Search

While environmental performance of cage-based aquaculture is most often monitored through benthic conditions, there may also be requirements that necessitate discrete, pelagic sampling. In the pelagic realm, adequately capturing the spatial and temporal dynamics of interest and attributing causality to aquaculture processes can be extremely challenging. Conditions are seldom ideal, and data adequacy concerns of discrete samples collected at open-water aquaculture sites are not uncommon. Further exploration of these challenges is needed. Herein, we aim to explore considerations for study design, analysis, and data interpretation of discrete pelagic sampling. As examples, we present 2 case studies where limited sampling occurred under conditions of complex pelagic dynamics. A Norwegian case study quantified particle abundance around salmon farms, and aimed to highlight the effects of spatial-temporal variation on sampling design, the need for inclusion of companion parameters, and the benefits of a priori and a posteriori data interpretation strategies. A Canadian case study collected discrete samples to measure ammonium concentrations with continuous current measurements at an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) farm, to explore issues of complex hydrodynamics, reference site suitability, sampling resolution, data pooling, and post hoc power tests. We further discuss lessons learned and the implications of study design, ambient conditions, physical processes, farm management, statistical analysis, companion parameters, and the potential for confounding effects. Pragmatic consideration of these aspects will ultimately serve to better frame the costs and benefits of discrete pelagic sampling at open-water aquaculture sites.

Actin polymerization is often associated with membrane proteins containing capping-protein-interacting (CPI) motifs, such as capping protein, Arp2/3, myosin I linker (CARMIL), CD2AP, and WASHCAP/Fam21. CPI motifs bind directly to actin-capping protein (CP), and this interaction weakens the binding of CP to barbed ends of actin filaments, lessening the ability of CP to functionally cap those ends. The protein V-1/myotrophin binds to the F-actin-binding site on CP and sterically blocks CP from binding barbed ends. CPI-motif proteins also weaken the binding between V-1 and CP, which decreases the inhibitory effects of V-1, thereby freeing CP to cap barbed ends. Here, we address the question of whether CPI-motif proteins on a surface analogous to a membrane lead to net activation or inhibition of actin assembly nucleated by Arp2/3 complex. Using reconstitution with purified components, we discovered that CARMIL at the surface promotes and enhances actin assembly, countering the inhibitory effects of V-1 and thus activating CP. The reconstitution involves the presence of an Arp2/3 activator on the surface, along with Arp2/3 complex, V-1, CP, profilin, and actin monomers in solution, recreating key features of cell physiology., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Stipitate Thelephorales are basidiomycetous, mostly hydnoid, ectomycorrhizal fungi. Some species have declined considerably, and some are threat-listed as vulnerable or endangered. These ecological concerns require a well-resolved taxonomy to understand diversity in this group of fungi and facilitate conservation. However, phylogenetic studies have mostly neglected Southern Hemisphere representatives. This study examines the fleshy species of stipitate Thelephorales from native forests in Australia and New Zealand, using morphological analyses and phylogenetic analyses of nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS barcode) and D1-D2 domains at the 5' end of nuc 28S rDNA (28S) sequences amplified from DNA isolated from fungarium collections and environmental DNA (eDNA) sequences from the Australian Microbiome initiative. Five new species, Sarcodon austrofibulatus, Hydnellum gatesiae, H. nothofagacearum, H. pseudoioeides , and H. variisporum , are described, Sarcodon carbonarius is transferred to Neosarcodon , and a key is provided for the six named species in the region. Boletopsis and Neosarcodon are reported from Australia for the first time based on detections from eDNA in soil samples taken from native forests. The Australasian species of Hydnellum occupy a highly derived position with the phylogeny of the genus, the members of which are otherwise all from the Northern Hemisphere, suggestive of a long-distance dispersal origin for the Australasian species.

Overexpression or activation of oncogenes or loss of tumor-suppressor genes can induce cellular senescence as a defense mechanism against tumor development, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis. However, cancer cells can circumvent this senescent state and continue to spread. Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is downregulated in many breast cancers. Here we report that downregulation of MLCK in normal breast epithelial cells induces a senescence-associated secretory phenotype and stimulates migration. The reduction of MLCK results in increased p21 Cip1 expression, dependent on p53 and the AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Subsequently, p21 Cip1 promotes the secretion of soluble ICAM-1, IL-1α, IL-6 and IL-8, thereby enhancing collective cell migration in a non-cell-autonomous manner. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the role of MLCK in cellular senescence and cancer progression., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Doubly labeled water is gold standard for measuring total energy expenditure (TEE). Measurements using the method are sensitive to the isotope dilution space ratio (DSR). Accuracy and precision of the method might be improved if we could identify factors influencing DSR., Objectives: We evaluated the potential associations of age, sex, ethnicity, anthropometry, body composition, turnover rates of the isotopes, and geographical elevation with DSR., Methods: We used univariate regression analysis to explore the relationships between the continuous variables and analysis of variance to test the relationships between the categorical variables with DSR. Subsequently, we used general linear model (GLM) and 1-way analysis of variance to evaluate the simultaneous associations of age, sex, ethnicity, fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) on DSR., Results: From 5678 measurements complied from studies around the world with diverse ethnicity and living at various elevations, the mean DSR was 1.0364 ± 0.0141. No meaningful physiologic effect of any of the continuous and categorical variable on DSR was detected. General linear model analysis revealed no effect of FFM and FM (P > 0.33) on DSR, but DSR decreased with age (P < 0.001) among those aged 60 y and older regardless of sex. Among the Whites who were younger than 60 y, DSR was not related to FFM and FM (P = 0.73) but was affected by both age and sex (P < 0.001)., Conclusions: Previous estimates of age-related decline in TEE may have overestimated TEE at age 90 y. Validation studies on older participants are required to confirm this finding., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest WWW reports administrative support was provided by Baylor College of Medicine. JRS reports administrative support and article publishing charges were provided by University of Aberdeen. MLN is a Deputy Editor of the Journal of Nutrition but played no role in the Journal’s evaluation of the manuscript. The other authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Longer-term pecan consumption has shown appetite-regulating effects as a part of a free-living diet, yet the physiologic appetite responses to a single pecan-containing meal are unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute physiologic, subjective, and direct appetite responses of a pecan-containing meal to an energy- and macronutrient-matched control meal. This was an acute meal challenge study utilizing a double-blinded randomized crossover design with two periods. Participants were young, healthy adults (BMI: 22.9 ± 3.3 kg/m 2 , age: 22 ± 3 y) who consumed a meal containing either 68 g of pecans (PEC; 795 kcal) or an energy- and macronutrient-matched control meal (CON; 794 kcal) on separate testing days. At both testing visits, five postprandial blood draws, and visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaires (in-lab) were used to determine differences in peptide YY (PYY), ghrelin, and subjective appetite over a 4-h postprandial period. Participants also completed VAS questionnaires (at-home) and food records for the rest of the day after leaving the testing visits. Thirty-one out of thirty-two randomized participants completed the study. There was a greater overall postprandial PYY response (p < 0.001), and a greater suppression of postprandial ghrelin after time point 120 min (p < 0.001), with the PEC vs. CON meal. Further, there was a greater increase in subjective fullness (p = 0.001), and suppression of at-home overall appetite (p = 0.02), from time 240-780 min post-meal with PEC vs. CON meals. There were no differences in self-reported EI between meals or any other VAS measure. In conclusion, a pecan-containing breakfast shake produced more favorable physiologic and subjective improvements in appetite compared to an energy- and macronutrient-matched control meal. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05230212)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no competing interests to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Chronic, low-grade inflammation has been associated with motivational deficits in patients with major depression (MD). In turn, impaired motivation has been linked to poor quality of life across psychiatric disorders. We thus determined effects of the anti-inflammatory drug infliximab-a potent tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist-on behavioral and neural measures of motivation in 42 medically stable, unmedicated MD patients with a C-reactive protein >3 mg/L. All patients underwent a double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, randomized clinical trial with infliximab (5 mg/kg) versus placebo. Behavioral performance on an effort-based decision-making task, self-report questionnaires, and neural responses during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging were assessed at baseline and 2 weeks following infusion. We found that relative to placebo, patients receiving infliximab were more willing to expend effort for rewards. Moreover, increase in effortful choices was associated with reduced TNF signaling as indexed by decreased soluble TNF receptor type 2 (sTNFR2). Changes in effort-based decision-making and sTNFR2 were also associated with changes in task-related activity in a network of brain areas, including dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), ventral striatum, and putamen, as well as the functional connectivity between these regions. Changes in sTNFR2 also mediated the relationships between drug condition and behavioral and neuroimaging measures. Finally, changes in self-reported anhedonia symptoms and effort-discounting behavior were associated with greater responses of an independently validated whole-brain predictive model (aka "neural signature") sensitive to monetary rewards. Taken together, these data support the use of anti-inflammatory treatment to improve effort-based decision-making and associated brain circuitry in depressed patients with high inflammation., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Cotton is primarily recognized as a textile crop; however, recent evidence suggests that cottonseed oil (CSO) may be a simple and effective dietary approach to improving cardiometabolic risk factors. The purpose of this perspective is to draw attention to the current literature examining the physiological benefits of CSO consumption and highlight the remaining questions that need to be answered to fully evaluate the potential of CSO to be the next important nutrition intervention for improving cardiometabolic health.

Background and Hypothesis: Disturbances in effort-cost decision-making have been highlighted as a potential transdiagnostic process underpinning negative symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia. However, recent studies using computational phenotyping show that individuals employ a range of strategies to allocate effort, and use of different strategies is associated with unique clinical and cognitive characteristics. Building on prior work in schizophrenia, this study evaluated whether effort allocation strategies differed in individuals with distinct psychotic disorders., Study Design: We applied computational modeling to effort-cost decision-making data obtained from individuals with psychotic disorders (n = 190) who performed the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task. The sample included 91 individuals with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder, 90 individuals with psychotic bipolar disorder, and 52 controls., Study Results: Different effort allocation strategies were observed both across and within different disorders. Relative to individuals with psychotic bipolar disorder, a greater proportion of individuals with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder did not use reward value or probability information to guide effort allocation. Furthermore, across disorders, different effort allocation strategies were associated with specific clinical and cognitive features. Those who did not use reward value or probability information to guide effort allocation had more severe positive and negative symptoms, and poorer cognitive and community functioning. In contrast, those who only used reward value information showed a trend toward more severe positive symptoms., Conclusions: These findings indicate that similar deficits in effort-cost decision-making may arise from different computational mechanisms across the psychosis spectrum., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Primary care plays a central role in most, if not all, health care systems including the care of vulnerable populations such as people who have been incarcerated. Studies linking incarceration records to health care data can improve understanding about health care access following release from prison. This review maps evidence from data-linkage studies about primary care use after prison release., Methods: The framework by Arksey and O'Malley and guidance by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) were used in this review. This scoping review followed methods published in a study protocol. Searches were performed (January 2012-March 2023) in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science Core Collection using key-terms relating to two areas: (i) people who have been incarcerated and (ii) primary care. Using eligibility criteria, two authors independently screened publication titles and abstracts (step 1), and subsequently, screened full text publications (step 2). Discrepancies were resolved with a third author. Two authors independently charted data from included publications. Findings were mapped by methodology, key findings and gaps in research., Results: The database searches generated 1,050 publications which were screened by title and abstract. Following this, publications were fully screened (n = 63 reviewer 1 and n = 87 reviewer 2), leading to the inclusion of 17 publications. Among the included studies, primary care use after prison release was variable. Early contact with primary care services after prison release (e.g. first month) was positively associated with an increased health service use, but an investigation found that a large proportion of individuals did not access primary care during the first month. The quality of care was found to be largely inadequate (measured continuity of care) for moderate multimorbidity. There were lower levels of colorectal and breast cancer screening among people released from custody. The review identified studies of enhanced primary care programmes for individuals following release from prison, with studies reporting a reduction in reincarceration and criminal justice system costs., Conclusions: This review has suggested mixed evidence regarding primary care use after prison release and has highlighted challenges and areas of suboptimal care. Further research has been discussed in relation to the scoping review findings., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Phosphorus (P) discharge from agricultural and urban drainage is known for causing downstream eutrophication worldwide. Agricultural best management practices that are designed to reduce P load out of farms target different P species from various sources such as fertilizers leaching and farm soil and canal sediment erosion, however, few studies have assessed the impact of floating aquatic vegetation (FAV) on canal sediment and farm drainage water quality. This study evaluated the impact of FAVs on canal sediment properties and P water quality in drainage canals in the Everglades Agricultural Area in south Florida, USA. Non-parametric statistical methods, correlation analysis, trend analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to determine the relationship between FAV coverage with sediment properties and P water quality parameters. Results showed that FAV coverage was correlated with the highly recalcitrant and most stable form of P in the sediment layer (Residual P Pool). FAV coverage also correlated with the dissolved organic P (DOP) which was the smallest P pool (7 %) of total P concentration in drainage water, therefore FAV coverage had no correlation with farm P load. The trend analysis showed no trend in farm P loads, despite a decline in FAV coverage at farm canals over an 8-year period. Phosphorus content in the sediment surface layer was strongly associated with farm P load and had a significant correlation with particulate P (PP) and soluble reactive P (SRP) which constituted 47 % and 46 % of the total P concentration in the drainage water, respectively. Equilibrium P concentration assays also showed the potential to release SRP from the sediment layer. The P budget established for this study reveals that sediment stores the largest P mass (333 kg P), while FAVs store the smallest P mass (8 kg P) in a farm canal, highlighting the significant contribution of canal sediment to farm P discharges. Further research is required to evaluate the impact of sediment removal and canal maintenance practices that help reduce farm P discharges., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Integrin α5β1 is crucial for cell attachment and migration in development and tissue regeneration, and α5β1 binding proteins could have considerable utility in regenerative medicine and next-generation therapeutics. We use computational protein design to create de novo α5β1-specific modulating miniprotein binders, called NeoNectins, that bind to and stabilize the open state of α5β1. When immobilized onto titanium surfaces and throughout 3D hydrogels, the NeoNectins outperform native fibronectin and RGD peptide in enhancing cell attachment and spreading, and NeoNectin-grafted titanium implants outperformed fibronectin and RGD-grafted implants in animal models in promoting tissue integration and bone growth. NeoNectins should be broadly applicable for tissue engineering and biomedicine., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest X.W., J.G-M, B.H., and D.B. are co-inventors on an International patent (Serial 63/570,567) filed by the University of Washington covering molecules and their uses described in this manuscript. A.R., X.W., and D.B. are co-founders of Lila Biologics and own stock or stock options in the company. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Pediatric high-grade gliomas are highly invasive and essentially incurable. Glioma cells migrate between neurons and glia, along axon tracts, and through extracellular matrix surrounding blood vessels and underlying the pia. Mechanisms that allow adaptation to such complex environments are poorly understood. N-cadherin is highly expressed in pediatric gliomas and associated with shorter survival. We found that intercellular homotypic N-cadherin interactions differentially regulate glioma migration according to the microenvironment, stimulating migration on cultured neurons or astrocytes but inhibiting invasion into reconstituted or astrocyte-deposited extracellular matrix. N-cadherin localizes to filamentous connections between migrating leader cells but to epithelial-like junctions between followers. Leader cells have more surface and recycling N-cadherin, increased YAP1/TAZ signaling, and increased proliferation relative to followers. YAP1/TAZ signaling is dynamically regulated as leaders and followers change position, leading to altered N-cadherin levels and organization. Together, the results suggest that pediatric glioma cells adapt to different microenvironments by regulating N-cadherin dynamics and cell-cell contacts., (© 2024 Kim et al.)

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is an aggressive bile duct malignancy that frequently exhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase ( IDH1/IDH2 ) mutations. Mutant IDH (IDHm) ICC is dependent on SRC kinase for growth and survival and is hypersensitive to inhibition by dasatinib, but the molecular mechanism underlying this sensitivity is unclear. We found that dasatinib reduced p70 S6 kinase (S6K) and ribosomal protein S6 (S6), leading to substantial reductions in cell size and de novo protein synthesis. Using an unbiased phosphoproteomic screen, we identified membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW, and PDZ domain containing 1 (MAGI1) as an SRC substrate in IDHm ICC. Biochemical and functional assays further showed that SRC inhibits a latent tumor-suppressing function of the MAGI1-protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) complex to activate S6K/S6 signaling in IDHm ICC. Inhibiting SRC led to activation and increased access of PP2A to dephosphorylate S6K, resulting in cell death. Evidence from patient tissue and cell line models revealed that both intrinsic and extrinsic resistance to dasatinib is due to increased phospho-S6 (pS6). To block pS6, we paired dasatinib with the S6K/AKT inhibitor M2698, which led to a marked reduction in pS6 in IDHm ICC cell lines and patient-derived organoids in vitro and substantial growth inhibition in ICC patient-derived xenografts in vivo. Together, these results elucidated the mechanism of action of dasatinib in IDHm ICC, revealed a signaling complex regulating S6K phosphorylation independent of mTOR, suggested markers for dasatinib sensitivity, and described a combination therapy for IDHm ICC that may be actionable in the clinic.

Clinical findings of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, the abnormal enlargement of the liver and spleen, respectively, should prompt a broad differential diagnosis that includes metabolic, congestive, neoplastic, infectious, toxic, and inflammatory conditions. Among the metabolic diseases, lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of rare and ultrarare conditions with a collective incidence of 1 in 5000 live births. LSDs are caused by genetic variants affecting the lysosomal enzymes, transporters, or integral membrane proteins. As a result, abnormal metabolites accumulate in the organelle, leading to dysfunction. Therapeutic advances, including early diagnosis and disease-targeted management, have improved the life expectancy and quality of life of people affected by certain LSDs. To access these new interventions, LSDs must be considered in patients presenting with hepatomegaly and splenomegaly throughout the lifespan. This review article navigates the diagnostic approach for individuals with hepatosplenomegaly particularly focusing on LSDs. We provide hints in the history, physical exam, laboratories, and imaging that may identify LSDs. Additionally, we discuss molecular testing, arguably the preferred confirmatory test (over biopsy), accompanied by enzymatic testing when feasible.

Low-grade inflammation is believed to be a risk factor for chronic diseases and is nutritionally responsive. Cottonseed oil (CSO), which is rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fats, has been shown to lower cholesterol and other chronic disease risk factors. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to determine the comparative responses of markers of inflammation and coagulation potential of healthy adult males consuming diets rich in CSO vs. olive oil (OO)., Methods: Fifteen normal-weight males, ages 21.7 ± 2.58y, completed a randomized crossover trial. Each intervention consisted of a 3-day lead-in diet and a 5-day outpatient, controlled feeding intervention (CSO or OO). There was a 2 to 4-week washout period between interventions. The 5-day intervention diets were 35 % carbohydrate, 15 % protein, and 50 % fat, enriched with either CSO or OO (44 % of total energy from oil). At pre- and post- diet intervention visits, a fasting blood draw was collected for analysis of markers of inflammation (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-Reactive Protein (CRP)) and coagulation potential (Tissue Factor (TF), Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1))., Results: The CSO-enriched diets reduced TNF-α (CSO: -0.12 ± 0.02 pg/ml, OO: -0.01 ± 0.05 pg/ml; p < 0.01) and TF (CSO: -0.59 ± 0.68 pg/ml, OO: 1.13 ± 0.83 pg/ml; p = 0.02) compared to OO diets. There were no differences in IL-6, CRP, or PAI-1 between diets., Conclusion: A 5-day, CSO-enriched diet may be sufficient to reduce inflammation and coagulation potential compared to OO-enriched diets in a healthy male population which could have implications in chronic disease prevention., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) -3, -4, and -8 are regulators of lipid metabolism and have been shown to respond to changes in dietary fats. It is unknown how ANGPTLs respond to cottonseed oil (CSO) and olive oil (OO) consumption in a population with hypercholesterolemia. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of CSO vs. OO consumption on fasting and postprandial ANGPTL responses in adults with hypercholesterolemia. We hypothesized that CSO would have lower fasting and postprandial ANGPTL responses compared with OO. Forty-two adults with high cholesterol completed a single-blind, randomized trial comparing CSO (n = 21) vs. OO (n = 21) diet enrichment. An 8-week partial outpatient feeding intervention provided ∼60% of the volunteers' total energy expenditure (∼30% of total energy expenditure as CSO or OO). The remaining 40% was not controlled. Fasting blood draws were taken at pre-, mid-, and postintervention visits. Volunteers consumed a high saturated fat meal followed by 5 hours of blood draws pre- and postvisits. Fasting ANGPTL3 had a marginally significant treatment by visit interaction (P = .06) showing an increase from pre- to postintervention in CSO vs. OO (CSO: 385.1 ± 27.7 to 440.3 ± 33.9 ng/mL; OO: 468.2 ± 38.3 to 449.2 ± 49.5 ng/mL). Both postprandial ANGPTL3 (P = .02) and ANGPTL4 (P < .01) had treatment by visit interactions suggesting increases from pre- to postintervention in OO vs. CSO with no differences between groups in ANGPTL8. These data show a worsening (increase) of postprandial ANGPTLs after the OO, but not CSO, intervention. This aligns with previously reported data in which postprandial triglycerides were protected from increases compared with OO. ANGPTLs may mediate protective effects of CSO consumption on lipid control. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04397055)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Excessive added sugar intake has been associated with obesity; however, the effect of dietary sweetness on energy intake (EI) and appetite in adults with and without obesity has not yet been determined., Objective: To assess the effect of mouth rinses with and without energy and sweetness on measures of appetite, and to compare responses between subjects with body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m 2 or ≥30 kg/m 2 ., Methods: In this randomized, double-blind crossover study, 39 subjects (age 23±5y; 17 male, 22 female; BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m 2 : n = 21; ≥30 kg/m 2 : n = 18) performed modified sham-feeding (MSF) with a mouth rinse containing either sucrose, sucralose, maltodextrin, or water for 2min before expectorating the solution. Blood sampling and subjective appetite assessments occurred at baseline (-5) and 15, 30, 60, and 90min post-MSF. After, EI was assessed at a buffet meal and post-meal appetite ratings were assessed hourly for 3h., Results: Post-MSF ghrelin increased for water vs. maltodextrin (water: p = 0.03). Post-MSF cholecystokinin increased following maltodextrin-MSF (p = 0.03) and sucralose-MSF (p = 0.005) vs. sucrose for those with BMI:18.5-24.9 kg/m 2 only. There was greater post-MSF desire to eat in response to water vs. sucrose (p = 0.03) and reduced fullness with sucralose for those with BMI≥30 vs. 18.5-24.9 kg/m 2 (p < 0.001). There was no difference in EI at the buffet meal by mouth rinse (p = 0.98) or by BMI (p = 0.12). However, there was greater post-meal fullness following sucralose-MSF vs. water (p = 0.03) and sucrose (p = 0.004) for those with BMI≥30 vs. 18.5-24.9 kg/m 2 ., Conclusion: Sucralose rinsing led to greater cephalic phase CCK release in adults with a BMI:18.5-24.9 kg/m 2 only; however, ghrelin responses to unsweetened rinses were energy-specific for all adults. As subsequent EI was unaffected, further investigation of cephalic phase appetite is warranted., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Inflammatory and prothrombotic responses are hallmark to the progression of cardiovascular disease and may be influenced by the type of dietary fat. Cottonseed oil (CSO) is rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fats and improves traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors such as cholesterol profiles. However, some clinicians are still hesitant to promote n-6 polyunsaturated fats consumption despite growing evidence suggesting they may not be independently pro-inflammatory., Objective: To investigate the inflammatory and coagulation marker responses to an 8-week diet intervention rich in either CSO or olive oil (OO) (OO is rich in monounsaturated fat) in adults with untreated hypercholesterolemia., Design: This was a secondary analysis of a parallel-arm randomized clinical trial with the main outcome of cholesterol measures., Participants/setting: Participants included in this analysis were 42 sedentary adults aged 30 to 75 years (62% women) in the Athens, GA, area, between May 2018 and June 2021, with untreated hypercholesterolemia or elevated blood lipids and body mass index >18.5. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as at least two blood lipid levels in a borderline undesirable/at risk range (total cholesterol level ≥180 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level ≥110 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level <50 mg/dL, or triglyceride level ≥130 mg/dL), or at least one in an undesirable range (total cholesterol level ≥240 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level ≥160 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level <40 mg/dL, or triglyceride level ≥200 mg/dL)., Intervention: Participants were randomly assigned to either the CSO or OO group in a partial outpatient feeding trial. Meals from the study provided approximately 60% of their energy needs with 30% of energy needs from either CSO or OO for 8 weeks. Participants fulfilled their remaining energy needs with meals of their choosing., Main Outcome Measures: Fasting plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β were measured at baseline and 8 weeks. Markers of coagulation potential, including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and tissue factor were measured at the same time points., Statistical Analyses Performed: Repeated measures linear mixed models were used with treatment and visit in the model for analyses of all biochemical markers., Results: There were no significant differences in fasting C-reactive protein (P = 0.70), tumor necrosis factor-α (P = 0.98), interleukin-6 (P = 0.21), interleukin-1β (P = 0.13), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (P = 0.29), or tissue factor (P = 0.29) between groups across the intervention., Conclusions: Inflammation and coagulation marker responses to diets rich in CSO vs OO were not significantly different between groups, and neither group showed changes in these markers in adults with untreated hypercholesterolemia. This provides additional evidence suggesting that dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fats may not promote inflammation compared with monounsaturated fatty acids, even in adults at increased risk for cardiovascular disease., (Copyright © 2024 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cellular functions of actin capping protein (CP) regulators are poorly understood. Di Pietro and colleagues (https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202306154) shed unprecedented light on this topic using budding yeast. Two proteins with CPI (capping protein interacting) motifs recruit CP to sites of actin assembly, while a third contributes to CP turnover., (© 2023 Cooper.)

Actin capping protein (CP) can be regulated by steric and allosteric mechanisms. The molecular mechanism of the allosteric regulation at a biophysical level includes linkage between the binding sites for three ligands: F-actin, Capping-Protein-Interacting (CPI) motifs, and V-1/myotrophin, based on biochemical functional studies and solvent accessibility experiments. Here, we investigated the mechanism of allosteric regulation at the atomic level using single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and molecular dynamics (MD) to assess the conformational and structural dynamics of CP in response to linked-binding site ligands. In the absence of ligand, both single-molecule FRET and MD revealed two distinct conformations of CP in solution; previous crystallographic studies revealed only one. Interaction with CPI-motif peptides induced conformations within CP that bring the cap and stalk closer, while interaction with V-1 moves them away from one another. Comparing CPI-motif peptides from different proteins, we identified variations in CP conformations and dynamics that are specific to each CPI motif. MD simulations for CP alone and in complex with a CPI motif and V-1 reveal atomistic details of the conformational changes. Analysis of the interaction of CP with wild-type (wt) and chimeric CPI-motif peptides using single-molecule FRET, isothermal calorimetry (ITC) and MD simulation indicated that conformational and affinity differences are intrinsic to the C-terminal portion of the CPI motif. We conclude that allosteric regulation of CP involves changes in conformation that disseminate across the protein to link distinct binding-site functions. Our results provide novel insights into the biophysical mechanism of the allosteric regulation of CP., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Confirmation of cannabinoid use by forensic toxicology testing in urine has been traditionally focused on ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) with analysis of its major metabolite, 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-THC (∆9-cTHC), in free and conjugated forms. Legalization of hemp, however, has led to the widespread production and sale of cannabidiol (CBD) derivatives with psycho-activity, including ∆8-THC and ∆10-THC isomers. The increasing availability and growing use of isomer derivatives necessitate an expanded scope of cannabinoid confirmation test protocols. We report a quantitative, isomer-selective method of cannabinoid confirmation by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of parent drug isomers (∆8-THC, ∆9-THC, ∆10-THC and CBD) as well as isomeric metabolites (∆8-cTHC and ∆9-cTHC). An efficient C18 phase chromatography on 1.6-µm solid core particles was used with a step gradient for near isocratic separation of both early-eluting THC metabolite isomers and later-eluting CBD and THC isomers. A rapid method of hydrolysis, dilution and analysis was employed for the quantitative co-determination of free and conjugated analytes, using stable isotope internal standardization. Method validation is reported, along with interference assessment from a prior confirmation method. Casework experience with the isomer-selective method revealed a 14% prevalence of ∆8-cTHC positive cases with a pattern of concomitant ∆8-THC and ∆9-THC use. A comparison of ∆8-cTHC and ∆9-cTHC phase two metabolism is also reported., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Stress is known to be a significant risk factor for the development of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), yet the neural mechanisms that underlie this risk are poorly understood. Prior work has heavily implicated the corticolimbic system in the pathophysiology of MDD. In particular, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala play a central role in regulating the response to stress, with dorsal PFC and ventral PFC exhibiting reciprocal excitatory and inhibitory influences on amygdala subregions. However, it remains unclear how best to disentangle the impact of stress from the impact of current MDD symptoms on this system. Here, we examined stress-induced changes in resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) within an a priori corticolimbic network in MDD patients and healthy controls (total n = 80) before and after an acute stressor or a "no stress" control condition. Using graph theoretic analysis, we found that connectivity between basolateral amygdala and dorsal prefrontal nodes of the corticolimbic network had a negative association with individual differences in chronic perceived stress at baseline. Following the acute stressor, healthy individuals showed a reduction of the amygdala node strength, while MDD patients exhibited little change. Finally, dorsal PFC-particularly dorsomedial PFC- connectivity to the basolateral amygdala was associated with the strength of the basolateral amygdala responses to loss feedback during a reinforcement learning task. These findings highlight attenuated connectivity between basolateral amygdala and prefrontal cortex in patients with MDD. In healthy individuals, acute stress exposure was found to push the corticolimbic network to a "stress-phenotype" that may be chronically present in patients with current depression and high levels of perceived stress. In sum, these results help to identify circuit mechanisms underlying the effects of acute stress and their role in mood disorders., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Depression is highly prevalent during the menopause transition (perimenopause), and often presents with anxious and anhedonic features. This increased vulnerability for mood symptoms is likely driven in part by the dramatic hormonal changes that are characteristic of the menopause transition, as prior research has linked fluctuations in estradiol (E2) to emergence of depressed mood in at risk perimenopausal women. Transdermal estradiol (TE2) has been shown to reduce the severity of depression in clinically symptomatic women, particularly in those with recent stressful life events. This research extends prior work by examining the relation between E2 and reward seeking behaviors, a precise behavioral indicator of depression. Specifically, the current study utilizes a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled design to investigate whether mood sensitivity to E2 flux ("hormone sensitivity") predicts the beneficial effects of TE2 interventions on reward seeking behaviors in perimenopausal women, and whether recent stressful life events moderate any observed associations., Method: Participants were 66 women who met standardized criteria for being early or late perimenopausal based on bleeding patterns. Participants were recruited from a community sample; therefore, mood symptoms varied across the continuum and the majority of participants did not meet diagnostic criteria for a depressive or anxiety disorder at the time of enrollment. Hormone sensitivity was quantified over an 8-week baseline period, using within-subjects correlations between repeated weekly measures of E2 serum concentrations and weekly anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inventory) and anhedonia ratings (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale). Women were then randomized to receive 8 weeks of TE2 (0.1 mg) or transdermal placebo, and reward-seeking behaviors were assessed using the Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT)., Results: Participants who were randomized to receive transdermal estradiol and who demonstrated greater anxiety sensitivity to E2 fluctuations at baseline, demonstrated more reward seeking behaviors on the EEfRT task. Notably, the strength of the association between E2-anxiety sensitivity and post-randomization EEfRT for TE2 participants increased when women experienced more recent stressful life events and rated those events as more stressful. E2-anhedonia sensitivity was not associated with reward-seeking behaviors., Conclusion: Perimenopausal women who are more sensitive to E2 fluctuations and experienced more recent life stress may experience a greater benefit of TE2 as evidenced by an increase in reward seeking behaviors., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest In the past 3 years, MTT has served as a paid consultant to Boehringer Ingelheim and Blackthorn Therapeutics. MTT is a co-inventor of the EEfRT, which was used in this study. Emory University and Vanderbilt University licensed this software to BlackThorn Therapeutics. Under the IP Policies of both universities, Dr. Treadway receives licensing fees and royalties from BlackThorn Therapeutics. Additionally, Dr. Treadway has previously been a paid consulting relationship with BlackThorn. The terms of these arrangements have been reviewed and approved by Emory University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. No funding from these entities was used to support the current work, and all views expressed are solely those of the authors. The authors declare that they have no known additional competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Modern sharks have an evolutionary history of at least 250 million years and are known to play key roles in marine systems, from controlling prey populations to connecting habitats across oceans. These ecological roles can be quantified based on their functional traits, which are typically morphological (e.g., body size) or behavioural (e.g., feeding and diet). Nonetheless, the understanding of such roles of extinct sharks is limited due to the inherent incompleteness of their fossil record, which consists mainly of isolated teeth. As such, establishing links between tooth morphology and ecological traits in living sharks could provide a useful framework to infer sharks' ecology from the fossil record. Here, based on extant sharks from which morphological and behavioural characteristics are known, the authors assess the extent to which isolated teeth can serve as proxies for functional traits. To do so, they first review the scientific literature on extant species to evaluate the use of shark dental characters as proxies for ecology to then perform validation analyses based on an independent data set collected from museum collections. Their results reveal that 12 dental characters have been used in shark literature as proxies for three functional traits: body size, prey preference and feeding mechanism. From all dental characters identified, tooth size and cutting edge are the most widely used. Validation analyses suggest that seven dental characters - crown height, crown width, cutting edge, lateral cusplets, curvature, longitudinal outline and cross-section outline - are the best proxies for the three functional traits. In particular, tooth size (crown height and width) was found to be a reliable proxy of all three traits; the presence of serrations on the cutting edge was one of the best proxies for prey preference; and tooth shape (longitudinal outline) and the presence of lateral cusplets were among the best indicators of feeding mechanism. Overall, the authors' results suggest that in the absence of directly measurable traits in the fossil record, these seven dental characters (and different combinations of them) can be used to quantify the ecological roles of extinct sharks. This information has the potential to provide key insights into how shark functional diversity has changed through time, including their ecological responses to extinction events., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Fish Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Fisheries Society of the British Isles.)

Pecans are rich in bioactive compounds known to reduce oxidative stress and provide glucoregulatory benefits. Few studies assessing the effect of a pecan-enriched diet on such health outcomes suggest potential improvements to cardiometabolic health; however, this has not been studied in an older adult population. Thus, we aimed to examine the effect of daily pecan consumption for 4-weeks on fasting and postmeal antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and markers of glycemia in healthy aging adults. In this randomized, parallel, controlled trial, 41 healthy adults (50-75 years) either consumed 68 g of pecans/day (pecan; n  = 21) or avoided all nuts (control; n  = 20). At pre- (V1) and postintervention visits (V2), blood samples were obtained at fasting, and 30, 60, and 120 min following a high saturated fat meal to assess changes in malondialdehyde, which is a measure of lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glucose, and insulin. Across the intervention, there were no differences in fasting or postprandial TAC, glucose, or insulin for pecan versus control. There was a trend for a difference in fasting lipid peroxidation from V1 to V2 by treatment ( P  = .06) driven by a slight reduction for pecan versus control (Δpecan: -2.0 ± 1.1 vs. Δcontrol: +0.6 ± 0.8  μ M). In addition, postprandial lipid peroxidation was suppressed at V2 for pecan, and this was different from control (pecan areas under the curve (AUC): 10.6 ± 1.3  μ M/h to 9.1 ± 1.2  μ M/h vs. control AUC: 8.9 ± 1.3  μ M/h to 9.2 ± 1.1  μ M/h; P  = .03). These findings suggest that a 1 month, pecan-enriched diet is protective against postmeal oxidative stress. Longer interventions or a diabetic population may be needed to observe glucoregulatory benefits. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04385537.

There is considerably greater variation in metabolic rates between men than between women, in terms of basal, activity and total (daily) energy expenditure (EE). One possible explanation is that EE is associated with male sexual characteristics (which are known to vary more than other traits) such as musculature and athletic capacity. Such traits might be predicted to be most prominent during periods of adolescence and young adulthood, when sexual behaviour develops and peaks. We tested this hypothesis on a large dataset by comparing the amount of male variation and female variation in total EE, activity EE and basal EE, at different life stages, along with several morphological traits: height, fat free mass and fat mass. Total EE, and to some degree also activity EE, exhibit considerable greater male variation (GMV) in young adults, and then a decreasing GMV in progressively older individuals. Arguably, basal EE, and also morphometrics, do not exhibit this pattern. These findings suggest that single male sexual characteristics may not exhibit peak GMV in young adulthood, however total and perhaps also activity EE, associated with many morphological and physiological traits combined, do exhibit GMV most prominently during the reproductive life stages.

Introduction: There is a need to improve the implementation and provision of continuity of care between prison and community in order that people who have been in prison and have a history of low engagement with services or who are vulnerable receive appropriate and timely health care and treatment. Observational studies using record linkage have investigated continuity of care after release from prison but this type of research evidence has not been synthesised., Objective: This paper presents a protocol designed to review record linkage studies about primary care utilisation after prison release in order to inform future research and guide service organisation and delivery towards people who are at-risk following release from prison., Methods: This scoping review will follow the framework by Arksey and O'Malley (5 stages) and guidance developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science Core Collection will be searched (January 2012-March 2023) using terms relating to (i) 'former prisoners' and (ii) 'primary care'. The review will focus on observational studies that have investigated this topic using linked data from two or more sources. Two authors will independently screen titles and abstracts (step 1) and full publications (step 2) using predefined eligibility criteria. Data will be extracted from included publications using a piloted data charting form. This review will map the findings in this research area by methodology, key findings and gaps in research, and current evidence will be synthesised narratively given the expected considerable heterogeneity across studies., Discussion: This review is part of a work programme on health in prison (Administrative Data Research Centre, Northern Ireland). This work may be used to inform future research, policy and practice. Findings will be shared with stakeholders, published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences. Ethical approval is not required., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Cooper et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background & Aims: Tree nuts have been shown to have satiating qualities; however, little is known concerning the effect of pecans on measures of appetite. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a pecan-enriched diet on subjective, physiological, and direct measures of appetite in older adults., Methods: This was a randomized, controlled trial in which healthy older adults (50-75 y) were randomized to either consume 68 g of pecans/day (pecan; n = 21) or avoid all nuts (control; n = 23) for 4 weeks. At pre- (V1) and post-diet (V2) visits body weight (BW) and body fat percentage (BF) were assessed and actual change in these outcomes for pecan were compared to theoretical changes if pecans were consumed without compensation. Subjective appetite was measured using visual analog scale (VAS), and blood was collected to assess changes in physiological appetite before and every 30 min for 4 h following a high-fat meal. Energy intake (EI) at a buffet meal was then assessed in the laboratory ("in-lab"). VAS assessments continued hourly for the next 7 h and EI ("at-home") was self-reported., Results: BW and BF did not change for pecan or control across the intervention and theoretical change in BW (theoretical: 2.2 ± 0.1 vs. actual: 0.4 ± 0.2 kg; p < 0.0001) and BF (theoretical: 0.4 ± 0.04 vs. actual: 0.2 ± 0.2%; p < 0.0001) was significantly greater than actual change for pecan. From V1 to V2, there was an increase in fasting (pecan: 77.0 ± 4.6 to 93.5 ± 6.1 vs control: 76.0 ± 5.0 to 72.5 ± 5.0 pg/mL; p = 0.01) and postprandial peptide YY for pecan vs. control (p = 0.04); however, fasting and postprandial cholecystokinin and ghrelin did not differ (p > 0.05). There were no differences in the change in subjective appetite ratings at fasting, following the high-fat meal (in-lab), at-home, or across the full day between groups (p > 0.05 for all). However, there was a significant suppression of peak desire to eat ratings for pecan vs. control (pecan: 67.9 ± 4.6 to 57.1 ± 5.2 vs. control: 61.9 ± 4.2 to 60.6 ± 4.3 mm; p = 0.04). Combined, buffet meal, and at-home EI did not differ significantly within pecan and control; however, there was a trend (p = 0.11) for a between group difference in buffet meal EI driven by increased EI for control (+137 ± 86 kcal) vs. decreased EI for pecan (-45 ± 77 kcal)., Conclusion: A 4-week pecan-enriched diet led to enhanced satietogenic metrics compared to a diet void of all nuts. As weight remained stable during the intervention, adding pecans to the daily diet may be beneficial to appetite control and weight maintenance in a healthy older population., Trial Registration Information: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04385537., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to report., (Copyright © 2023 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Integrin-mediated cell attachment rapidly induces tyrosine kinase signaling. Despite years of research, the role of this signaling in integrin activation and focal adhesion assembly is unclear. We provide evidence that the Src-family kinase (SFK) substrate Cas (Crk-associated substrate, p130Cas, BCAR1) is phosphorylated and associated with its Crk/CrkL effectors in clusters that are precursors of focal adhesions. The initial phospho-Cas clusters contain integrin β1 in its inactive, bent closed, conformation. Later, phospho-Cas and total Cas levels decrease as integrin β1 is activated and core focal adhesion proteins including vinculin, talin, kindlin, and paxillin are recruited. Cas is required for cell spreading and focal adhesion assembly in epithelial and fibroblast cells on collagen and fibronectin. Cas cluster formation requires Cas, Crk/CrkL, SFKs, and Rac1 but not vinculin. Rac1 provides positive feedback onto Cas through reactive oxygen, opposed by negative feedback from the ubiquitin proteasome system. The results suggest a two-step model for focal adhesion assembly in which clusters of phospho-Cas, effectors and inactive integrin β1 grow through positive feedback prior to integrin activation and recruitment of core focal adhesion proteins., Competing Interests: SK, AS, JD, CS No competing interests declared, JC Senior editor, eLife, (© 2023, Kumar et al.)

Septins in endothelial cells (ECs) have important roles supporting the integrity of the endothelial monolayer. Cell-cell junctions in EC monolayers are highly dynamic, with continuous retractions and protrusions. Depletion of septins in ECs leads to disruption of cell-cell junctions, which are composed of VE-cadherin and other junctional proteins. In EC monolayers, septins are concentrated at the plasma membrane at sites of cell-cell contact, in curved- and scallop-shaped patterns. These membrane-associated septin accumulations are located in regions of positive membrane curvature, and those regions are often associated with and immediately adjacent to actin-rich protrusions with negative membrane curvature. EC septins associate directly with plasma membrane lipids, based on findings with site-specific mutations of septins in ECs, which is consistent with biochemical and cell biological studies in other systems. Loss of septins leads to disruption of the EC monolayer, and gaps form between cells. The number and breadth of cell-cell contacts and junctions decreases, and the number and frequency of retractions, ruffles, and protrusions at cell edges also decreases. In addition, loss of septins leads to decreased amounts of F-actin at the cortical membrane, along with increased amounts of F-actin in stress fibers of the cytoplasm. Endothelial monolayer disruption from loss of septins is also associated with decreased transendothelial electric resistance (TEER) and increased levels of transendothelial migration (TEM) by immune and cancer cells, owing to the gaps in the monolayer. A current working model is that assembly of septin filaments at regions of positive membrane curvature contributes to a mechanical footing or base for actin-based protrusive forces generated at adjoining regions of the membrane. Specific molecular interactions between the septin and actin components of the cytoskeleton may also be important contributors. Regulators of actin assembly may promote and support the assembly of septin filaments at the membrane, as part of a molecular feedback loop between the assembly of septin and actin filaments., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Differences in metabolic responses between diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) could affect energy balance and weight maintenance. The present study was a secondary analysis to investigate 8-week diet interventions rich in either PUFA (cottonseed oil [CSO]) or MUFA (olive oil [OO]) on metabolic responses in adults with dyslipidaemia., Methods: Forty-one adults with dyslipidaemia completed this randomised trial consisting of an 8-week partial-outpatient feeding trial. Provided foods accounted for about 60% of their daily energy needs, with about 30% of energy needs provided by CSO (n = 20) or OO (n = 21). At pre- and postdiet intervention visits, participants consumed a high saturated fatty acid (SFA) meal (35% daily energy needs, 47.9% from SFA), and fasting and 3.5-h postprandial indirect calorimetry were used to measure energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation., Results: No changes were observed in fasting measures. The OO group had greater increases in postprandial EE (p = 0.002); however, there were no differences in substrate oxidation between groups. A lack of metabolic flexibility was found in both groups, which was partially explained by changes in insulin sensitivity (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance)., Conclusions: The results of the present study show that OO, but not CSO, diet enrichment improves EE after an occasional high SFA meal, which may improve weight maintenance over time. This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04397055)., (© 2022 The British Dietetic Association Ltd.)

Background: There are public health concerns about an increased risk of mortality after release from prison. The objectives of this scoping review were to investigate, map and summarise evidence from record linkage studies about drug-related deaths among former adult prisoners., Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO and Web of Science were searched for studies (January 2011- September 2021) using keywords/index headings. Two authors independently screened all titles and abstracts using inclusion and exclusion criteria and subsequently screened full publications. Discrepancies were discussed with a third author. One author extracted data from all included publications using a data charting form. A second author independently extracted data from approximately one-third of the publications. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel sheets and cleaned for analysis. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were pooled (where possible) using a random-effects DerSimonian-Laird model in STATA., Results: A total of 3680 publications were screened by title and abstract, and 109 publications were fully screened; 45 publications were included. The pooled drug-related SMR was 27.07 (95%CI 13.32- 55.02; I 2 = 93.99%) for the first two weeks (4 studies), 10.17 (95%CI 3.74-27.66; I 2 = 83.83%) for the first 3-4 weeks (3 studies) and 15.58 (95%CI 7.05-34.40; I 2 = 97.99%) for the first 1 year after release (3 studies) and 6.99 (95%CI 4.13-11.83; I 2 = 99.14%) for any time after release (5 studies). However, the estimates varied markedly between studies. There was considerable heterogeneity in terms of study design, study size, location, methodology and findings. Only four studies reported the use of a quality assessment checklist/technique., Conclusions: This scoping review found an increased risk of drug-related death after release from prison, particularly during the first two weeks after release, though drug-related mortality risk remained elevated for the first year among former prisoners. Evidence synthesis was limited as only a small number of studies were suitable for pooled analyses for SMRs due to inconsistencies in study design and methodology., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Trust is a key component of social interaction. Older adults, however, often exhibit excessive trust relative to younger adults. One explanation is that older adults may learn to trust differently than younger adults. Here, we examine how younger (N = 33) and older adults (N = 30) learn to trust over time. Participants completed a classic iterative trust game with 3 partners. Younger and older adults shared similar amounts but differed in how they shared money. Compared to younger adults, older adults invested more with untrustworthy partners and less with trustworthy partners. As a group, older adults displayed less learning than younger adults. However, computational modeling suggests that this is not because older adults learn differently from positive and negative feedback than younger adults. Model-based fMRI analyses revealed several age- and learning-related differences in neural processing. Specifically, we found that older learners (N = 19), relative to older non-learners (N = 11), had greater reputation-related activity in metalizing/memory areas while making their decisions. Collectively, these findings suggest that older adult learners use social cues differently from non-learners., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Rice is planted as a rotation crop in the sugarcane-dominant Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) in southern Florida. The Histosols in this area are unlike other mineral soils used to grow rice due to the high organic content and land subsidence caused by rapid oxidation of organic matter upon drainage. It remains unknown if such soils pose a risk of arsenic (As) or cadmium (Cd) mobilization and uptake into rice grain. Both As and Cd are carcinogenic trace elements of concern in rice, and it is important to understand their soil-plant transfer into rice, a staple food of global importance. Here, a mesocosm pot study was conducted using two thicknesses of local soil, deep (D, 50 cm) and shallow (S, 25 cm), under three water managements, conventional flooding (FL), low water table (LWT), and alternating wetting and drying (AWD). Rice was grown to maturity and plant levels of As and Cd were determined. Regardless of treatments, rice grown in these Florida Histolsols has very low Cd concentrations in polished grain (1.5-5.6 μg kg -1 ) and relatively low total As (35-150 μg kg -1 ) and inorganic As (35-87 μg kg -1 ) concentrations in polished grain, which are below regulatory limits. This may be due to the low soil As and Cd levels, high soil cation exchange capacity due to high soil organic matter content, and slightly alkaline soil pH. Grain As was significantly affected by water management (AWD < FL = LWT) and its interaction effect with soil thickness (AWD-D ≤ AWD-S ≤ FL-D = LWT-S = LWT-D ≤ FL-S), resulting in as much as 62 % difference among treatments. Grain Cd was significantly affected by water management (AWD > FL > LWT) without any soil thickness impact. In conclusion, even though water management has more of an impact on rice As and Cd than soil thickness, the low concentrations of As and Cd in rice pose little health risk for consumers., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)