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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: This perspective article aims to identify the main channels through which globalization influences health systems. THE PROBLEM AND RESEARCH METHODS: The research problem concerns the ways globalization influences the demand and the supply side of health systems. Meta-analysis was implemented and five databases were explored for the period 2005–2020. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The introduction presents the methodology and the added value of the article. The main body of the article presents globalization’s impact on the supply side (a flow of pharmaceuticals and medical equipment, new health care providers and new services, medical tourism, and transnational regulations leading to better access to health care) and demand side of health systems (easier access to hazardous goods and services, faster spread of infectious diseases, faster development of civilization diseases, and healthism) followed by discussion and conclusions. RESEARCH RESULTS: The article offers a framework for investigating globalization’s impact on health systems where the supply and demand side of health systems are indicated. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The article concludes that the flows of goods, services, and people are the leading channels of the impact of globalization on health systems. The negative effects of the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic notwithstanding, in the long run, the influence of globalization on health systems is per saldo positive.

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is a topic of intense debate across the globe since they are widely used in several commercial products and the GMO industry counts for billions of US dollars. Genetically modified crops can assist to mitigate problems in commercial agriculture with proven case studies in Indian cotton and Australian canola [1]. The success of the GMO industry has been impeded by negative information concerning health and environmental risks. The aim of the paper is to assess the current research (from 2010-2019) on the health risk of GMOs (with a special emphasis on genetically modified plants). EBSCOhost (including Medline) and ScienceDirect databases were used for review of the literature. The paper concludes that research on GMO health risk is still lacking in sound methodology, complexity, continuity, objectivity and remains inconclusive.

After the fall of communism, the healthcare systems of Central and Eastern European countries underwent enormous transformation, resulting in departure from publicly financed healthcare. This had significant adverse effects on equity in healthcare, which are still evident. In this paper, we analyzed the role of government and households in financing healthcare in eight countries (EU-8): Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. A desk research method was applied to collect quantitative data on healthcare expenditures and qualitative data on gaps in universal health coverage. A linear regression analysis was used to analyze a trend in health expenditure over the years 2000–2018. Our results indicate that a high reliance on out-of-pocket payments persists in many EU-8 countries, and only a few countries have shown a significant downward trend over time. The gaps in universal coverage in the EU-8 countries are due to explicit rationing (a limited benefit package, patient cost sharing) and implicit mechanisms (wait times). There is need to increase the role of public financing in CEE countries through budget prioritization, reducing patient co-payments for medical products and medicines, and extending the benefit package for these goods, as well as improving the quality of care.

The aim of the chapter is to identify the main obstacles to entrepreneurial initiatives and activities in the health care sector in Poland after the economic and political transformation of 1989. A review of the literature (desk-top analysis) enriched by statistical data. The chapter starts from a concise picture of Semashko model of health care inherited from the Soviet era. Then key features of the health care reform initiated in 1999 are presented accompanied by the development of the private sector in primary care, ambulatory care, stomatology, and wholesale of pharmaceuticals since 1989.

Background The transformation of health care systems in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries after the fall of communism resulted in increased household out-of-pocket payments for health and a deterioration of equity in health care. Since then, CEE countries have been struggling to ensure sufficient public resources for health and improve universal health coverage. Methods We evaluated the progress in achieving universal health care coverage made over the last two decades in eight European Union countries (EU-8): Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. A desk research method was applied (2019) to collect and analyze quantitative data on health care expenditure and qualitative data on health care coverage (population coverage, service coverage, patient cost-sharing, and quality of care). Results The results show an increased priority on the part of governments to fund health care in the EU-8 countries. Nevertheless, public resources have not been sufficient to significantly reduce the role of out-of-pocket expenditure. Out-of-pocket payments in the analyzed countries result from the explicit decision to shift costs to households (patient cost-sharing for medicines, excluding dental care) or implicit rationing (long waiting times for specialist services). Despite some common features, there is a great diversity across the EU-8 with some countries (Latvia) marked with significant gaps in health care coverage, and others (Czechia, Slovenia) providing universal health care with relatively low out-of-pocket payments. Conclusions There is room for reducing out-of-pocket payments in the EU-8 through further budget prioritization. A systematic and evidence-based approach to establish a benefit basket and patient cost-sharing obligations might help to improve universal health coverage in these countries. Key messages In the last two decades, the EU-8 countries have made moderate progress in achieving universal health coverage. Despite governments’ increased priority for health, significant gaps in service and cost coverage, as well as quality of care, persist in some EU-8 countries.

Demographic shifts in a vast majority of EU countries affect universities in a rather negative way. The aim of the paper is to identify universities’ responses to these demographic challenges. Desk-top analysis of available literature combined with the analysis of responses of fourteen top European and American universities to demographic changes is presented here. The paper starts from a review of the literature on the university’s strategies in the context of demographic shifts (based on ScienceDirect and EBSCO databases). Then strategies of the fourteen universities at hand are presented. It is shown here that these strategies have not acknowledged demographic changes as strategic factors. Universities at hand as global players (with the exception of Charles University and Eötvös Loránd University) do not consider ageing as a phenomenon which could jeopardize their future. They consider further international expansion and lifelong education as adequate responses to demographic shifts. It is suggested in this paper that ageing populations can be perceived by universities as an opportunity in respect both to research and teaching.

The goal of the paper is to inquire to what extent neo-Weberian states (NWS) identified by Pollitt & Bouckaert (2011) differentiated their policies in reaction to the global financial crisis of 2007/2008. The paper is based on desktop studies from ScienceDirect and OECD. In the first part of the paper, the sources of the concepts of neo-Weberian states are presented, followed by characteristic traits of public policies. The core of the paper is a presentation of the policies of neo-Weberian states on the one hand, and of New Public Management states on the other, in their reaction to the global financial crisis. The paper concludes that the eleven analyzed countries reacted to the global financial crisis in different ways and to a different degree. Their reactions ref lected their national models of financial capitalism (Grittersova 2014) rather than the categories identified by Pollitt & Bouckaert (2011)

The main purpose of the article is to identify key criteria being used for physician appraisals and to find how communication skills of physicians are valued in those appraisals. ScienceDirect and EBSCOhost databases were used for this search. The results show that a physician appraisal is underestimated both theoretically and empirically. The particular gap exists with respect to the communication skills of physicians, which are rarely present in medical training syllabi and physician assessments. The article contributes to the theoretical discourse on physician appraisals and points out at the inconsistency between the high status of physicians as a key hospital resource on the one hand and, on the other hand, at inadequate and poorly researched assessment of their performance with a special emphasis on communication skills. The article may inspire health managers to develop and implement up-to-date assessment forms for physicians and good managerial practices in this respect in hospitals and other health care units.

We are witnessing the rapid development of new technologies, sophisticated devices and related applications fuelled by the fourth industrial revolution in healthcare systems. The aim of this paper is to identify the key determinants of the healthcare system’s adaptive capacity to respond to the outcomes of the fourth industrial revolution. Through a narrative literature review, the main healthcare system’s adaptive capacity determinants are identified and then examined through explorative and qualitative research based on data gathered from interviews with experts from the Polish healthcare system. We conclude that research on the adaptability of the healthcare system remains in its early stages, and the most significant healthcare determinants of adaptive capacity for the fourth industrial revolution are human capital, financial resources, and legal regulations. We also note a lack of long-term vision for the healthcare system in Poland, which can hinder the implementation of advanced health technologies. The article ends with recommendations for future research directions.

Растущий доступ к информации и использование современных технологий в сфере приобретения знаний и обмен знаниями требуют от университетов (которые в традиционном смысле понимаются как центры получения знаний и квалификации), изменения их стратегии. Одним из существенных факторов, заставляющим ввести изменения, является расширение участия корпораций в подготовке кадров. Целью статьи является попытка изложить позицию корпорации на рынке образовательных услуг (главным образом в США) и выявление других образовательных проектов, предпринимаемых корпорацией. Статья является попыткой ответить на вопрос, в какой степени корпорации могут быть главным конкурентом для университетов. В статье была использованв литература на эту тему, доступная в базах данных Science Direct i EBSCO и информации, доступные на интернетовых сайтах. Статья не является глубоким, тщательным анализом этой проблемы, но она заставляет серьёзно задуматься над изменяющейся ролью университетов в процессе высшего образования. Слова‑ключи: исследования управления, корпоративные университеты, образование в корпорациях, обучение в корпорациях.

This chapter summarizes the neo-Weberian concept of state, to discuss some of the consequences of the adoption of the neo-Weberian paradigm in public management and public policy, and highlights the potential areas for further research. It explains the principles of the neo-Weberian state. The presence of certain key features of the neo-Weberian model may provide an impulse for positive changes in the labour market, because it may offer a different perspective on the processes taking place in LMP without sacrificing the tried and tested mechanisms offered by other public management models. The neo-Weberian state (NWS) stands in opposition to new public management (NPM), based on neo-liberal principles, and draw on the achievements of traditional public administration (TPA) also known as the Weberian bureaucracy. The neo-Weberian approach may reflect the need for a greater formalisation of public administration structures and for a stronger position of the state in order to protect the interests of individual countries and their citizens more effectively.

Background Poland has the lowest number of physicians per 1000 population (2.2/1000) in the EU. This is accompanied by a considerable migration rate of Polish physicians to other EU countries (estimated at above 7%). Among other consequences, this results in waiting lists and unmet health needs. Objective The aim of this article is an identification of the main challenges for physician workforce planning in Poland. Methods The authors analysed national and international documents, reports, official statements, publications and statistical databases. Main findings In Poland health workforce planning is inadequate and insufficient. There is no formal structure and no strategy regarding human resource planning or regular forecasts for the health workforce, which results in many negative effects for the healthcare system. Currently the shortage of physicians in some specialties is becoming one of the most important reasons for limited access to care and lengthening the average wait time. Conclusions To improve this situation operational and strategic actions should be undertaken without unnecessary delay. Effective and close cooperation between key stakeholders is needed. Health workforce planning needs to become one of the key building blocks of the Polish health system’s reforms, strongly connected to the other functions of the health system. It is essential for Poland to follow available good practices in health workforce planning.

Despite common heritage, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia (hereinafter Central and Eastern European Countries – CEEC) opted for different models while reforming their health care systems. A common (and important) component of these reforms was privatization and introduction of various market mechanisms in health care systems. The objective of the paper is to identify main challenges resulting from the health care reforms in CEEC. Review of the literature (using EBSCO and ScienceDirect databases) on the results of the health care reforms in CEEC will be followed by an analysis of the changes in health care financing in CEEC between 1995-2012 with a special emphasis on the role of the state in this process. WHO statistics (data) on national health care expenditures divided further into: total health expenditure, general government expenditure, private expenditure, and out of pocket expenditure (with various configurations) will be used. It is argued that health care reforms led (among others) to shifting the financial risk to patients and the state is slowly (and continually) withdrawing from financing health care in CEEC. This diminishing share of state financing of health care is not compensated by tax deductions and/or other forms of allowances. Also the issue of restricted access to health care is indicated here as a by-product of the health care reforms undertaken in CEEC.

Poland’s economic and political transition, one of the most successful, has depended very heavily on job creation in new firms to replace the jobs lost in the formerly state-owned enterprises. This paper uses survey and aggregate data from three Polish elections to suggest that these de novo firms, the individuals they employ, and the residents in the local areas where they exist become an important constituency supporting pro-reform political parties and constraining the actions of parties less sympathetic to the reforms. The creation of this political constituency helps explain how countries can successfully pursue both economic and political reforms.

Analyses of the economic transformation of the Polish economy and of the 1993 elections to the parliament suggest it is possible to proceed with pro-market and democratic reforms simultaneously. As demonstrated by the Polish case, the key to this process is the rate at which new enterprises are created. These enterprises, not the privatization of existing ones, are primarily responsible for the creation of a growing private economy. This evolving new economy, securely based and growing, creates a pro-reform constituency in the regions where it occurs. This constituency supports pro-reform parties. The Polish case offers important lessons about the reform process and about the way economies and political constituencies co-evolve.

W warunkach globalizacji rynków i gospodarki liczba małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw działających na rynkach międzynarodowych systematycznie wzrasta. Sprzedaż towarów i usług na rynkach zagranicznych oraz intensywność eksportu są dwoma wskaźnikami stosowanymi powszechnie do oceny stopnia internacjonalizacji przedsiębiorstw. Artykuł przedstawia kilka aspektów internacjonalizacji małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw i odnosi je do wyników badań w tym zakresie.

Sektor małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw odgrywa istotną rolę w gospodarce węgierskiej i czeskiej. Oba te kraje dostrzegają przy tym potrzebę wzmacniania pozycji MSP. W artykule przedstawiono najważniejsze sposoby wspierania rozwoju małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w tych krajach.

Implementacja zrównoważonej karty wyników w praktyce przedsiębiorstw

Zrównoważona karta wyników jako narzędzie kontroli

Virtually all industrial countries are experiencing some form of transformation in their economies, from the dramatic move from centrally planned to market economies in East-central Europe, to the rebuilding of the economies in the so-called Rust Belt of the USA, to the efforts by Asian countries to return to their recent high growth levels. The analysis builds on the work of Schumpeter, Hannan and Freeman, and Kornai to develop a picture of an economy as an evolutionary process in which the creation, survival and growth of firms is the key to continued growth. This entrepreneurial activity is vital to successful transformations at critical points when the existing enterprises are not well suited to market conditions—what Schumpeter refers to as creative destruction. This paper uses detailed data on the transitions in the Polish and Michigan economies to present evidence support these propositions. By showing that the successful transformation of two economies with obvious historical differences both depended upon the creation of new firms rather than on the restructuring of existing firms we want to contend that this is a universal necessity in successful economies.

Menedżerowie średniego szczebla - bariera wprowadzania zmian czy kluczowy czynnik zmian II

Menedżer samodzielnego publicznego zakładu opieki zdrowotnej

Małe i średnie przedsiębiorstwa w gospodarce Holandii

Proces planowania w jednostkach sektora opieki zdrowotnej w Polsce

Pozyskiwanie informacji o małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach- doświadczenia amerykańskie

Systemy produkcji zorientowane na człowieka

Dnia 9 maja 1995 r. węgierski parlament dokonał zmiany ustawy określającej zasady sprzedaży majątku będącego własnością państwa. Celem tego zabiegu było uproszczenie i zdynamizowanie procesu przekształceń własnościowych w gospodarce. W artykule omówiono założenia ogólne nowej ustawy, charakter i status Spółki Prywatyzacji i Majątku Państwowego (APV Rt.) - instytucja odpowiedzialna za cały przebieg procesu przekształceń własnościowych, mechanizmy kontroli działalności APV Rt., metody prywatyzacji oraz sposób ochrony interesów pracowniczych i preferencje przy sprzedaży.

Instrumenty stymulowania innowacji w małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach (I)