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Mutations in five canonical Ras pathway genes (NF1, NRAS, KRAS, PTPN11 and CBL) are detected in nearly 90% of patients with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), a frequently fatal malignant neoplasm of early childhood. In this report, we describe seven patients diagnosed with SH2B3-mutated JMML, including five patients who were found to have initiating, loss-of-function mutations in the gene. SH2B3 encodes the adaptor protein LNK, a negative regulator of normal hematopoiesis upstream of the Ras pathway. These mutations were identified to be germline, somatic or a combination of both. Loss of function of LNK, which has been observed in other myeloid malignancies, results in abnormal proliferation of hematopoietic cells due to cytokine hypersensitivity and activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. In vitro studies of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived JMML-like hematopoietic progenitor cells also demonstrated sensitivity of SH2B3-mutated hematopoietic progenitor cells to JAK inhibition. Lastly, we describe two patients with JMML and SH2B3 mutations who were treated with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. This report expands the spectrum of initiating mutations in JMML and raises the possibility of targeting the JAK/STAT pathway in patients with SH2B3 mutations.

Key message: Differences in architectural traits of European beech saplings submitted to different levels of competition intensity and neighborhood diversity show a shift toward lateral growth exploration for overtopped trees but less expressed apical control is maintained for beech grown with conifers. Crown plasticity is a fundamental process to optimize the acquisition of light in forests, where it is often the limiting factor for growth. The processes leading to crown dynamics in response to biotic interaction are controlled by the competitive status of a tree, as well as the species diversity of the neighborhood. Yet, the ontogenic diversity of the different branches leading to crown structure makes it difficult to model crown plasticity. In this study, we used single-image photogrammetry and a semi-automatic topology reconstruction software to map the architecture of 3-year-old European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) grown in pure pots or mixed with Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) or Norway spruce (Piceaabies L. H.Karst). Further, we investigated the effect of competition intensity (estimated with height rank) and neighbourhood diversity on architectural traits. To do so, we quantified the mean volume, slenderness, number of branches, branching rate, internode length, and diameter ratio for each stem and branch, up to the order three. Overtopped trees developed fewer branches and biomass but allocated more biomass to branches of a higher order than to the stem. The increase in the ramification of the stem and the diameter ratio of the first-order branches for overtopped trees indicate a shift in the growth strategy and a decrease in apical control. As competition intensity and neighbour identity have opposite effects on stem traits, it seems that the positive effect of plant diversity on growth can be attributed to the intrinsic effects of species identity rather than to competition release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a questionnaire survey of senior secondary school students, this study examines the determinants of perceived crowding of juveniles in Hong Kong, a city that has accommodated generations of migrants from mainland China and elsewhere in the world and is renowned for its extreme densities. The analysis is threefold. First, it identifies factors directly affecting perceived crowding such as home density, housing tenure type, and environmental referent. The next stage, then, examines what factors determine home density. It is found that juveniles in both public- and private-sector-owned housing tend to have significantly more housing space than those residing in rented housing. Newcomers to the city enjoy less housing space compared to more established Hong Kong residents. The third stage analyzes the sorting of households into housing tenure types. New migrants are most likely to be private renters. Over time, the difference in home density and housing tenure types between students with locally born parents and those with mainland-born parents becomes smaller. However, no such trend is observed for students of overseas backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sperm whales spatially segregate by sex and social behavior as they mature. In the North Atlantic, male whales move to higher latitudes as far as Svalbard at 80° N, while females and young whales typically remain around lower latitudes below 40–45° N. The Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands constitute important nursery grounds for female and young sperm whales. Irish waters represent a midpoint for this species' spatial segregation in the Northeast Atlantic, where the species occurs along the submarine canyon systems to the west of the country. Historically, just male whales were thought to be found in this region between 51 and 55° N, but one adult female was caught by commercial whalers in 1910, and a 5.49 m calf was found stranded in 1916. Between 1995 and 2023, 10 female sperm whales have been stranded around the coast of Ireland. Eight of these whales have been stranded since 2013, and there has been at least one stranding per year between 2019 and 2023. Four of these strandings have occurred in Donegal in the northwest of Ireland, indicating the presence of female whales along the continental shelf off this region. Two females were stranded within a day of each other and were found in similar states of decomposition in February 2022, indicating that they may have been part of the same group rather than being lone vagrant individuals. Sperm whale calves and juveniles were also sighted in Irish waters in 2001, 2004, and 2010 in the Rockall Trough, along the Porcupine Bank and Goban Spur, where between 1 and 3 individuals were observed on four occasions while one calf live stranded in 2004. These records indicate a historical presence of female and young sperm whales in this region but that an apparent increase in occurrence has taken place over the past decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intended to explore possible variations among youth adjudicated for sexual offenses based on personal criminogenic factors, offense, and victim characteristics. Utilizing a data set collected from the juvenile court files in Turkey (n = 460), the Latent Class Analysis revealed that the study sample included three different subgroups with distinct features: "non-delinquent, peer victim-targeting," "non-delinquent, younger victim-targeting," and "delinquent, versatile" youth adjudicated for sex offenses. The first two of these groups were similar in terms of having low levels of delinquency, while the third group included the lowest number of youth with significantly broad delinquent activity patterns. These findings were in line with the results of previous studies, and the implications were discussed for future research and policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Warming impacted both individual and group behavior in juvenile C. carpio. • Long-term warming had a more pronounced impact on the decline of swimming activity. • Transcriptomics revealed that warming affected cytoskeletal organization, mitochondrial regulation, and energy metabolism in brain. • Synaptic transmission and signal transduction pathways were the key signature to explain behavior changes under warming. Global warming is increasing interest in how aquatic animals can adjust their physiological performance and cope with temperature changes. Therefore, understanding the behavioral changes and molecular underpinnings in fish under warming is crucial for both the individual and groups survival. This could provide experimental evidence and resource for evaluating the impact of global warming. Three genetic families of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were generated. These juveniles were constructed short-term (4 days) and long-term (30 days) warming groups to investigate the effects of warming on behavioral responses and to elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms of warming-driven behavior. Behavioral tests were used to explore the effects of short- and long-term exposure to warming on the swimming behavior of C. carpio. Brain transcriptome combined with measurement of nervous system activity was used to further investigated the comprehensive neuromolecular mechanisms under warming. Long-term warming groups had a more significant impact on the decline of swimming behavior in juvenile C. carpio. Furthermore, brain comparative transcriptomic analysis combined with measurement of nervous system activity revealed that genes involved in cytoskeletal organization, mitochondrial regulation, and energy metabolism are major regulators of behavior in the juvenile under warming. Importantly, especially in the long-term warming groups, enrichment analysis of associated gene expression suggested functional alterations of synaptic transmission and signal transduction leading to swimming function impairment in the central nervous system, as revealed by behavioral tests. Our study provides evidence of the neurogenomic mechanism underlying the decreased swimming activity in juvenile C. carpio under warming. These findings have important implications for understanding the impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystems and the organisms that inhabit them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Childhood blindness remains a neglected issue in eye care within low-income countries, with congenital and juvenile cataracts being the most common treatable causes. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing the management of congenital and juvenile bilateral cataracts, provide data on general outcomes and postoperative findings, and discuss treatment in a low-income country context. Methods: In this prospective study, data from clinical care were continuously entered into a database, and one follow-up examination of a cohort of 91 patients with congenital and juvenile bilateral cataracts in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, was conducted. Multiple factors that affect the first clinical presentation, the clinical management, and outcome were investigated. Results: Most patients (88.5%) who received medical treatment were identified by cataract finders. A patient's presentation time was independent of the parent's education, social status, income, and sex of the child. The median age at first presentation was 5.8 years (ranging from 0 days to 17.3 years). The best visual acuity outcomes were achieved by patients who underwent surgery during early childhood. According to WHO grades and on an eye level basis, 51.1% (93 out of 182 eyes) showed improvement, while 34.6% (63 eyes) had unchanged results post-surgery. Among the cases without improvement, 76.2% were blind prior to surgery. Postoperative findings were observed in 56% of the patients, with secondary cataracts being the most common, affecting 26.37% of the operated eyes. Conclusions: Optimal management of childhood cataracts involves early identification, efficient hospital infrastructure, high-quality medical care, and long-term follow up. In sub-Saharan Africa, this approach must be adapted to the context of available resources, which differs significantly from those in high- and middle-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adult dermatomyositis (DM) and juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) are rare autoimmune diseases with characteristic skin rashes, weakness, and other systemic features. Upregulated interferon signaling has been consistently described in both adult and juvenile DM which makes janus kinase inhibitors (jakinibs) an attractive therapeutic agent that has a targeted mechanism of action. Areas covered: Herein is a review of the growing literature of jakinib use in adult and juvenile DM, including reports on specific disease features and safety of jakinibs in this population and a comparison between adult and juvenile DM. We performed a literature review using PubMed including all English-language publications before 1 February 2024 and abstracts from key recent rheumatology conferences. Expert opinion: Jakinibs are an exciting and promising treatment in both adult and juvenile DM. Current Phase 2 and 3 randomized placebo-controlled trials of jakinibs in both adult and JDM will provide significant insights into the efficacy of this class of medication as a potentially more mechanistically targeted treatment of both skin and muscle disease. In fact, these results will likely inform the treatment paradigm of dermatomyositis in that it may even be considered as first or second line. The next five years in the therapeutic landscape of both juvenile and adult DM is an exciting time for both patients and medical providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Otosclerosis is a relatively uncommon condition that causes conductive hearing loss in children. The preferred treatment for adults is stapedotomy, while for individuals under 18 years old, there is an ongoing discussion about the best treatment approach. Thus, the surgical procedure for the stapes in pediatric patients continues to be a subject of debate. This study aimed to evaluate the results of stapes surgery in children, trying to understand, based on our results, whether this is actually the most suitable option. Methods: The study included 18 patients who underwent surgery between January 2013 and December 2023. The patients' ages ranged from 11 to 18 years, with an average age of 14.7. Out of the total 21 surgeries, three patients opted for bilateral surgery. Pre- and post-operative data were compared, focusing on the mean air conduction (AC) and bone conduction (BC) thresholds at frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz. Additionally, pre-operative thresholds and the post-operative air–bone gap (ABG) were examined. Results: After a year, the air–bone gap was effectively reduced to 10 dB or less in 94% of the 21 cases, and to 20 dB or less in 98% of all cases. Conclusions: Our results and research in the field have consistently shown that stapedotomy, when conducted by skilled otosurgeons, is a reliable and successful procedure for a considerable number of patients. The outcomes it generates are similar to those achieved through the procedure conducted during adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies on the feeding ecology of larvae and juveniles of commercially important pelagic fishes have used field-based approaches. However, due to possible biases related to net sampling, it is uncertain whether the results obtained from those studies truly represent the situation of live fish in the sea. Here we investigated the feeding ecology of pelagic fishes through a laboratory experiment minimizing the biases inherent in field net sampling. In the experiment, hatchery-reared juvenile chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) and larval/juvenile Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) were fed with wild-caught zooplankton assemblages collected from around Hakatajima Island in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. The relationships between fish size and prey number in the gut, and the selectivity on each prey organism were determined. As a result, in both species, prey number and size increased with body size, and the fish showed strong selectivity for crustaceans including copepodites and adults of copepods. Our data has also clearly indicated that both species can selectively prey on preferred foods that are rare while avoiding non-preferred foods that are abundant. These results, which substantially accord with reports from previous field studies, will not only help field scientists make a convincing interpretation of their data, but also open the possibility of further laboratory studies on detailed mechanisms of the feeding selectivity of larval/juvenile pelagic fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To estimate mortality and survival rates of SLE in a contemporary, population-based setting and assess potential influences by time, sex, ethnicity, classification criteria and age at diagnosis. Methods We assessed mortality and survival in the Nor-SLE cohort, which includes all chart review–confirmed SLE cases resident in Southeast Norway (population 2.9 million) 1999–2017. Study end was at death, emigration or 1 October 2022. We defined juvenile SLE by age <16 years at diagnosis. For standardized mortality rate (SMR) estimates, we applied 15 population controls per case, all matched for age, sex, residency and ethnicity. We analysed survival by Kaplan–Meier and risk factors by Cox regression. Results The Nor-SLE cohort included 1558 SLE cases, of whom 749 were incident and met the 2019 EULAR and ACR (2019-EA) classification criteria. SMR was increased to 1.8 (95% CI 1.6–2.2) in incident adult-onset SLE but did not differ between females and males. Survival rates at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years were lower in incident adult-onset SLE than in matched controls. In multivariable analysis, LN associated with decreased survival, while sex did not. Separate, long-term mortality analyses in the total Nor-SLE cohort showed that SMR peaked at 7.2 (95% CI 3.3–14) in juvenile-onset SLE (n  = 93) and fell gradually by increasing age at SLE diagnosis. Conclusion This study shows persistence of a mortality gap between adult-onset SLE and controls at population level and provides indications of worryingly high mortality in juvenile-onset SLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resocialization of juveniles is aimed at shaping anew in socially maladjusted persons a system of moral norms and proper rules of conduct accepted in society. The purpose of the research within the framework of this article was to evaluate the model of juvenile resocialization currently in force in Poland in a closed environment as a variation of institutional resocialization, especially in the context of its effectiveness. Both the relevant regulations contained in the Law on the Support and Re-socialization of Minors were analyzed, a selected body of literature on the subject relating to the problems of the re-socialization of minors, taking into account re-socialization in conditions of social isolation, was presented and discussed, as well as the results of scientific research and inspections by the Supreme Chamber of Control in the indicated research area. On this basis, an assessment was made of the current model of the rehabilitation of minors in Poland in a closed environment, especially in the perspective of its effectiveness in achieving the goals of rehabilitation. On this basis, the author presented the view of the necessity of functioning in the modern realities of the rehabilitation of minors in the conditions of social isolation as an adequate response to the behavior of the most demoralized group of minors and, at the same time, pointed out the necessity of developing specific legal regulations that will effectively include the family in the process of rehabilitation of minors residing in correctional institutions, district assistance centers and youth assistance centers, which is emphasized by the legislator in the preamble to the Act on support and rehabilitation of minors indicating the role of the family in the educational process. This article should contribute to a better understanding of the essence of the model of rehabilitation in a closed environment and will add to the current body of literature with regard to evaluating the operation and effectiveness of this model under current legislation.

Introduction: Global warming is increasing interest in how aquatic animals can adjust their physiological performance and cope with temperature changes. Therefore, understanding the behavioral changes and molecular underpinnings in fish under warming is crucial for both the individual and groups survival. This could provide experimental evidence and resource for evaluating the impact of global warming. Objective: Three genetic families of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were generated. These juveniles were constructed short-term (4 days) and long-term (30 days) warming groups to investigate the effects of warming on behavioral responses and to elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms of warming-driven behavior. Methods: Behavioral tests were used to explore the effects of short- and long-term exposure to warming on the swimming behavior of C. carpio. Brain transcriptome combined with measurement of nervous system activity was used to further investigated the comprehensive neuromolecular mechanisms under warming. Results: Long-term warming groups had a more significant impact on the decline of swimming behavior in juvenile C. carpio. Furthermore, brain comparative transcriptomic analysis combined with measurement of nervous system activity revealed that genes involved in cytoskeletal organization, mitochondrial regulation, and energy metabolism are major regulators of behavior in the juvenile under warming. Importantly, especially in the long-term warming groups, enrichment analysis of associated gene expression suggested functional alterations of synaptic transmission and signal transduction leading to swimming function impairment in the central nervous system, as revealed by behavioral tests. Conclusions: Our study provides evidence of the neurogenomic mechanism underlying the decreased swimming activity in juvenile C. carpio under warming. These findings have important implications for understanding the impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystems and the organisms that inhabit them.

Rohman Hikmat,1 Suryani Suryani,2 Iyus Yosep,2 Rohani Jeharsae,3 Iqbal Pramukti,4 Aat Sriati,2 Imas Rafiyah,2 Heni Purnama5 1Master Program of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia; 2Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia; 3Faculty of Nursing, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Rusamilae, Pattani, 94000, Thailand; 4Department of Community Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia; 5Department of Mental Health, STIKEP PPNI Jabar, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Rohman Hikmat, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Hegarmanah, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia, Tel +62881023623453, Fax +6202287793411, Email rohman23001@mail.unpad.ac.idPurpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of empathy training on bullying behavior in juvenile prisoners at the Bandung City Special Development Institute for Children.Methods: This study used a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental design with pre and post-test with control group. The sampling technique used purposive sampling and obtained a sample of 100 respondents (50 intervention group and 50 control group). Empathy training was conducted for 3 months as many as 4 sessions consisting of education, role play, watching movies, and reflection. Data collection used the Indonesian version of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Univariate analysis used mean, min-max, and standard deviation values. Bivariate analysis used Wilcoxon test and Mann–Whitney test.Results: The results showed that in the intervention group, most respondents had high bullying behavior before the intervention (70%) and had low bullying behavior after the intervention (64%). In the control group, most respondents showed a high level of bullying behavior (80%) at pre-test and had high level of bullying behavior (78%) at post-test. The results of the Wilcoxon test showed ap value of < 0.001, indicating that there was a significant effect on reducing bullying behavior in prisoners in LPKA Bandung City after being given empathy training. The results of the Mann–Whitney test showed a value of p< 0.001 which means that there is a difference in the level of bullying behavior between the control and intervention groups.Conclusion: Empathy training is a recommendation for community nurses in Bandung City Special Development Institute for Children to implement community-based nursing interventions in preventing bullying in children and adolescents, especially adolescents in prison.Keywords: bullying, juvenile, empathy training, prisoners

Background/Objectives: Otosclerosis is a relatively uncommon condition that causes conductive hearing loss in children. The preferred treatment for adults is stapedotomy, while for individuals under 18 years old, there is an ongoing discussion about the best treatment approach. Thus, the surgical procedure for the stapes in pediatric patients continues to be a subject of debate. This study aimed to evaluate the results of stapes surgery in children, trying to understand, based on our results, whether this is actually the most suitable option. Methods: The study included 18 patients who underwent surgery between January 2013 and December 2023. The patients’ ages ranged from 11 to 18 years, with an average age of 14.7. Out of the total 21 surgeries, three patients opted for bilateral surgery. Pre- and post-operative data were compared, focusing on the mean air conduction (AC) and bone conduction (BC) thresholds at frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz. Additionally, pre-operative thresholds and the post-operative air–bone gap (ABG) were examined. Results: After a year, the air–bone gap was effectively reduced to 10 dB or less in 94% of the 21 cases, and to 20 dB or less in 98% of all cases. Conclusions: Our results and research in the field have consistently shown that stapedotomy, when conducted by skilled otosurgeons, is a reliable and successful procedure for a considerable number of patients. The outcomes it generates are similar to those achieved through the procedure conducted during adulthood.

BackgroundPhosphorylated neurofilament heavy, a marker of neuroaxonal damage, is increased in horses with equine neuroaxonal dystrophy. However, the temporal dynamics of this biomarker during the post-natal risk period are not understood.ObjectiveTo measure serum and cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated neurofilament heavy concentrations in juvenile foals across the post-natal window of susceptibility for equine neuroaxonal dystrophy.Study designCase-control in vivo experimental study.MethodsConcentrations of phosphorylated neurofilament heavy were measured using frozen serum and cerebrospinal fluid collected from 13 foals raised in a vitamin E deficient environment from 1 to 6 months of age. Four of these foals were produced by equine neuroaxonal dystrophy-affected dams, developed clinical signs consistent with equine neuroaxonal dystrophy and had a diagnosis confirmed by histopathology. The remaining nine foals, produced by healthy mares, were vitamin E depleted and remained clinically healthy. An additional cohort of foals, produced by healthy mares, were supplemented with vitamin E (α-tocopherol; α-TOH) from birth and sampled similarly.ResultsSerum α-TOH concentrations were significantly higher in vitamin E supplemented healthy foals. Serum phosphorylated neurofilament heavy concentrations did not differ significantly between groups at any time point. Cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated neurofilament heavy concentrations increased with age in healthy vitamin E depleted foals (p

PURPOSE: Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is an aggressive pediatric malignancy with myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative features. Curative treatment is restricted to hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Fludarabine combined with cytarabine (FLA) and 5-azacitidine (AZA) monotherapy are commonly used pre-transplant therapies. Here, we present a drug screening strategy using a flow cytometry-based precision medicine platform to identify potential additional therapeutic vulnerabilities. METHODS: We screened 120 dual- and 10 triple-drug combinations (DCs) on peripheral blood (n = 21) or bone marrow (n = 6) samples from 27 children with JMML to identify DCs more effectively reducing leukemic cells than the DCs components on their own. If fewer leukemic cells survived a DC ex vivo treatment compared with that DCs most effective component alone, the drug effect was referred to as cooperative. The difference between the two resistant fractions is the effect size. RESULTS: We identified 26 dual- and one triple-DC more effective than their components. The differentiation agent tretinoin (TRET; all-trans retinoic acid) reduced the resistant fraction of FLA in 19/21 (90%) samples (decrease from 15% [2%-61%] to 11% [2%-50%] with a mean effect size of 3.8% [0.5%-11%]), and of AZA in 19/25 (76%) samples (decrease from 69% [34%-100+%] to 47% [17%-83%] with a mean effect size of 16% [0.3%-40%]). Among the resistant fractions, the mean proportion of CD38+ cells increased from 7% (0.03%-25%; FLA) to 17% (0.3%-38%; FLA + TRET) or from 10% (0.2%-31%; AZA) to 51% (0.8%-88%; AZA + TRET). CONCLUSION: TRET enhanced the effects of FLA and AZA in ex vivo assays with primary JMML samples.

OBJECTIVE: Prompt escalation to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFis) is recommended for children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and ongoing disease activity despite treatment with conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (cDMARDs). It is unknown whether these recommendations are equitably followed for children with different insurance types. We assessed the association of insurance coverage on the odds and timing of TNFi use. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of children with newly diagnosed JIA in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Registry. We compared the odds of starting a TNFi in the first year and time from cDMARD to TNFi initiation between those with public and private insurance. RESULTS: We identified 1086 children with new JIA diagnoses. Publicly insured children had significantly higher active joint counts and parent/patient global assessment scores at the enrollment visit. They were also more likely to have polyarticular arthritis compared to those with private insurance. Odds of any TNFi use in the first year did not differ between publicly and privately insured children. Publicly insured children were escalated from cDMARD to TNFi more quickly than privately insured children. CONCLUSION: Children who were publicly insured had more severe disease and polyarticular involvement at registry enrollment compared to those who were privately insured. Whereas overall TNFi use did not differ between children with different insurance types, publicly insured children were escalated more quickly, consistent with their increased disease severity. Further research is needed to determine why insurance coverage type is associated with disease severity, including how other socioeconomic factors affect presentation to care.

Background: Non-neoplastic, reactive proliferation of Langerhans cells is observed in leukemias, pseudo-lymphomas, carcinomas, etc. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm with a few overlapping clinical features to Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). JMML involving the lymph nodes may show the proliferation of Langerhans cells. Case report: A two year old boy presented with fever, hepatosplenomegaly and elevated total leukocyte count with monocytosis. Bone marrow revealed dysplasia in erythroids and myeloids. Axillary lymph node showed sheets of macrophages in sinuses and paracortical areas (S100, CD68 and CD 1a positive) admixed with eosinophils, mimicking LCH. Molecular analysis revealed somatic heterozygous, missense mutation in PTPN11 exon 3, a known pathogenic hot spot mutation in JMML. Conclusion: The treatment and prognosis of JMML and LCH are different. JMML may have a clinical and morphological overlap with LCH and hence can be misdiagnosed. This paper highlights the similarities and differences between the two diseases with a case illustration.

Since the passage of the Wild Free‐Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971, federal agencies have been responsible for managing free‐roaming equids in the United States. Over the last 20 years, management has been hampered by direct opposition from advocacy groups, budget limitations, and a decline in the public's willingness to adopt free‐roaming horses (Equus caballus). As a result, free‐roaming equid numbers have increased to >3 times the targeted goal of 26,785 (horses and burros [E. asinus] combined), the cumulative sum of the appropriate management levels (AML) for all 177 designated herd management areas (HMA) managed by the Bureau of Land Management. This increase is one of the causes of greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) population declines, owing to habitat alteration from free‐roaming equids exacerbated by ongoing drought. To evaluate potential demographic mechanisms influencing these declines, we compiled survival data from 4 studies in central Wyoming, USA, including 995 adult female (first‐year breeders or older) sage‐grouse during the breeding season, 1,075 nests, 372 broods, and 136 juveniles (i.e., overwinter survival for fledged young), from 2008–2022. During this period, we also obtained population information for free‐roaming horses from 9 HMAs used by individual grouse in our sample. Population estimates of free‐roaming horses for these HMAs ranged from 59% to 7 times of the maximum appropriate management level (AMLmax). Sage‐grouse monitored outside of HMAs represented control populations and, because we assumed they were not exposed to populations of free‐roaming horses, we set values of AMLmax to zero for all grouse located outside of HMAs. To evaluate whether free‐roaming horses were negatively affecting sage‐grouse, we modeled daily survival of breeding age females, nest, broods, and juveniles. There was strong or moderate evidence that overabundant free‐roaming horses negatively affected nest, brood, and juvenile survival. When horse abundance increased from AMLmax to 3 times AMLmax, survival was reduced 8.1%, 18.3%, 18.2%, and 18.2% for nests, early broods (≤20 days after hatch), late broods (>20 days to 35 days after hatch), and juveniles, respectively. These results indicate increasing free‐roaming horse numbers affected vital rates for important life stages of sage‐grouse, and that maintaining free‐roaming horse numbers below AMLmax would reduce negative effects to sage‐grouse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of solving and investigating criminal cases in the current context of state and law development is a very complex task that cannot be accomplished without a qualitative and effective combination of pr ocedural and criminalistic t ools. One of the most contentious issues of modern criminal proceedings is undoubtedly the use of a polygraph as an investigative tool. The article analyzes juvenile delinquency, which has tended to decline over the past five years in our country, but despite some positive dynamics, there are crimes that are often committed precisely by minors. The research methodology includes general scientific principles of cognition: descriptive-analytical, interdisciplinary and formal-legal approaches. The disagreement of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to apply polygraph testing forces investigative bodies to look for new forms of applying the results of such examinations. Today, there is a need to optimize the detection and investigation of crimes committed by adolescents in order to deter and prevent juvenile criminal behavior. As a result of the study, a proposal is made to legislate the examination of juveniles by a polygraph examiner in conjunction with a psychologist and define the lower chronological age for adole scents.

In migratory animals, the developmental period from inexperienced juveniles to breeding adults could be a key life stage in shaping population migration patterns. Nevertheless, the development of migration routines in early life remains underexplored. While age‐related changes in migration routes and timing have been described in obligate migrants, most investigations into the ontogeny of partial migrants only focused on age‐dependency of migration as a binary tactic (migrant or resident), and variations in routes and timing among individuals classified as ‘migrants’ is rarely considered. To fill this gap, we study the ontogeny of migration destination, route and timing in a partially migratory red kite (Milvus milvus) population. Using an extensive GPS‐tracking dataset (292 fledglings and 38 adults, with 1–5 migrations tracked per individual), we studied how nine different migration characteristics changed with age and breeding status in migrant individuals, many of which become resident later in life. Individuals departed later from and arrived earlier at the breeding areas as they aged, resulting in a gradual prolongation of stay in the breeding area by 2 months from the first to the fifth migration. Individuals delayed southward migration in the year prior to territory acquirement, and they further delayed it after occupying a territory. Migration routes became more direct with age. Individuals were highly faithful to their wintering site. Migration distance shortened only slightly with age and was more similar among siblings than among unrelated individuals. The large gradual changes in northward and southward migrations suggest a high degree of plasticity in temporal characteristics during the developmental window. However, the high wintering site fidelity points towards large benefits of site familiarity, prompting spatial migratory plasticity to be expressed through a switch to residency. The contrasting patterns of trajectories of age‐related changes between spatial and temporal migration characteristics might reflect different mechanisms underlying the expression of plasticity. Investigating such patterns among species along the entire spectrum of migration tactics would enable further understanding of the plastic responses exhibited by migratory species to rapid environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Intertidal habitat preferences and spatiotemporal variation in the abundance of juvenile Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis in Yangtze Estuary are reported. Methods: The size and abundance of this crab are reported for mud flat, gravel, root belt, and marsh habitats in this estuary's lower, middle, and upper reaches from June 2021 (spring) to February 2022 (winter) using quadrat method. Results: Juvenile E. sinensis of carapace length (CL) 5.5 ± 2.1 mm (mean ± standard deviation) were collected; no juveniles were found in February 2022. Crab abundance in root belt and gravel habitats usually exceeded that of marsh habitat; no juveniles were found in mud flat habitat. The greatest abundances and smallest individuals were found when megalopa recruited in early spring (June); juvenile abundance decreased sharply afterwards, and crabs were absent from the intertidal during winter. Size and relative growth rate of juvenile crabs were greater in root belt and gravel habitat than in marsh habitat from June to August. Recruitment primarily drove changes in crab abundance and size during June and July, and temperature best correlated with changes in the winter. Many stage I juveniles (CL < 3.1 mm) occurred in the lower estuarine reaches, while stage III and IV juveniles (CL 3.9-6.5 mm) primarily occurred in the middle and upper estuarine reaches. Discussion: Although intertidal wetland habitat in Yangtze Estuary is severely degraded and reduced in area, it remains important for recruitment and maintenance of mitten crab populations. An understanding of the habitat requirements of this species will benefit management of this crab resource and the prioritized restoration of intertidal habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in children. We have previously shown that TBI with a concurrent extracranial injury reliably leads to post-injury suppression of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In patients with post-injury immune suppression, if immune function could be preserved, this might represent a therapeutic opportunity. As such, we examined, in an animal injury model, whether systemic administration of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) could reverse post-injury immune suppression and whether treatment was associated with neuroinflammation or functional deficit. Prepubescent male rats were injured using a controlled cortical impact model and then subjected to removal of 25% blood volume (TBI/H). Sham animals underwent surgery without injury induction, and the treatment groups were sham and injured animals treated with either saline vehicle or 50 μg/kg GM-CSF. GM-CSF was administered following injury and then daily until sacrifice at post-injury day (PID) 7. Immune function was measured by assessing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in whole blood and spleen following ex vivo stimulation with pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Brain samples were assessed by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cytokine levels and by immunohistochemistry for microglia and astrocyte proliferation. Neuronal cell count was examined using cresyl violet staining. Motor coordination was evaluated using the Rotarod performance test. Treatment with GM-CSF was associated with a significantly increased response to PWM in both whole blood and spleen. GM-CSF in injured animals did not lead to increases in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain samples but was associated with significant increases in counted astrocytes. Finally, while injured animals treated with saline showed a significant impairment on behavioral testing, injured animals treated with GM-CSF performed similarly to uninjured animals. GM-CSF treatment in animals with combined injury led to increased systemic immune cell response in whole blood and spleen in the acute phase following injury. Improved immune response was not associated with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the brain or functional impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An understanding of vital rate contributions to population growth is necessary for species of conservation concern, such as greater sage‐grouse Centrocercus urophasianus. Sage‐grouse demographic rates are generally well described; however, a notable exception is juvenile survival during the post‐fledging period. We evaluated juvenile survival at two study areas in central and south–central Wyoming. We captured and monitored 124 juvenile sage‐grouse (77 females and 47 males) in 2017–2019 in the central Wyoming study area and 68 (29 females and 39 males) in 2020–2021 in the south–central Wyoming study area. Monthly survival generally increased from September to March in each year and study area. In both study areas, we found no evidence that monthly mortality risk differed between male and female juvenile sage‐grouse. In central Wyoming, seven‐month survival estimates from September to March were 0.28 (85% CI: 0.18–0.44) from 2017–2018, 0.28 (85% CI: 0.20–0.39) from 2018–2019, and 0.43 (85% CI: 0.34–0.55) from 2019–2020. In south‐central Wyoming, survival estimates were 0.34 (85% CI: 0.25–0.47) from 2020–2021 and 0.78 (85% CI: 0.68–0.90) from 2021–2022. Overall, we found evidence that body condition at time of capture and weather (temperature and precipitation) during the pre‐fledging period influenced juvenile mortality risk, but the most supported intrinsic and extrinsic factors varied between study areas. Our results provide additional estimates of juvenile survival that will be useful for understanding sage‐grouse demography. However, the spatial and temporal variation in juvenile survival that we documented should be accounted for when evaluating how management actions may influence sage‐grouse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychopathic traits have been associated with rearrest in adolescents involved in the criminal legal system. Much of the prior work has focused on White samples, short follow-up windows, and relatively low-risk youth. The current study aimed to evaluate the utility of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV) for predicting general and violent felony recidivism in a large sample of high-risk, predominantly Hispanic/Latino, male adolescents (n = 254) with a five-year follow-up period. Results indicated higher PCL:YV scores and lower full-scale estimated IQ scores were significantly associated with a shorter time to felony and violent felony rearrest. These effects generalized to Hispanic/Latino adolescents (n = 193)—a group that faces disproportionate risk of being detained or committed to juvenile correctional facilities in the U.S. These results suggest that expert-rated measures of psychopathic traits and IQ are reliable predictors of subsequent felony and violent felony rearrest among high-risk male adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the cadmium (Cd) levels and temporal variation of Cd in dark muscle, white muscle, and liver of juvenile Thunnus albacares. 72 individuals (Standard length: 50–67 cm; weight: 0.8–2.5 kg) were collected from Indian Oceanic water around Sri Lanka during the period between April 2021 to May 2022. Total Cd levels were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer. The mean Cd levels (mean ± SD mg kg−1 dry weight) in different tissues varied with significantly higher levels in the liver (13.62 ± 0.98, p < 0.05), compared to dark muscle (0.52 ± 0.05), and white muscle (0.42 ± 0.04). Cd levels in liver tissues were positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the fish weight. The Cd levels reported in dark muscles, white muscles, and liver tissues were significantly higher (p < 0.05) during 2nd inter-monsoon than in the other monsoonal regimes and exceeded the maximum permissible level (0.1 mg kg−1 wet weight) set by the European Union (EU). However, the measured Cd levels in white and dark muscles were below the maximum permissible level (0.2 mg kg−1 wet weight) set by FAO/WHO. The Cd levels in all the liver tissues were above the levels set by the EU and FAO/WHO. Accordingly, people should avoid the consumption of liver tissues of T. albacares from the Indian Ocean. A human with a body weight of 60 kg can consume white muscles up to 4.667 kg per week without exceeding the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is devoted to the study of the abundance, distribution and growth performance of five Mugilidae species in three types of coastal habitats (coastal sea, estuaries and lagoon) located in a limited geographical area in the south-western Mediterranean (eastern coast of Algeria). The four sites considered (Caroube Beach, Mellah Lagoon, Boukhmira and Mafragh Estuaries) are differentiated by their salinity, which evolves at different intervals. The five species enter the considered paralic environments at very small sizes (2–3 cm TL). Regardless of site, Liza saliens is the most abundant (46.92%), followed by Liza aurata (23.72%), Chelon labrosus (13.96%), Liza ramada (11.80%) and Mugil cephalus (3.50%). Each species has a different occupation profile for each site (date of recruitment, relative abundance and demographic structure). The same is true for daily growth, which is better at Mafragh for L. saliens (0.7 ± 0.13 mm/day), at Boukhmira and Mafragh for L. aurata (0.53 ± 0.08 and 0.48 ± 0.09 mm/day, respectively), at Caroube for L. ramada (0.58 ± 0.12 mm/day) and at Mellah for C. labrosus (0.59 ± 0.14 mm/day) and M. cephalus (0.68 ± 0.17 mm/day). The closeness of the daily growth values for the five species to data obtained by various multi-year ageing methods (scalimetry, otolithometry) shows the validity of using otolith microstructures to determine the age of juvenile 0+ Mugilidae. This study shows heterogeneity in the relative abundance, demographic structure and somatic development of the five species considered depending on their habitat and suggests the influence of certain abiotic parameters on some of them. The two most interesting species for aquaculture (Liza ramada and M. cephalus) are relatively the least abundant, but still have interesting potential for freshwater aquaculture, because of their euryhalinity and their interesting maximum length, as well as their relatively fast growth in freshwater. The results of this study are of an applied nature because they contribute to the development of extensive mugilid aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective cohort study assessed the efficacy and safety of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, tofacitinib and baricitinib, in 14 patients with refractory dermatomyositis (DM), a multisystemic autoimmune disorder with limited therapeutic options. Results demonstrated a significant median decrease of 21 points and a 76% reduction in the Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area and Severity Index (CDASI) scores, along with a complete resolution of muscular symptoms in 64% of the patients. JAK inhibitors were effective in managing refractory DM across various subtypes with mild and manageable adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh 1820) is a habitatforming brown seaweed in temperate systems with an unexplored potential as a source of seaweed bioproducts. This study used M. pyrifera sporophytes sourced in Tasmania, Australia, to investigate the effect of photoperiod and temperature on growth rates and the nutritional characteristics of the resulting juvenile biomass. Four cultivation treatments combined growth temperatures of 12 °C, 15 °C, 18 °C with light:dark (L:D) of 12:12 and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiods, (12 °C – (12:12); 12 °C – (16:8); 15 °C – (12:12); 18 °C – (12:12) to investigate their effect on the number and size of sporophytes, biomass accumulation and nutritional composition. After 60 days of cultivation the 12 °C – (12:12) treatment had the greatest number of juvenile sporophytes, and the greatest biomass of 14 ± 1.3 g dry weight (DW). The lowest biomass of 1 g DW, was obtained from the 18 °C – (12:12) treatment. The protein content across all treatments ranged from 16- 22.48% DW, with the 12 °C (12:12) treatment having largest range, then the 12°C (16:18) treatment was next with 18.48-22.48% DW, and the 15°C (12:12) treatment had the lowest protein range with 16.48-18% DW. These results are in the range of protein content previously reported for brown seaweeds of 5- 20%. Total polysaccharide content ranged from 9.6-16.2% DW with the highest content of 16.2% DW obtained for the 15 °C – (12:12) treatment, and the lowest total polysaccharide content of 9.6% DW obtained for the 12 °C (16:18) treatment. After 66 days of cultivation, the highest yield of sulphated polysaccharides of 0.4% DW was obtained for the 12 °C (12:12) treatment. Total fatty acids were analysed, with the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid content of 60.4% detected in the 12 °C (12:12) treatment. This study demonstrates that temperature and photoperiod are factors impacting juvenile sporophyte growth, biomass accumulation and biochemical composition. The study showed the least stressed sporophytes produced the most potentially beneficial nutritional or bioactive profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background Objectives Study design Methods Results Main limitations Conclusion A screening ultrasonographic examination of yearling Thoroughbred horses has been described which can be performed on farm, as an adjunct to pre‐sale yearling radiography.To compare ultrasonographic and radiographic findings in young Thoroughbred horses in the detection of osteochondrosis.Descriptive and comparative study using ultrasonography and radiography.Forty‐four horses with a mean age of 10 months underwent an ultrasonographic screening protocol of joint groups including the bilateral stifle, tarsal, carpal and metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints. Concurrent standardised radiographic projections of all the joints were also undertaken. A cohort of 26 of these horses had a second set of radiographs taken for yearling sales approximately 6 months later. Two reviewers reviewed all images for presence or absence of osteochondrosis lesions. Comparison of the ultrasonographic and radiographic findings was undertaken using Gwet's AC1 and the Landis and Kock scale.The principal observer identified 48 ultrasonographic lesions and 15 radiographic lesions on the initial examination. Overall, there was agreement in screening for osteochondrosis using ultrasonographic and radiographic lesions, however, with varying levels of agreement for different joint groups. Agreement for individual joint groups was almost perfect for the carpal (0.98) and metatarsophalangeal joints (0.81), substantial for the stifle joints (0.67), moderate for the metacarpophalangeal joint (0.59) with only fair agreement of the tarsal joints (0.30). Six osteochondral lesions were recorded on the second set of radiographs. There was overall substantial agreement between the ultrasonographic findings and the second set of radiographs. A second observer reviewed the ultrasonographic and radiographic images. There was moderate interobserver agreement comparing ultrasonographic images, and almost perfect interobserver agreement comparing radiographic images.Small number of horses who presented for yearling sale radiography for comparison. One ultrasonographer acquired all images, and two observers reviewed the images.Ultrasonographic screening of yearling horses with a relatively low number of lesions showed agreement with concurrent and yearling sale radiographs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, is a flatfish of high commercial value in the world. It has been identified as an interesting and promising species for marine commercial aquaculture diversification in Europe for at least four decades and was introduced to China in 2003. Early ontogenesis from embryo to juvenile stages in S. senegalensis was analysed under controlled laboratory conditions to provide morphological information for aquaculture. From 0 to 59 days post hatching (dph), 10–20 larvae were sampled and measured each day (0–17 dph) or every 2–6 days (17–59 dph). Morphological characteristics from the egg to the juvenile stage were described. The eggs were separate and spherical with multiple oil globules. After 3 dph, the yolk sac was completely absorbed, mouth and anus were open, a swim bladder appeared, and larvae began feeding on rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis). The larvae began metamorphosis as the notochord flexed upward and the left eye migrated upward after 10 dph. The left eye migrated to the dorsal midline at 15 dph. At 19 dph, the left eye was translocated to the right‐ocular side, and the juveniles adopted a benthic lifestyle. The swim bladder degenerated, and the juveniles completed metamorphosis at 23 dph. The growth patterns of some parameters (TL, SL, BH, BW) during larval and juvenile development stages were identified. The inflection points, which are slopes of growth changes, were calculated in growth curves. Three inflection points occurring in the growth curves of larvae and juveniles were found to be associated with metamorphosis, weaning, and transitions in feeding habits. The basic information of embryo development and ontogenesis in this study represents a valuable contribution to the S. senegalensis industry, especially in artificial breeding and rearing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large literature documents that there are significant academic and non-academic differences between the youngest and oldest students in a school cohort. This paper investigates if being the youngest in a cohort has any impact on an individual's propensity to commit crime by utilizing a data set that contains over 4 million arrest records spanning a 20-year period in California. While I find no persistent effect on the probability of arrest, the youngest students in a cohort have a higher risk of arrest for certain offenses at age 14, corresponding to the age when they would transition to high school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of warming freshwater habitats, protection of Atlantic salmon populations requires an understanding of the effects of temperature on somatic growth during the juvenile life stage. However, quantifying the effect of temperature on growth is challenging given differences among methodologies, metrics of growth, and their underlying assumptions. Using short term studies (2000–2002) in two Canadian populations of wild Atlantic salmon (Margaree and Miramichi rivers), we investigate whether different hierarchical modeling approaches influence the derivation of temperature-growth relationships, by contrasting seasonal growth trajectories (von Bertalanffy; VBGF) to size-at-age data models built with instantaneous growth rates. Size-at-age data analysed seasonally with the VBGF framework failed to detect an effect of temperature, whereas instantaneous growth rates from the same dataset were strongly related to temperature metrics. However, instantaneous growth rates cannot be used to extrapolate predictions into meaningful metrics for fisheries management (e.g., size at the end of the growing season). Nevertheless, we show that size at the end of the growing season can be predicted with VBGF models accounting for site-level variation, which in turn are related to temperature metrics, as observed for instantaneous growth rates. Taken together, these results show that combining these two approaches (size-at-age, growth rates) can circumvent their intrinsic drawbacks and reveal essential ecological patterns that may otherwise remain undetected. In cases where instantaneous growth rates are not available, relating predicted size-at-age from hierarchical VBGF to temperature provides an interesting alternative for detecting subtle environmental effects, even if the VBGF parameters or its residuals are unrelated to temperature metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood arthritis has a prevalence of around 300 000 US children. It has no cure, and is just one of many juvenile conditions associated with pain, fatigue, and a lifetime of medical care. Yoga has demonstrated effectiveness in improving symptoms and quality of life for adults with arthritis. Yoga can be easily adapted according to affected joints, movement limitations, and changes in disease status. It combines movement that is necessary for arthritis management and maintaining physical function, along with mental practices that help to address common psychosocial comorbidities such as depressive symptoms and affect. No research has been published on the effects of yoga in minors with arthritis and chronic pain. In-person yoga may not be feasible for this population because many patients live hours from their specialist healthcare. As telehealth becomes more acceptable, online yoga may offer an additional tool for symptom management and improved quality of life in juvenile chronic pain conditions. Clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the safety, feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of teleyoga in the whole-person management of juvenile arthritis and chronic pain conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods: Therefore, in this study, we assessed the changes in growth, morphology, digestive enzymes, and hormone levels in T. modestus from 0--60 days post-hatching (dph) and revealed growth turning points by morphological measurement and determination of digestive enzyme activities and hormone levels. We found that ontogenesis could be divided into the larval (0--20 dph) and juvenile (20--60 dph) stages. Acid and alkaline protease activity significantly increased and decreased, respectively, from 12-- 25 dph, likely due to the development of stomach and gastric glands. Acid phosphatase levels significantly increased at 0 and 4 dph, whichmay be related to the regulation of metabolism and immune protection. A sharp increase in alkaline phosphatase levels at 20 and 25 dph was observed and was likely due to the development of the brush border membrane of enterocytes. The amylase level was significantly higher at 25, 30, and 35 dph, possibly due to better digestion and absorption during the transition from consuming Artemia to compound feed. In newly hatched larvae, the level of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) gradually increased and peaked at 35 dph, highlighting the importance of these hormones during the development of T. modestus. Growth hormone (GH) levels first increased from 0--8 dph, with a plateau at 8--20 dph, and then increased at 25--30--35 dph. For insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a significant increase with a subsequent plateau was observed between 8 and 20 dph, followed by a substantial decrease between 30 and 35 dph. These results suggest that the regulating functions of GH and IGF-1 are synchronised. Digestive enzyme activity and hormone levels of abnormal fry at 30 dph were lower than those of normal fish, highlighting the importance of specific hormones, especially T4 and IGF-1, in the development of T. modestus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very little literature currently exists prescribing which maceration method to use when preparing infant human remains, resulting in bone quality that is suitable for forensic anthropological analysis. The aim of the study was to test five maceration methods to determine which is most suitable for infant remains for forensic anthropological analysis. The sample included five neonate pig carcasses (Sus scrofa domesticus), ranging between one to three days old. Five maceration methods were tested on the pig carcasses (one pig per maceration method) to determine their effectiveness. The methods included invertebrate maceration by meal worms, chemical maceration by bleach, chemical maceration by borax solution, enzymatic maceration by laundry detergent and sodium carbonate solution, and chemical maceration by sodium hypochlorite. A scoring method was created to assess the effectiveness of each maceration method. Invertebrate maceration and chemical maceration using bleach were the least successful methods of maceration (total maceration score = 8 respectively). Chemical maceration using borax and chemical maceration using sodium hypochlorite achieved complete maceration of the skeletal remains; however, they both resulted in artifacts that are unsuitable for forensic analysis (total maceration score = 14 respectively). Enzymatic maceration using laundry detergent and sodium carbonate was the most successful method (total maceration score = 17). The detergent technique subsequently successfully macerated all five sets of infant human remains. This study has validated that the enzymatic maceration technique using laundry detergent and sodium carbonate can be used to effectively macerate the remains of infant skeletal remains for forensic anthropological analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to analyse the impact of educational mediation at the "La Cañada" centre on the variables of social skills, emotional development and aggressiveness in juvenile inmates from the point of view of the educational staff in charge of carrying out the mediation. The sample consisted of 46 subjects (male=24 and female=22). The study was qualitative in nature. The results showed that I) with regard to social skills, they consider that the centre has an impact on the children. However, there are other features of social skills, such as the more time the child spends in the institution, the more they deteriorate; II) In reference to positive emotional development, a positive incidence is observed as the time spent in the institution increases; III) Regarding the reduction of aggressive behaviour, the educational staff observes an improvement trend in the children; IV) The children's centre should include essential elements in the intervention programme such as the family context and, in addition, pay more attention to those aggressive profiles. These findings are of special interest for the educational and legal context, as an adequate reintegration of these minors into society will facilitate a more optimal development of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the specifics of criminal proceedings involving minors, in the context of the norms of national legislation and certain scientific works. It has been determined that the special procedural position of children in criminal proceedings is determined by the age peculiarities of these субʼєктів. The actual international standards concerning the procedure of criminal procedural activity in proceedings involving minors are considered. It is noted that at the national level, the specificity of proceedings in cases of minors is represented primarily in the isolation of the legislative regulation of criminal procedural relations with the participation of these individuals, as evidenced by the provisions of Chapter 38 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine «Criminal proceedings against minors.». During the study, the opinions of domestic scientists on the most problematic issues related to the procedural features of criminal proceedings against persons who have not reached the age of majority were analyzed. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of the legal norms of criminal procedural legislation, it was proved that certain procedures and rules of criminal proceedings are adapted specifically to the needs of minors, although their basis are general legal norms. In particular, this fact is evidenced by the dualistic representation of the interests of the juvenile suspect and the accused, the special субʼєктний composition of the participants in criminal proceedings against minors and certain specific aspects both at the stage of pre-trial investigation of juvenile crimes and during subsequent court proceedings. The article also identified a number of problematic aspects related to the implementation of these provisions at the practical level, in the context of which it is proposed to introduce certain additions and changes to the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. It is considered necessary to consolidate the special principles of criminal proceedings against minors at the legislative level in the form of a separate article. The conclusion focuses on the fact that despite the existence of certain shortcomings in the legal regulation of proceedings in cases of minors, the criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine is developing in the right direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sperm whales spatially segregate by sex and social behavior as they mature. In the North Atlantic, male whales move to higher latitudes as far as Svalbard at 80° N, while females and young whales typically remain around lower latitudes below 40–45° N. The Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands constitute important nursery grounds for female and young sperm whales. Irish waters represent a midpoint for this species’ spatial segregation in the Northeast Atlantic, where the species occurs along the submarine canyon systems to the west of the country. Historically, just male whales were thought to be found in this region between 51 and 55° N, but one adult female was caught by commercial whalers in 1910, and a 5.49 m calf was found stranded in 1916. Between 1995 and 2023, 10 female sperm whales have been stranded around the coast of Ireland. Eight of these whales have been stranded since 2013, and there has been at least one stranding per year between 2019 and 2023. Four of these strandings have occurred in Donegal in the northwest of Ireland, indicating the presence of female whales along the continental shelf off this region. Two females were stranded within a day of each other and were found in similar states of decomposition in February 2022, indicating that they may have been part of the same group rather than being lone vagrant individuals. Sperm whale calves and juveniles were also sighted in Irish waters in 2001, 2004, and 2010 in the Rockall Trough, along the Porcupine Bank and Goban Spur, where between 1 and 3 individuals were observed on four occasions while one calf live stranded in 2004. These records indicate a historical presence of female and young sperm whales in this region but that an apparent increase in occurrence has taken place over the past decade.

Abstract The poorly known xanthiform crab Pilumnus palmeri Garth, 1986, is known only from two poorly preserved specimens collected from Ecuador. Garth had only provisionally placed the species in Pilumnus Leach, 1816, and it was subsequently referred to a new genus, Garthopilumnus Števčić, 2011 and a new family Garthopilumnidae Števčić, 2011. Garthopilumnus currently sits as a valid genus within Pilumnidae Samouelle, 1819. A re-examination of the holotype male, now in poor condition, shows that it is a juvenile, and key aspects of the original figure of the species given in the account of the type are inaccurate. Given the incompleteness and immaturity of available material, we could not confidently assign the species to an existing family, but we are also not convinced a new family for the species is warranted. The morphological features of Garthopilumnus palmeri suggest it is a member of the Portunoidea, where we provisionally place it.

Production of attractive and water-efficient plants native to the plains and prairies of central North America can sometimes be limited because of problems associated with successful rooting of vegetative cuttings. Winecups (Callirhoe involucrata) is an attractive native plant, valued for its long period of bloom, drought tolerance, and winterhardiness, but can be difficult to propagate from seeds and vegetative cuttings. Seed dormancy issues can result in unreliable germination and seedling variations, which reduces crop uniformity. Although propagation from rooted cuttings maintains crop uniformity, cuttings often fail to root or root poorly. Manipulating the growing conditions of stock plants to suppress reproductive growth may improve rooting success of vegetative cuttings. Based on research conducted earlier with other ornamental perennials and programmed photoperiods, winecups plants were grown under three programmed photoperiods to determine if a particular photoperiod could be used to suppress reproductive growth and promote vegetative growth. The study consisted of three experiments, all conducted in similar fashion but at different times during the year. Results indicate that plants grown under 10-hour and 8-hour photoperiods remained vegetative longer when compared with plants grown under 12-hour photoperiod. Vegetative cuttings harvested from plants grown under 8-hour photoperiod had higher percent rooting when compared with vegetative cuttings harvested from plants grown under 10-hour and 12-hour photoperiods. Based on the findings from this research, plant propagators may be able to increase production of winecups by growing stock plants under 8-hour photoperiod.

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare myeloproliferative neoplasm of childhood. The molecular hallmark of JMML is hyperactivation of the Ras/MAPK pathway with the most common cause being mutations in the gene PTPN11, encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. Current strategies for treating JMML include using the hypomethylating agent, 5-azacitidine (5-Aza) or MEK inhibitors trametinib and PD0325901 (PD-901), but none of these are curative as monotherapy. Utilizing an Shp2E76K/+ murine model of JMML, we show that the combination of 5-Aza and PD-901 modulates several hematologic abnormalities often seen in JMML patients, in part by reducing the burden of leukemic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC/Ps). The reduced JMML features in drug-treated mice were associated with a decrease in p-MEK and p-ERK levels in Shp2E76K/+ mice treated with the combination of 5-Aza and PD-901. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed a reduction in several RAS and MAPK signaling-related genes. Additionally, a decrease in the expression of genes associated with inflammation and myeloid leukemia was also observed in Shp2E76K/+ mice treated with the combination of the two drugs. Finally, we report two patients with JMML and PTPN11 mutations treated with 5-Aza, trametinib, and chemotherapy who experienced a clinical response because of the combination treatment.

The morphological characteristics, ecological habits, and physiological structures of fish vary rapidly in the early growth and development stage. Understanding the changes in the postembryonic early development morphology of organs or tissues could provide basic information for the classification or identification of fish and the investigation or utilization of early resources. Morphological characteristic observation is one of the most commonly used methods. The existing studies on the early development of a certain trait in the late larval and juvenile stage are unclear. Most of the digital images are side views, resulting in a lack of dorsal views, ventral views, or local images, which is not conducive to the understanding of larval and juvenile. In this study, the variations in observable, measurable, and countable traits in postembryonic early development of Thamnaconus septentrionalis were explored using optical microscopy and stereomicroscopy. The observable traits included the developmental changes of yolk sac, scales, and notochord curvature. The measurable traits included the growth changes of total length, body length, body height, and oral fissure. The countable characters included the number of fins in the second dorsal fin, anal fin, caudal fin, and the number of pterygiophore. The results showed that at (23.0±1.0) ℃, the newly hatched larvae moved up and down in the water, with a phenomenon of convergent clustering under light irradiation; the pectoral fin appeared at 1 d, and the heart rate was approximately 50 beats/min; the optic capsule was completely black, the maxillar appeared, the oral fissure extended below the eyes, the yolk sac disappeared, and the first dorsal fin base appeared at 4 d; the girdle was single and colorless and began from the front edge of the belly, the oil globule disappeared, and the pelvic fin base appeared at 7 d; the first dorsal fin base and pelvic fin base broke membrane at 8 d; the first dorsal fin and pelvic fin were significantly longer than before, transparent rounded scales were observed at 9 d; swimming ability was improved, indicated by hovering back and forth gnawing pool wall, transversally conical barbs appeared at the base of the first dorsal fin at 11 d; the swim bladder and postcleithrum on both sides of the belly were clearly visible at 12 d; the second dorsal fin and anal fin pterygiophore appeared at 14 d, the second dorsal fin pterygiophore spans seven sarcomeres and the anal fin pterygiophore spans six sarcomeres. There are 10~12 melanin masses in the second dorsal fin and 5~6 in the anal fin, the conical teeth appeared on the upper and lower jaws at 16 d; the second dorsal fin and anal fin were differentiated at 19 d; the swim bladder fills about 25% of the abdominal cavity; notochord curves upward clearly and the stalk of caudal fin came out at 20 d; the fin strips of the second dorsal fin, anal fin, and caudal fin were well-developed at 24 d; the open mouth was round and changed from swallowing to sucking at 30 d, and the rainbow cells were colorful and the body surface near the gill was the most dense; the abdominal cavity has a strong metallic texture, the hard spine of the pelvic fin was degraded, close to the girdle at 39 d; 4~5 black bands were arranged regularly on the body, and the lateral line was consistent with the vertebral column at 50 d. The R2 values of the curve equations of measurable traits were all greater than 0.90. The height of the first dorsal fin increased exponentially 4~30 d. The visual sac increased linearly from 0~11 d to 11~20 d, and the increment of 0~11 d was less than that of 11~20 d, while the increment of 21~30 d was exponential. The oral fissure in 4~13 d and 22~30 d increased linearly, while that in 13~22 d decreased linearly. The total length, body length, and body height increased linearly before the inflection point and exponentially after the inflection point, which was concentrated in 19~23 d. The number of fin pterygiophore of the second dorsal fin was 31~36, while that in the anal fin was 33~35. The number of pectoral fins and caudal fins were 15~18 and 12, respectively. In conclusion, metamorphosis occurs in the postembryonic early development of T. septentrionalis, showing an allometric growth pattern, with a slow linear growth in the rotifer-feeding stage and a fast exponential growth in the artemia-feeding stage. The changes in the first dorsal fin and pelvic fin were correlated with age in days. The changes in the second dorsal and anal fins were correlated with the total length. This study enriches the early biological theory of T. septentrionalis and provides basic data for the investigation or utilization of its seedling breeding and resources. The partial enlarged detail is helpful for scholars to further understand the larval or juvenile fish and perform deep research.

This research explores legal issues related to perpetrators of child abuse with a focus on the analysis of the decision of the Kepanjen District Court (Number: 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2020/PN.KPn). The crime of abuse, which involves an attack on another individual with the aim of torturing or oppressing, has serious implications in criminal law and Islamic criminal law. The research uses a statutory and case approach, exploring normative and doctrinal aspects of Indonesian and Islamic law that are relevant to the case. The main data is obtained from primary legal materials such as the 1945 Constitution, Criminal Code, Law Number 11 of 2012, Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, as well as Islamic legal sources such as the Qur'an and Hadith and also secondary legal materials such as books, articles, journals, and other scientific works. By using deductive analysis, this research aims to provide an overview and solution to legal problems that occur, especially regarding legal protection for minors who commit persecution as a form of defense that causes the death of begal both according to criminal law and Islamic law. This study found that children who commit persecution against begal until they die, both criminal law and Islamic law both agree that minors can only be sentenced as a last resort and must still pay attention to the best interests of the child. In juvenile law, research considers psychological factors, the need for compassion, and rehabilitation efforts to achieve balanced justice. This research contributes to the understanding of criminal law and Islamic criminal law related to cases of sexual abuse, especially those involving underage offenders.