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Worldwide, the Atlantic forest domain is considered one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots. In the Northeast region of Brazil, only 2% of its original territory is covered by forests, and part of these forested areas are found in the form of enclaves (“Northeastern brejos”) surrounded by the Thorny woodland. This study aimed to identify the phytogeographic patterns of the species of Leguminosae present in an area of Atlantic forest domain in Northeast Brazil and relate these patterns to abiotic and/or biotic factors to explain the current distribution. For this goal, a floristic inventory was carried out with assessments of dispersal syndromes for each species and construction of maps with distribution patterns. For Baturité Mountain, 60 genera and 128 species of Leguminosae were found. Twelve distribution patterns were identified, ranging from restricted to the Northeast region of Brazil to extracontinental. Long-distance dispersion events were the best explanation for the extracontinental distribution pattern, whereas vicariance can explain distribution restricted to the American continent. Resumo O domínio da Floresta atlântica é considerado um dos 34 hotspots de biodiversidade. Na região Nordeste do Brasil, apenas 2% da área original está coberta por florestas, e parte dessas áreas florestais são encontradas na forma de enclaves (“Brejos nordestinos”) em meio à Caatinga. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os padrões fitogeográficos das espécies de Leguminosae presentes em uma área de Floresta Atlântica no Nordeste do Brasil e relacionar os padrões fitogeográficos a fatores abióticos e/ou bióticos para explicar a distribuição atual das espécies. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento das espécies de Leguminosae da área, com suas síndromes de dispersão e confecção de mapas com padrões de distribuição. Na área de estudo foram encontrados 60 gêneros e 128 espécies de Leguminosae. Foram identificados 12 padrões de distribuição, variando de restrito ao Nordeste do Brasil à padrões extracontinentais. Eventos de dispersão a longa distância foram a melhor explicação para o padrão de distribuição extracontinental, enquanto vicariância pode explicar a distribuição restrita ao continente americano.

The South American corridor of seasonally dry vegetation (SACSV) includes different types of physiognomies forming a continuous corridor with high biodiversity and endemism; however, little attention has been paid to the conservation of the SACSV. As this is an area with great diversity, cataloguing all the species is challenging. Thus, we suggest the use of Leguminosae species (trees and shrubs) as bioindicators of the different types of vegetation present in the area and to identify priority areas for conservation of the SACSV, since the family is highly represented in this vegetation. The study area was divided into 358 grid cells with recorded specimens. For each grid cell, species richness, taxonomic diversity, number of species restricted to one type of vegetation, and threatened and indicator species of phytogeographic domain were calculated. To determine the phytogeographic domains and indicator species, analysis of similarity, cluster and indicator species (ISA) were performed. The results show that 43% of the grid cells (154) have high biological importance for conservation (high taxonomic diversity, species richness and number of restricted species), all of which lie outside of protected areas. We identified 72 indicator species for seven floristic units, which, in general, include areas of the same phytogeographic domain, supporting the existing classification systems. We suggest that for effective conservation of biodiversity present in the SACSV, it is necessary to establish protected areas throughout the SACSV.

Assemblages in an area of caatinga in Paraíba State, Brazil). The caatinga sensu stricto is a typical vegetation type of the Brazilian semiarid region and is adapted to strong seasonality in rainfall and high temperatures. It has a high species richness and a high level of beta diversity. The objective of this study was to document the flora and structure of woody and herbaceous plant assemblages of a site with caatinga vegetation. We sampled one hectare in the Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Fazenda Almas (Paraíba State, Brazil). Our study recorded 114 species (34 woody/80 herbaceous), which is similar to other studies conducted in this vegetation type. The woody component presented density of 4822 ind.ha-1 and a basal area of 38,851 m2.ha-1. For the herbaceous plants, we recorded variation in density, percentage of soil cover, and species richness between the dry and rainy seasons. Despite the high biodiversity, the caatinga still undergoes extensive environmental degradation processes. The present study documented the structure of a conserved tract of caatinga that can be a reference for future restoration projects. Fitossociologia dos componentes lenhoso e herbáceo em uma área de caatinga no Cariri Paraibano, PB, Brasil). Caatinga sensu stricto é a vegetação típica do semiárido brasileiro, adaptada à forte sazonalidade das chuvas e às altas temperaturas. Possui alta riqueza de espécies e alto nível de diversidade beta. O objetivo do estudo foi documentar a flora e fitossociologia das plantas lenhosas e herbáceas de uma área de caatinga. Para isso, amostramos um hectare na Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Fazenda Almas (Estado da Paraíba). A área apresentou diversidade florística de 114 espécies (34 lenhosas/80 herbáceas), semelhante a outros estudos realizados nessa vegetação. O componente lenhoso apresentou densidade absoluta de 4822 ind.ha-1 e área basal de 38,851 m2.ha-1. Para plantas herbáceas foi registrada uma variação na densidade, percentual de cobertura do solo e riqueza de espécies entre as estações seca e chuvosa. Apesar da alta biodiversidade, a caatinga continua passando por extensos processos de degradação ambiental. O presente trabalho documentou a estrutura de um trecho conservado de caatinga que pode ser uma referência para futuros projetos de restauração.

Understanding the factors that affect plant species distribution and coexistence in areas with high plant species diversity is a challenge for ecologists. According to some authors, species occupy specific niches, but for others, species coexistence and geographical distribution patterns are random. Floristic composition of the family Leguminosae was studied on moist and dry slopes of the Baturite mountains in semi-arid northeastern Brazil and was compared with findings for other plant formations elsewhere in Brazil. Substantial floristic differences were found between the moist windward and dry leeward slopes of the Baturite mountains despite their close geographical proximity. The leeward slope was slightly more diverse than the windward slope. Similarity analyses showed that the windward face is floristically allied to the Amazon forest, whereas the leeward slope is similar to other dry-area formations of northeastern Brazil, such as thorny woodland (caatinga) and seasonal forests. The strong floristic differences that were observed between the windward and leeward slopes corroborate the theory of ecological niche conservatism, which holds that species occurrence is closely linked to environmental factors, such as temperature and precipitation.

To test whether the flora is organized in discrete or continuous units along a topographic gradient, three physiognomies were assessed on different soil classes in a semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil: caatinga (xeric shrubland) at altitudes from 300 to 500 m, deciduous forest at altitudes from 500 to 700 m and carrasco (deciduous shrubland) at 700 m. In each physiognomy a species inventory was carried out, and plants were classified according to life- and growth-forms. Species richness was higher in the deciduous forest (250) than in the carrasco (136) and caatinga (137). The caatinga shared only a few species with the carrasco (6 species) and the deciduous forest (18 species). The highest species overlap was between the deciduous forest and the carrasco (62 species). One hundred and four species occurred only in the caatinga, 161 only in the deciduous forest and 59 only in the carrasco. Woody species predominated in physiognomies on sedimentary soils with latosol and arenosol: 124 species occurred in the deciduous forest and 68 in the carrasco. In the caatinga on crystalline basement relief with predominance of planosol, herbs showed the highest species richness (69). Comparing the biological spectrum of Brazilian plant life-forms, the caatinga stood out with higher proportion of therophytes and chamaephytes. Considering the flora of the three phytophysiognomies studied here, we can affirm that the caatinga is a discrete floristic unit. Resumo Para verificar se a composição florística constitui unidades discretas ou contínuas ao longo de um gradiente topográfico foram analisadas três fitofisionomias (caatinga sobre altitudes de 300 a 500 m, floresta decídua sobre altitudes de 500 a 700 m e carrasco sobre atitudes de 700 m) sobre classes de solos distintas no semiárido setentrional do Nordeste do Brasil. Em cada fisionomia foi realizado o levantamento das espécies, as quais foram classificadas em formas de vida e de crescimento. A riqueza de espécies foi maior na floresta decídua (250) do que no carrasco (136) e na caatinga (137). A caatinga apresentou poucas espécies em comum com as fitofisionomias de carrasco ou de floresta decídua (6 e 18 espécies). A maior sobreposição de espécies ocorreu entre a floresta decídua e o carrasco, 62 espécies. Foram exclusivas da caatinga, floresta decídua e do carrasco, 104, 161 e 59 espécies, respectivamente. Quanto às formas de crescimento, nas fisionomias sobre relevo sedimentar com Latossolo e Arenosolo predominaram espécies lenhosas: 124 na floresta decídua e 68 no carrasco. Na caatinga sobre relevo do embasamento cristalino com predominância de Planossolo, a maior riqueza de espécies (69) foi de ervas. Na análise comparativa do espectro biológico com outras formações brasileiras, o de caatinga se destacou dos demais, constituindo uma unidade individualizada pela maior proporção de terófitos e caméfitos. Em relação à flora das três fisionomias, objeto deste estudo, pode-se afirmar que a da caatinga representa uma unidade discreta.

Many studies are based on the premise that, on a local scale, diversity is the result of ecological processes, whereas on a regional scale factors such as the topography, geology, hydrology, and historical and evolutionary events would influence this control. The Baturite Mountain Range (Cear ´ a state), located in the Brazilian semi-arid zone, is ´ considered an area of extreme importance for conservation with its vegetation varying with the altitude and slope (windward vs. leeward). On the windward (wet) slope, rainforest dominates, whereas the leeward (dry) slope is dominated by seasonal forests and thorny woodland. The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of the patterns of richness and diversity of the family Leguminosae on a local scale (Baturite Mountain Range) as ´ well as a regional scale (northeastern Brazil). The two slopes present quite distinct floras. The dry slope presents higher richness and diversity indices for Leguminosae than the wet slope. The highest diversity of Leguminosae in the dry areas did not corroborate the ideas of other studies carried out in neotropical forests (total flora) that the higher species richness was predicted for wet areas. The present study indicates that the historical and evolutionary processes influence the diversity patterns on a local scale (Baturite Mountain Range), as well as on a regional ´ scale (Brazilian semi-arid). Our results reinforce the uniqueness of each portion of this area and its importance for conservation

The Brazilian semiarid region is dominated by caatinga. However, other vegetation formations occur, including deciduous and semi-deciduous forests. This study describes physiognomy and structure of a forest on the sedimentary Ibiapaba plateau. All plants within one hectare were separated into three components: woody plants with perimeter at soil level (PSL) ≥ 9 cm (WCLP), woody plants with PSL ≥ 3 and ≤ 8.9 cm (WCSP), and herb/subwoody plants (HSwC). WCLP included 88 species (33 families), WCSP 50 species (23 families) and HSwC only 7 species (5 families). Total density, basal area, and maximum and average height of WCLP were 5683 plants/ha, 47 m2/ha, 18 and 5 m respectively. Total density and basal area of WCSP were 17500 plants/ha and 2.8 m2/ha, respectively. Density of HSwC was 9 plants/m2 and only 31% of the sampled area was occupied by this component. Resumo O semi-árido brasileiro é dominado pela caatinga. Entretanto, outras formações vegetacionais são encontradas, por exemplo, as florestas decíduas e semidecíduas. Este estudo descreve a fisionomia e a estrutura de uma floresta estacional no planalto sedimentar da Ibiapaba, Ceará. Foi selecionada uma parcela de um hectare e as plantas separadas em três componentes: plantas lenhosas com perímetro ao nível do solo ≥ 9 cm (CLS), plantas lenhosas com perímetro ≥ 3 e ≤ 8.9 cm (CLI), e herbáceas/sublenhosas com perímetro < 3 cm (HSL). No CLS foram encontradas 88 espécies (33 famílias), no CLI 50 espécies (23 famílias) e no HSL sete espécies (cinco famílias). No CLS, densidade total, área basal e altura máxima e média foram 5683 plantas/ha, 47 m2/ha, 18 e 5 m, respectivamente. No CLI, densidade e área basal foram 17500 plantas/ha e 2,8 m2/ha. Em HSL, a densidade foi 9 plantas/m2 e apenas 31% da área amostrada foi coberta por esse componente.

– (Flora of seasonal deciduous montane forest at Serra das Almas, Ceará State, Brazil). In the Brazilian semi-arid region, the flora in the sedimentary basins has been poorly studied, but the few surveys already done indicate great floristic and physiognomic heterogeneity. Even neighboring sites may be floristically different. To test this hypothesis, the floristic composition and the biological spectrum of the seasonal deciduous forest at Serra das Almas, Ceará, was analyzed and compared to those of 14 other northeastern Brazil sedimentary areas. A total of 104 species belonging to 40 families were found at the 1 ha site. Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Erythroxylaceae and Myrtaceae were the families with the most species and phanerophytes the main life form, comprising 87% of the species. About 72% of the species were trees and shrubs, 15% were lianas, 6% understory shrubs and 7% herbs. A cluster analysis of the woody flora of the 14 areas, using the Jaccard index and a posteriori group averages, indicated the formation of groups as a function of geographical proximity of the areas. However, this effect was not significant, according to the Mantel test, demonstrating floristic heterogeneity even in neighboring areas. The flora of the forest at Serra das Almas was most similar to that of the vegetation found atop the Ibiapaba plateau. (Composição florística da floresta estacional decídua montana de Serra das Almas, CE, Brasil). No domínio semi-árido brasileiro, a flora das bacias sedimentares ainda é pouco conhecida, mas os levantamentos já existentes indicam que há grande heterogeneidade florística e fisionômica. Mesmo áreas geográficas próximas podem apresentar dissimilaridade florística. Visando testar esta hipótese, a composição florística e o espectro biológico da floresta estacional decídua de Serra das Almas, estado do Ceará, foram analisados e comparados com os de 14 áreas sedimentares no Nordeste. Foram encontradas 104 espécies e 39 famílias em 1 ha analisado. Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Erythroxylaceae e Myrtaceae foram as famílias com maior riqueza e fanerófitos a forma de vida predominante (87%). Arbóreas e arbustivas representaram 72% das espécies, trepadeiras 15%, subarbustos 6% e herbáceas 7%. A análise de agrupamento da composição dos fanerófitos, usando o índice de Jaccard e as médias de grupo a posteriori, indicou a formação de grupos florísticos entre áreas geográficas mais próximas. Porém, não foi significativo pelo teste de Mantel, o que demonstra a ocorrência de alta heterogeneidade florística mesmo entre áreas geográficas próximas. A flora da floresta da Serra das Almas apresentou maior semelhança com as formações encontradas no planalto da Ibiapaba

RESUMO Este trabalho consiste do levantamento dos táxons de Swartzia ocorrentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os táxons encontrados no Rio de Janeiro são: Swartzia apetala var. apetala, S. apetala var. glabra, S. glazioviana, S. langsdorffii, S. myrtifolia var. elegans, S. oblata, S. pilulifera, S. simplex var. continentalis, S. simplex var. grandiflora e S. submarginata var. submarginata. São apresentadas chave de identificação, descrições, ilustrações, mapas de distribuição geográfica e ainda informações sobre os ambientes preferenciais para cada um dos 10 táxons encontrados no estado.

A checklist for woody Leguminosae in the South American Corridor of Dry Vegetation was based on published data (286 floristic lists) and collections from nine herbaria. A total of 781 species (117 genera and 16 tribes) were found. The Chaco showed highest species richness, despite having the lowest taxonomic distinctness index (∆*). Data from herbaria formed a large contribution to the evaluation of the diversity of the vegetation studied. Each vegetation type has a considerable number of endemic species, demonstrating the importance of conserving all types of seasonally dry vegetation present in South America.

The potential of bioaffinity as a tool for the study of biological-recognition mechanisms is gaining increasing value. The search continues for alternative products that can be obtained from renewable sources, such as the bark exudate gum from the cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.), which grows wild in many tropical and subtropical countries. Its potential use as a chromatographic matrix and/or for bioaffinity ligand for proteins (lectins) has been investigated. The crude gum was cross-linked in order to obtain a kind of chromatographic matrix (gel). To evaluate the gum's ability to retain glycoproteins (lectins), affinity chromatography was performed and, in addition, the reological behaviour of the gum was characterized.

Resumo A Serra de Baturité é um dos maiores remanescentes de Floresta Atlântica localizado em meio ao semiárido brasileiro. A área apresenta uma grande diversidade, sendo considerada de extrema importância biológica para a conservação. Foram realizadas coletas de Leguminosae entre fevereiro/2007 e fevereiro/2009 e a lista de espécies foi complementada com dados das coleções de herbários. As Leguminosae foram representadas por 56 gêneros e 132 espécies. A subfamília Papilionoideae contribuiu com maior riqueza de gêneros e espécies (31 e 58, respectivamente), seguida das subfamílias Mimosoideae (17 gêneros e 41 espécies) e Caesalpinioideae (oito gêneros e 33 espécies). Entre as especies estudadas na área, 55% são árvores e arbustos. Os gêneros mais diversos na área foram: Mimosa L. (15), Senna Mill. (12), Desmodium Desv. (sete) e Chamaecrista Moench, Bauhinia L., Inga Mill. e Aeschynomene L. (seis cada). Abstract The Baturité mountain range is one of the largest remnants of Atlantic forest located in the the Brazilian semi-arid region. The area presents a high diversity, being considered of extreme biological importance for the conservation. The species of family Leguminosae were collected from February/2007 to February/2009 and the species list was complemented with herbarium analysis. The Leguminosae was represented by 56 genera and 132 taxa. The subfamily Papilionoideae contributed with higher richness of genus and species (31 genera and 58 taxa) followed by Mimosoideae (17 genera and 41 taxa) and Caesalpinioideae (eight genera and 33 taxa). Among the species studied in the area, 55% of them are trees and shrubs. The most diverse genera are Mimosa L. (15), Senna Mill. (12), Desmodium Desv. (seven) e Chamaecrista Moench, Bauhinia L., Inga Mill. and Aeschynomene L. (six each).