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Patterns of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lambert) pollen cone production are of interest because they may help explain jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman) outbreak patterns. We used generalized linear mixed models to analyze pollen cone production in 180 permanent plots in Ontario, Canada between 1992 and 2008. Pollen cone production increased with stand age, and large trees in sparsely-populated stands produced more pollen cones. Defoliation decreased the propensity of trees to produce pollen cones for at least two years. We also identified important patterns that are not explained by defoliation and stand characteristics. Pollen cone production is spatially synchronized among years, trees in central Ontario produced more pollen cones than trees in northwestern Ontario, and background cone production increased over time in the central region but not in more northwestern plots. Synchronized reproduction is common among tree species, but has not previously been noted for jack pine pollen cones. Increasing cone production in central Ontario may be evidence of changing forest and (or) climatic conditions and deserves further investigation. Our model can be used to quantitatively predict pollen cone production and assess the risk of jack pine budworm defoliation. Key words: Choristoneura pinus pinus, Pinus banksiana, population dynamics, spatial synchrony, insect plant interactions. Resume: Les profils de production de cones males chez le pin gris (Pinus banksiana Lambert) presentent un interet parce qu'ils pourraient contribuer a expliquer le comportement des epidemies de tordeuse du pin gris (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman). Nous avons utilise des modeles lineaires mixtes generalises pour analyser la production de cones males dans 180 placettes permanentes en Ontario, au Canada, entre 1992 et 2008. La production de cones males augmentait avec l'age du peuplement et les gros arbres dans les peuplements clairsemes produisaient plus de cones males. La defoliation reduisait la propension des arbres a produire des cones males pendant au moins deux ans. Nous avons aussi identifie des profils importants qui ne sont pas expliques par la defoliation ni par les caracteristiques du peuplement. La production de cones males est spatialement synchronisee d'une annee a l'autre: les arbres produisaient plus de cones males dans le centre que dans le nord-ouest de l'Ontario, et la production historique de cones males a augmente avec le temps dans la region centrale mais pas dans les placettes les plus eloignees vers le nord-ouest. La reproduction synchrone est courante parmi les especes d'arbre mais n'avait pas jusqu'ici ete observee chez les cones males du pin gris. La production accrue de cones males dans le centre de l'Ontario pourrait etre un indice que les conditions climatiques et la foret changent et merite d'etre davantage etudiee. Notre modele peut etre utilise pour predire de facon qualitative la production de cones males et evaluer le risque de defoliation par la tordeuse du pin gris. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: Choristoneura pinus, Pinus banksiana, dynamique des populations, synchronisme spatial, interactions entre les plantes et les insects., Introduction Many animal populations undergo large, spatially synchronized changes in abundance over time, and determining the causes of these patterns is a central topic in population ecology (Bjornstad and Grenfell [...]

* Premise of the study: The genetic structure of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), a North American boreal conifer with large longitudinal distribution, was investigated to test for the possible existence of a genetically distinct lineage in the Maritimes region in northeastern North America, which could be indicative of a mid-latitude coastal refuge during the last glaciation. * Methods: One maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) minisatellite marker and four paternally inherited chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) microsatellite markers were used to assess the range-wide geographical structure of jack pine populations with particular focus on northeastern North America. * Key results: The populations from the Maritimes region presented a unique mtDNA background characterized by very low diversity and the preponderance of a distinctive mitotype. The distribution of cpDNA diversity was not spatially structured, though three chlorotypes were restricted to the east. * Conclusions: MtDNA data suggest that populations from the Maritimes region derive from a genetically depauperated northcoastal refugium. Contrastingly, the much higher geographical uniformity observed for cpDNA variation indicates that gene flow by pollen had been much more effective than seed gene flow at homogenizing population structure. Key words: chloroplast DNA; glacial refugia; jack pine; Maritime Provinces; mitochondrial DNA; phylogeography; Pinaceae; Pinus banksiana. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1000148