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Aims : The purpose of this study was to count the number of lymphatic channels present in colorectal adenocarcinoma and correlate it with site, size, and stage of tumor, lymph node metastasis. Material and Methods: A total of 29 cases of colorectal carcinomas were retrieved from the archives of the pathology department, School of Medical Sciences. One paraffin block containing tumor was selected from each case. Sections of three to five micron thickness were cut from this paraffin block and stained using the monoclonal antibody D2-40[DAKO] specifically to stain lymphatic channel endothelium in normal and neoplastic tissue. The highest number of lymphatic channels in an area of 0.196mm 2 [high power field] was counted in each tumor using NIKON microscope. These findings were correlated with the clinical parameters and also with lymph node metastasis. Statistical software used: SPSS version 11. Results : The highest density of lymphatic channels in colorectal carcinoma was counted after identifying the appropriate "hot spot". The lymphatic channel density was in the range of 15 - 50/ 0.196 mm 2 [high power field]. There was poor association of this lymphatic channel density with site, size, and stage of tumor and also with lymph node metastasis. This result is in concordance with results of studies done elsewhere. Conclusion : In this study no significant association was seen between lymphatic channel density and site, size, stage and lymph node metastasis in colorectal carcinoma. This indicates that lymphatic channel proliferation does not influence tumor aggressiveness. Further studies are needed to validate our findings.

Stain normalization is an image pre-processing method extensively used to standardize multiple variances of staining intensity in histopathology image analysis. Staining variations may occur for several reasons, such as unstandardized protocols while preparing the specimens, using dyes from different manufacturers, and varying parameters set while capturing the digital images. In this study, a double stain normalization technique based on immunohistochemical staining is developed to improve the performance of the conventional Reinhard's algorithm. The proposed approach began with preparing a target image by applying the contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) technique to the targeted cells. Later, the colour distribution of the input image will be matched to the colour distribution of the target image through the linear transformation process. In this study, the power-law transformation was applied to address the overenhancement and contrast degradation issues in the conventional method. Five quality metrics comprised of entropy, tenengrad criterion (TEN), mean square error (MSE), structural similarity index (SSIM) and correlation coefficient were used to measure the performance of the proposed system. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperformed all conventional techniques. The proposed method achieved the highest average values of 5.59, 3854.11 and 94.65 for entropy, TEN, and MSE analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segmental bone allografts are widely used in managing large cortical bone defects. To improve host-graft union, the effect of allograft on a large cortical tibial bone defect augmented with a non-vascularized periosteal flap was studied. Twelve mature Australian white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were divided into intervention groups and a control group. Bone defects in the intervention groups were treated with segmental allografts wrapped with a non-vascularized periosteal flap. The control group was treated with allograft transplantation alone. Healing was evaluated at the end of the 2nd, 4th, and 6th weeks with plain radiographs, CT scan, and histology. In the intervention groups, the bony union was achieved at both ends of the allografts at the 4th to 6th weeks. Solid callus encasing the whole allograft segments at the end of the 6th week. In the control group, the union did not occur at both ends of the allograft segments even up to the end of the 6th week. No callus formation surrounding the allograft segments. Fragmentation and telescoping of the allograft segment into the medullary cavity of the host were observed. The use of autogenous, non-vascularized periosteal flap modified the healing process of allograft and maintained the integrity of the allograft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations are commonly found in lower grade gliomas and secondary GBMs. Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most common and most malignant gliomas in adult with a median survival of 15 months only. Discovery of IDH1 mutations have made a significant positive impact on glioma patient's diagnosis, prognosis, and treatments. Thus, IDH1 mutation screening method in gliomas is necessary to improve survival rate. The gold standard for somatic mutation screening, DNA sequencing was performed to detect IDH1 gene mutation status in glioma samples. Methods: Forty-seven formalin fixed paraffin-embedded glioma samples were subjected for DNA sequencing. The ambiguous glioma samples from DNA sequencing were subjected to PCR-RFLP for IDH1 mutation confirmation. Results: Three out of 47 glioma samples (6.4%) were found to harbor IDH1 mutations. Two IDH1 R132H and one IDH1 R132L were found in the glioma samples. From the DNA sequencing results, we found that the mutant nucleotide spectrum was lower than the wild-type nucleotide results in failure of IDH1 mutations detection. PCR-RFLP method was implemented to confirm the ambiguous IDH1 mutations. We found that the ambiguous IDH1 mutations from DNA sequencing were indeed IDH1 mutants using PCR-RFLP method. Conclusions: In conclusion, DNA sequencing method has a considerable low sensitivity level which leads to false negative results. Thus, combination of DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP method in heterogeneous glioma samples can be applied to avoid false negative result and cost-effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parotid glands have diverse histological findings thanks to abundant different types of cells presence in the gland. Our routine fine needle aspiration cytology might be inaccurate and misleading in cases where there are cell changes due to ongoing concurrent infection and chronic sialadenitis, which might have mimicked tumoural changes. We highlighted a rare case of multiple florid benign hyperplasia of oncocytic cells of the parotid gland that manifest as parotid swelling. The characteristic multifocality of the lesion and high rate of recurrences, although not a known malignant entity, resulting in a significant shift in the treatment plan for the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]