including the COVID‐19 pandemic, cost‐of‐living crisis and policy changes such as minimum unit pricing. We examined changes in purchasing cross‐border, illicit and home‐brewed alcohol among risky drinkers over this period. Methods: Data were used from 22,086 adult (≥18 years) increasing/higher‐risk drinkers (AUDIT‐C ≥5) participating in a monthly cross‐sectional survey between October 2020 and August 2023. We estimated time trends in the proportion reporting obtaining alcohol from: (i) cross‐border (any/within‐GB/international); (ii) illicit; and (iii) home‐brewed sources in the past 6 months. Results: Between October 2020 and August 2023, the proportion reporting cross‐border alcohol purchases increased (from 8.5% to 12.5% overall; prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.47 [95% CI 1.17–1.86]). This was largely driven by an increase in cross‐border purchases abroad (PR = 1.52 [1.13–2.05]), with a smaller, uncertain increase in cross‐border purchases within GB (PR = 1.37 [0.96–1.95]). The prevalence of cross‐border alcohol purchasing was higher in Wales (13.8% [12.3–15.4%]) and Scotland (6.1% [5.4–6.8%]) than England (3.6% [3.3–3.9%]). There was little change in illicit alcohol purchasing in England or Wales (4.1% [3.7–4.4%]; 4.2% [3.2–5.1%]), but in Scotland it fell from 5.7% to 2.4% (PR = 0.42 [0.19–0.81]). Home‐brewed alcohol was rare (GB: 3.1% [2.9–3.4]) and stable. Discussion and Conclusions: The proportion of increasing/higher‐risk drinkers in GB purchasing cross‐border alcohol increased between October 2020 and August 2023, due to an increase in people buying alcohol abroad. Cross‐border alcohol purchases within GB were more commonly reported in Wales and Scotland. The small proportion purchasing illicit alcohol did not change substantially in England or Wales, but fell by half in Scotland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poorer health and well‐being are associated with diabetes risk. However, little is known about the trajectory of health and well‐being from before to after diabetes diagnosis. We compared depressive symptoms, quality of life, self‐rated health, and loneliness at three time points (prediagnosis, diagnosis, 2–4 years post diagnosis) in individuals who developed diabetes and a comparison group. Methods: Health and well‐being measures were self‐reported by 3474 participants from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Repeated measures analysis of variance and generalized estimating equations were used to investigate differences by group, time, and group‐by‐time interactions. Results: A total of 473 (13.6%) participants developed diabetes. The diabetes group reported greater depressive symptoms (W2(1) = 20.67, p <.001) and lower quality of life (F = 1, 2535 = 10.30, p =.001) and were more likely to rate their health as fair/poor (W2(1) = 67.11, p <.001) across time points, adjusting for age, sex, and wealth. They also reported greater loneliness (F = 1, 2693 = 9.70, p =.002) in unadjusted analyses. However, this was attenuated to the null in adjusted analyses. The group‐by‐time interaction was significant for quality of life (F = 1.97, 5003.58 = 5.60, p =.004) and self‐rated health (W2(2) = 11.69, p =.003), with a greater decline in these measures over time in the diabetes group in adjusted analyses. Conclusion: People who received a diabetes diagnosis had greater depressive symptoms, lower quality of life, and poorer self‐rated health than those who did not develop diabetes. Quality of life and self‐rated health deteriorated more rapidly following a diagnosis. Screening for these factors around the time of diagnosis could allow for interventions to improve the health and well‐being of those with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims Design Setting Participants Measurements Findings Conclusions In March 2024, the UK government announced plans to introduce a Vaping Products Duty that will tax e‐liquids based on their nicotine strength. This study examined trends in the nicotine strength of e‐liquids used by adult vapers and differences in those currently used across relevant subgroups.Nationally‐representative, cross‐sectional household survey, July 2016 to January 2024.Great Britain.7981 adult vapers.Participants were asked whether the e‐cigarette they mainly use contains nicotine (yes/no) and the e‐liquid strength (no nicotine, >0–≤ 6, 7–11, 12–19 or ≥20 mg/ml). We also collected information on the main device type used (disposable/refillable/pod), age, gender, occupational social grade, history of ≥1 mental health conditions, smoking status and (among past‐year smokers) level of cigarette addiction.The proportion of vapers in England using high‐strength (≥20 mg/ml) e‐liquids increased from an average of 3.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.9–5.0) up to June 2021 to 32.5% (CI = 27.9–37.4) in January 2024 (the vast majority of whom [93.3% in January 2024] reported using exactly 20 mg/ml; the legal limit). This rise was most pronounced among those using disposable e‐cigarettes, those aged 18‐24 years and all smoking statuses (including never smokers) except long‐term (≥1y) ex‐smokers. Of those surveyed in 2022–2024 in Great Britain, overall, 89.5% (CI = 88.1–90.8) said they usually used e‐cigarettes containing nicotine, 8.7% (CI = 7.5–10.0) used nicotine‐free e‐cigarettes, and 1.8% (CI = 1.2–2.4) were unsure. The proportion using ≥20 mg/ml was higher among those mainly using disposable (47.9%) compared with pod (16.3%) or refillable (11.5%) devices; never smokers (36.0%), current smokers (28.8%) or recent (<1y) ex‐smokers (27.4%), compared with long‐term ex‐smokers (13.9%); and younger (16–24y; 44.2%) compared with older (≥25y; range 9.4–25.1%) age groups. There were no notable differences across other subgroups of interest.Use of high‐strength nicotine e‐liquids in England appears to have increased sharply in recent years. Most adult vapers in Great Britain appear to use e‐cigarettes that contain nicotine but different subgroups use different strengths: nicotine strengths tend to be higher among those who mainly use disposable devices and those aged 16–24y, and lower among long‐term ex‐smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term engagement is widely used in teacher education and professional development. There is, however, a lack of consensus about the meaning of this term: it is defined in numerous ways with various theoretical underpinnings. This article employs a postqualitative approach to explore conceptualizations of engagement and their implications for teaching and learning. Specifically, we examine written teaching reflections from one cohort of preservice teachers, asking: 1) How did preservice teachers use the word "engage(ment)" in their planning for and analysis of one-on-one literacy instructional events? and 2) What conceptualizations of engagement did these usages reflect? Through the analytic approach of thinking with theory, we plug these data into four theoretical perspectives that are relevant to preservice teachers' talk about engagement: 1) First Generation Activity Theory, 2) Reader Response Theory, 3) Self-Determination Theory, and 4) Inter-Comprehension Theory. We explore how each perspective illuminated our data, as well as questions that emerged. We conclude by (re)imagining engagement through a languaging relations perspective, arguing that this lens shifts toward a more humanizing conceptualization of engagement by centering the ongoing (re)making of relationships as people teach and learn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]