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Abstract Hippophae gyantsensis is a dioecious plant endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and is significant for ecological restoration and sand stabilization. Its fruit is rich in bioactive compounds that offer economic potential. However, the inability to distinguish sexes before flowering and prolonged maturation hinder breeding and cultivation. We performed whole-genome resequencing on male and female plants, identified large insertion/deletion (InDel) variants, and developed two sex-specific primers (Higy_04 and Higy_06). These primers enable rapid, accurate PCR-based sex identification. All sex-specific sites were located on chromosome 2, suggesting its potential role as the sex chromosome. Additionally, we found a 1:1 sex ratio among offspring from the same mother plant, consistent with Mendelian inheritance, indicating that sex segregation is mainly genetically controlled. This work lays the foundation for developing molecular markers applicable across the entire genus Hippophae and contributes to understanding sex chromosome formation and adaptive evolution within the genus.

Abstract Objective Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) has a poor prognosis due to persistent HPV infection. LncRNA TPRG1-AS1 is linked to regulating the development of many cancers, so the regulatory mechanism and prognostic value of TPRG1-AS1 in CSCC were explored. Methods 138 patients with cervical cancer were included. TPRG1-AS1 expression and miR-590-3p were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The association between TPRG1-AS1 and clinicopathological features was investigated. Independent prognostic factors of CSCC were analyzed by multifactorial Cox regression. Patient survival was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier plotter curves. CCK-8 was employed to evaluate the proliferative capacity of the cells. Transwell assays were performed to evaluate the effects of TPRG1-AS1 and miR-590-3p on cell migration and invasion performance, and the target of both was reported by DLR assay. Results TPRG1-AS1 levels were ascended in CSCC, and miR-590-3p levels were reduced. TPRG1-AS1 and miR-590-3p target binding and expression correlated negatively. Knockdown of TPRG1-AS1 expression could facilitate high miR-590-3p expression, which reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion ability. TPRG1-AS1 is an independent prognostic factor. Conclusion TPRG1-AS1 has potential as a prognostic marker for CSCC. Silencing the expression of TPRG1-AS1 could contribute to the high miR-590-3p expression thereby slowing down the progression of CSCC.

The cardiac microenvironment profoundly restricts the efficacy of myocardial regeneration tactics for the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI). A prospective approach for MI therapeutics encompasses the combined strategy of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) to alleviate oxidative stress injury and facilitating macrophage polarization towards the regenerative M2 phenotype. In this investigation, we fabricated a ROS-sensitive hydrogel engineered to deliver our previously engineered IL-1β-VHH for myocardial restoration. In mouse and rat models of myocardial infarction, the therapeutic gel was injected into the pericardial cavity, effectively disseminated over the heart surface, forming an in situ epicardial patch. The IL-1β-VHH released from the hydrogel exhibited penetrative potential into the myocardium. Our results imply that this infarct-targeting gel can adhere to the damaged cardiac tissue and augment the quantity of anti-IL-1β antibodies. Moreover, the anti-IL-1β hydrogel safeguards cardiomyocytes from apoptosis by neutralizing IL-1β and inducing M2-type polarization within the myocardial infarction regions, thereby facilitating therapeutic cardiac repair. Our results emphasize the effectiveness of this synergistic comprehensive treatment modality in the management of MI and showcase its considerable potential for promoting recovery in infarcted hearts.

Abstract Many large-scale regularized inverse problems in imaging such as image restoration and reconstruction can be modeled as a generic objective function involves sum of nonsmooth but proximable terms, which are usually linear-operator-coupled. For the solution of these problems, a parallel linearized alternating direction method of multipliers (PLADMM) is proposed in this paper. At each step of the proposed algorithm, the proximity operators of the nondifferential terms are called individually. This leads to a highly parallel algorithm structure, where most sub-steps can be simultaneously solved. Profiting from the linearization step, the linear inverse operation is excluded. The convergence property of the proposed method is analyzed. The image deblurring, inpainting, and pMRI reconstruction experiments show that the proposed method has vast applicable vistas. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, such as PADMM [21], FTVD-v4 [22], PPDS [33], FUSL [8], LADM [36], and ALADMM [27], it gains competitive results both in terms of quantitative indicators, such as PSNR or SSIM, and in terms of visual impression.

Abstract Single-layer isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) are one of the most popular self-healing microcapsules but suffers from low shell strength, poor heat resistance, stability and aging properties. In this paper, IPDI microcapsules were encapsulated into double-layer phenolic (PF)/polyurethane (PU) by a two-step process involving interfacial polymerization and in-situ polymerization. The prepared microcapsule composites were comprehensively characterized for their physical and chemical properties using optical microanalysis, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis and depth-sensing indentation analysis. Compared with the single-layer PU-IPDI microcapsule counterpart, the mechanical performance, thermal resistance, aging property and environmental stability of double-layer PF/PU-IPDI microcapsules were significantly improved. The epoxy coating was enhanced with the incorporation of 10 wt.% PF/PU-IPDI microcapsules, whose self-healing performance was evaluated by scratch corrosion test. The results demonstrated successful repair of coating scratches, along with the absence of corrosion on the coated steel substrate soaked in a 10 wt.% NaCl solution for 7 days. By comparing the tensile strength of epoxy coating before and after crack formation, it could be found that the self-healing efficiency was 57.9% when loaded with 10 wt.% of PF/PU-IPDI microcapsules in coating. This study highlights that the rational design of double-layer microcapsules integrated into the epoxy coating matrix could provide excellent anti-corrosion and self-healing properties.

Abstract Hippophae tibetana, one of the highest-altitude woody plants endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, primarily thrives on riverbanks formed by glacial meltwater. As a dioecious species, it demonstrates significant ecological and economic value in extreme alpine environments. However, the lack of sex identification techniques outside of the flowering period severely limits research on sex ratio, differentiation, and breeding. There is an urgent need to develop effective sex-linked molecular markers that are independent of developmental stages, but current research in this area remains limited. This study developed a set of accurate sex-linked molecular markers for the rapid identification of male and female individuals of H. tibetana. Through whole-genome resequencing of 32 sexually differentiated H. tibetana samples, this study offers strong evidence supporting chromosome 2 as the sex chromosome and successfully identified key loci related to sex determination on this chromosome. Utilizing these loci, we, for the first time, developed three reliable pairs of sex-specific molecular markers, which exhibited high accuracy during validation across various geographic populations, offering an effective tool for the sex identification of H. tibetana. Additionally, this study lays the groundwork for further research into the mechanisms of sex determination and the evolution of sex chromosomes in H. tibetana.

Abstract Nucleoli are fundamentally essential sites for ribosome biogenesis in cells and formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) for a multilayer condensate structure. How the nucleoli integrity is maintained remains poorly understood. Here, we reveal that METTL3/METTL14, the typical methyltransferase complex catalyzing N6-methyladnosine (m6A) on mRNAs maintain nucleoli integrity in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). METTL3/METTL14 deficiency impairs nucleoli and leads to the complete loss of self-renewal in hESCs. We further show that SUV39H1/H2 protein, the methyltransferases catalyzing H3K9me3 were dramatically elevated in METTL3/METTL14 deficient cells, which causes an accumulation and infiltration of H3K9me3 across the whole nucleolus and impairs the LLPS. Mechanistically, METTL3/METTL14 complex serves as an essential adapter for CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting SUV39H1/H2 for polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation and therefore prevents H3K9me3 accumulation in nucleoli. Together, these findings uncover a previously unknown role of METTL3/METTL14 to maintain nucleoli integrity by facilitating SUV39H1/H2 degradation in human cells.

Urban waterfront areas, which are essential natural resources and highly perceived public areas in cities, play a crucial role in enhancing urban environment. This study integrates deep learning with human perception data sourced from street view images to study the relationship between visual landscape features and human perception of urban waterfront areas, employing linear regression and random forest models to predict human perception along urban coastal roads. Based on aesthetic and distinctiveness perception, urban coastal roads in Xiamen were classified into four types with different emphasis and priorities for improvement. The results showed that: 1) the degree of coastal openness had the greatest influence on human perception while the coastal landscape with a high green visual index decreases the distinctiveness perception; 2) the random forest model can effectively predict human perception on urban coastal roads with an accuracy rate of 87% and 77%; 3) The proportion of low perception road sections with potential for improvement is 60.6%, among which the proportion of low aesthetic perception and low distinctiveness perception road sections is 10.5%. These findings offer crucial evidence regarding human perception of urban coastal roads, and can provide targeted recommendations for enhancing the visual environment of urban coastal road landscapes.

Enhancement in the visible light absorption and efficient interfacial charge transfer is crucial for optimizing photocatalytic efficiency in the degradation of pollutants such as methyl orange (MO) and formaldehyde. This study focuses on the properties of a TiO2/C/g-C3N4 hybrid efficient photocatalyst, which is developed using an air calcination method to deposit graphitic nitride (g-C3N4) onto a carbon-modified TiO2 surface. The characterization techniques, including high-resolution transmission electron Microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), were used to provide a comprehensive understanding of the material’s structural, morphological, thermal, and chemical properties. This hybrid catalyst is specifically engineered for the efficient decomposition of methyl orange (MO) and formaldehyde, demonstrating a significant increase in photocatalytic activity. The TiO2/C/g-C3N4 photocatalyst also exhibits an enhanced specific surface area of 181.2 m2/g, which facilitates increased physical adsorption and photo-catalytic active sites. Experimental results confirm that this catalyst effectively adsorbs MO physically even in the dark without degradation. Combining physical and photo-catalytic functions, this catalyst degrades 94 % of MO within 180 min with the initial concentration 0.2 mol/L of MO, and achieves almost 100 % decolorization of MO under visible light irradiation. Notably, the catalyst retains its high activity after 4 cycles of MO degradation, underscoring its durability and consistent performance. Additionally, the hybrid catalyst features a staggered type-II energy level configuration, which effectively enhances charge separation and boosts photocatalytic efficacy. The incorporation of an ultrafine carbon layer further augments electron mobility towards the surface, crucial for effective catalytic reactions. This study paves the way for future development of highly efficient photocatalytic materials for environmental purification.

The road grid pattern (RGP) is a common spatial structure in urban road networks, and is important for revealing urban development, population distribution, and functional area delineation. However, recognizing RGPs in vector data is a complex and intelligent task that requires comprehensive consideration of road geometry, semantic features, and their contextual relationships. Previous studies have overlooked the hierarchical nature of the cognitive process, resulting in limited accuracy in recognizing complex grid patterns. For this reason, this study proposes a recognition method that integrates both mesh and roadway features. Initially, from a holistic cognitive perspective, the road mesh is considered as the research object. A model is constructed using topology adaptive graph convolutional networks to obtain preliminary RGP recognition results. Then, the research focus is refined to the road segment level, where the preliminary results are optimized by extracting the geometric and directional features of the road segments. This method significantly outperformed methods based on single research objects across several evaluation metrics, with a performance improvement ranging from 0.79–44.87%. Notably, when dealing with RGPs with complex relationships, this method effectively excludes road segments with irregular internal structures, thereby improving the accuracy and reliability of RGP recognition.

Interferon-αs (IFN-αs) are crucial cytokines for inducing protective antiviral responses. The baculovirus-mediated gene transduction of mammalian cells (BacMam) is an efficient delivery tool for recombinant protein expression in mammalian cells. This study focuses on the delivery of bovine IFN-α (BoIFNα) using the BacMam system. A recombinant pACEMam1-BoIFNα bacmid was constructed, and a recombinant BacMam-BoIFNα virus was obtained. After transducing HEK293T cells with this virus, BoIFNα protein was successfully secreted into the cell supernatant, displaying antiviral activities against VSV, BPIV3, BEV, and BVDV in bovine-derived cells. Additionally, the BacMam-BoIFNα virus inhibited the replication of these viruses in MDBK cells, induced the transcription of ISGs, and the expression of M × 1 in both MDBK and BT cells. These induction effects were significantly reduced following treatment with a JAK1 inhibitor, suggesting that the BacMam-BoIFNα virus exerts antiviral activity in MDBK cells through JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Furthermore, the study found that the BacMam-BoIFNα virus significantly inhibited the replication of BPIV3 in the lung and trachea of mice. Overall, this study demonstrates that the BacMam-BoIFNα virus have antivirus activities both in vitro and in vivo, signaling through JAK-STAT pathway, and provides an efficient interferon gene delivery tool for combating bovine viral infections.

Glioma is the most common primary tumor of the nervous system. Conventional diagnostic methods for glioma often involve time-consuming or reliance on externally introduced materials. Consequently, there is an urgent need for rapid and reliable diagnostic techniques. Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a promising tool, offering rapid, accurate, and label-free analysis with high sensitivity and specificity in biomedical applications. In this review, the fundamental principles of Raman spectroscopy have been introduced, and then the progress of applying Raman spectroscopy in biomedical studies has been summarized, including the identification and typing of glioma. The challenges encountered in the clinical application of Raman spectroscopy for glioma have been discussed, and the prospects have also been envisioned.

ObjectiveThis study sought to examine the effect of the appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) and trunk muscle index (TMI) on the likelihood of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) among female adults.MethodsThis investigation utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2001 to 2006 and 2011–2018. To evaluate the impact of ASMI and TMI on the likelihood of SUI, the study utilized restricted cubic splines (RCS) and weighted multivariable logistic regression models. Subgroup and interaction analyses were conducted to investigate how other covariates influenced their relationship.ResultsIn total, 11,168 female adults participated in the analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that high TMI was associated with a decreased likelihood of SUI (OR = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.16–0.75; p = 0.013). ASMI was not correlated with the likelihood of SUI. RCS analysis demonstrated a linear correlation between TMI and SUI risk, showing a decreasing trend in SUI risk as TMI increases (p for overall

Compared with the conventional laser cutting and braided method, this research aimed to produce unibody NiTi vascular stents by metal injection molding (MIM), simplifying the manufacturing process. MIM NiTi alloys and stents with a low oxygen content of 0.17 % were obtained via strict oxygen control. Sintered Ni4Ti3 precipitates can be observed in both micron and nanometer scales. The MIM NiTi alloy has a tensile strength of 812 MPa, an elongation of 5.7 %, and full recovery at 5 % pre-strain. During 3.96 × 108 cycle-simulated in vitro fatigue tests, the MIM NiTi stents essentially maintained a constant diameter without any marked damage, although local pitting was observed. The biocompatibility of MIM NiTi was evaluated based on toxicity, migration, and adhesion of the human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The hemolysis rate was as low as 0.4 %. This study provides a new manufacturing strategy for NiTi self-expanding vascular stents. Additionally, it aimed to develop porous and gradient porous NiTi vascular stents using the characteristics of MIM process.

Hippophae tibetana, belonging to the Elaeagnaceae family, is an endemic plant species of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, valued for its remarkable ecological restoration capabilities, as well as medicinal and edible properties. Despite being acknowledged as a useful species, its mitochondrial genome data and those of other species of the Elaeagnaceae family are lacking to date. In this study, we, for the first time, successfully assembled the mitochondrial genome of H. tibetana, which is 464,208 bp long and comprises 31 tRNA genes, 3 rRNA genes, 37 protein-coding genes, and 3 pseudogenes. Analysis of the genome revealed a high copy number of the trnM-CAT gene and a high prevalence of repetitive sequences, both of which likely contribute to genome rearrangement and adaptive evolution. Through nucleotide diversity and codon usage bias analyses, we identified specific genes that are crucial for adaptation to high-altitude conditions. Notably, genes such as atp6, ccmB, nad4L, and nad7 exhibited signs of positive selection, indicating the presence of unique adaptive traits for survival in extreme environments. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the close relationship between the Elaeagnaceae family and other related families, whereas intergenomic sequence transfer analysis revealed a substantial presence of homologous fragments among the mitochondrial, chloroplast, and whole genomes, which may be linked to the high-altitude adaptation mechanisms of H. tibetana. The findings of this study not only enrich our knowledge of H. tibetana molecular biology but also advance our understanding of the adaptive evolution of plants on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. This study provides a solid scientific foundation for the molecular breeding, conservation, and utilization of H. tibetana genetic resources.

A five-day in situ experiment was conducted in plastic enclosures to investigate the effects of different densities of the mussel Mytilus edulis, and sampling time on water variables, and phytoplankton community structure in Sanggou Bay (Shandong, China). The tested mussel densities were low (LD300: 300 g/m3), medium (MD600: 600 g/m3), high (HD900: 900 g/m3), and sampling times were at 6:00 and 17:00 h. The water variables analyzed as indicators were pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, carbonate system, pCO2, and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a). The results showed that density and sampling time had highly significant effects on all water parameters and phytoplankton abundance, except for dissolved oxygen (P

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the genotypic and clinical phenotypic characteristics of MAX germline mutation–associated pheochromocytoma (PCC) and paraganglioma (PGL).MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the family investigation data and clinical genetic characteristics of six individuals from three independent families with PCC carrying MAX germline mutations from December 2005 to March 2024. A literature review was then conducted of the six carriers and another 103 carriers from the other 84 families with MAX germline mutations reported previously.ResultsThere were 109 patients in 87 families with all five exons and 53 types of MAX germline mutations. p.R33* (c.97C>T; 21.1%), p.R75* (c.223C>T; 13.8%), and p.A67D (c.200C>A; 7.3%), which accounted for 42.2% of mutations detected, were the most common mutations. Moreover, 101 (92.7%) patients developed PCCs, including 59 bilateral PCCs and 42 unilateral PCCs, and 19 (18.8%) patients showed metastasis. The mean age at diagnosis was 32.8 ± 12.6 (13-80) years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.3:1. In 11 (10.9%) patients, the PCC was accompanied by chest or abdominal PGL, and one other patient had sole head and neck PGL. Nine (8.3%) patients also had functional pituitary adenomas, 11 (10.9%) developed other neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), and 7 (6.4%) presented with concomitant non-NET. Meanwhile, MAX-p.Q82Tfs*89 and p.E158A mutations are reported for the first time in this study.ConclusionMAX germline mutations may cause new types of multiple endocrine neoplasia. A comprehensive baseline assessment of neural crest cell–derived diseases is recommended for all individuals with MAX germline mutations. The risk of bilateral and metastatic PCCs should also be considered.

Abstract Human hematopoiesis starts at early yolk sac and undergoes site- and stage-specific changes over development. The intrinsic mechanism underlying property changes in hematopoiesis ontogeny remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed single-cell transcriptome of human primary hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) at different developmental stages, including yolk-sac (YS), AGM, fetal liver (FL), umbilical cord blood (UCB) and adult peripheral blood (PB) mobilized HSPCs. These stage-specific HSPCs display differential intrinsic properties, such as metabolism, self-renewal, differentiating potentialities etc. We then generated highly co-related gene regulatory network (GRNs) modules underlying the differential HSC key properties. Particularly, we identified GRNs and key regulators controlling lymphoid potentiality, self-renewal as well as aerobic respiration in human HSCs. Introducing selected regulators promotes key HSC functions in HSPCs derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Therefore, GRNs underlying key intrinsic properties of human HSCs provide a valuable guide to generate fully functional HSCs in vitro.

Abstract Background Prime editing enables precise base substitutions, insertions, and deletions at targeted sites without the involvement of double-strand DNA breaks or exogenous donor DNA templates. However, the large size of prime editors (PEs) hampers their delivery in vivo via adeno-associated virus (AAV) due to the viral packaging limit. Previously reported split PE versions provide a size reduction, but they require intricate engineering and potentially compromise editing efficiency. Results Herein, we present a simplified split PE named as CC-PE, created through non-covalent recruitment of reverse transcriptase to the Cas9 nickase via coiled-coil heterodimers, which are widely used in protein design due to their modularity and well-understood sequence-structure relationship. We demonstrate that the CC-PE maintains or even surpasses the efficiency of unsplit PE in installing intended edits, with no increase in the levels of undesired byproducts within tested loci amongst a variety of cell types (HEK293T, A549, HCT116, and U2OS). Furthermore, coiled-coil heterodimers are used to engineer SpCas9-NG-PE and SpRY-PE, two Cas9 variants with more flexible editing scope. Similarly, the resulting NG-CC-PE and SpRY-CC-PE also achieve equivalent or enhanced efficiency of precise editing compared to the intact PE. When the dual AAV vectors carrying CC-PE are delivered into mice to target the Pcsk9 gene in the liver, CC-PE enables highly efficient precise editing, resulting in a significant reduction of plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol. Conclusions Our innovative, modular system enhances flexibility, thus potentially facilitating the in vivo applicability of prime editing.

Sulforaphane, a naturally specialized metabolite, plays significant roles in human disease prevention and plant defense. Myrosinase (MY) is a key gene responsible for the catalysis of sulforaphane formation, but the molecular mechanisms through which MY regulates sulforaphane biosynthesis in plants remains largely unknown. Here, we discovered that the change of sulforaphane content in broccoli sprouts caused by exogenous selenite treatments is positively related to BoMY expression. BoMY overexpression in the Arabidopsis thaliana tgg1 mutants could dramatically increase myrosinase activity and sulforaphane content in the rosette leaves of 35S::BoMY/tgg1 and rescue its phenotypes. Moreover, an obvious increase of myrosinase activity and sulforaphane content was displayed in transgenic BoMY-overexpressed broccoli lines. In addition, a 2 033 bp promoter fragment of BoMY was isolated. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) library screening experiment uncovered that one bHLH transcription factor, BoFAMA, could directly bind to BoMY promoter to activate its expression, which was further evidenced by Y1H assay and dual-luciferase reporter assay. BoFAMA is a selenite-responsive transcription factor that is highly expressed in broccoli leaves; its protein is solely localized to nucleus. Additionally, genetic evidence suggested that the knockdown of FAMA gene in Arabidopsis thaliana could significantly decrease sulforaphane yield by inhibiting the expression of myrosinase genes. Interestingly, exogenous selenite supply could partially restore the low level of sulforaphane content in transgenic Arabidopsis FAMA-silencing plants. Our findings uncover a novel function of FAMA-MY module in the regulation of selenite-mediated sulforaphane synthesis and provide a new insights into the molecular mechanism by which selenite regulates the accumulation of sulforaphane in plants.

Abstract Background As life improves and sedentary time increases, young children's physical fitness gradually declines. Methods Multi-stage stratified whole cluster sampling was utilized to sample 5584 preschoolers. Young infants' morphology, function, and quality were revealed using cluster and factor analysis. Results The cluster analysis separated 3–6-year-olds into two genders: 1,551 men in group A "high physical fitness" 1,499 men in group B "low physical fitness"; 1,213 women in group A and 1,321 women in group B. Young children's fitness was measured by standing long jump(1.00), weight(1.00), and height(1.00). A cluster analysis of 3–4-year-olds classified them into three groups: 272 “muscular strength,” 75 “average physical fitness,” and 250 “low agility.” Young children's health depends on weight (1.00), height (0.57), and chest circumference (0.54). A cluster analysis of the 4–5-year-olds classified them into two groups: 1070 “balance” and 806 “muscular strength.” Young children’s health depends on weight (1.00), height (0.74), and chest circumference (0.71). A cluster analysis of the 5–6-year-olds divided them into three groups: 1762 “high physical fitness,” 384 “obese,” and 105 “low physical fitness.” Young children’s physical health depends on BMI (1.00), weight (1.00), and chest circumference (1.00). Factor analysis demonstrated that muscle strength, body shape, cardiovascular variables, and physical fitness composite components affected young children's health. Conclusion Women should focus on motor function and strength, while men on flexibility. Male group B “low physical fitness” should focus on strength, motor function, and balance, whereas male group A “high physical fitness” should focus on flexibility. Then, female group A “high physical fitness” should emphasize variety.2) For 3–4-year-olds, group A “muscular strength” should focus on flexibility, and group C “low agility” on motor function. 3) For 4–5-year-olds, group A “balanced” should focus on strength and motor function; 4) For 5–6-year-olds, group B “obese” should emphasize weight loss, and group C “low fitness” should emphasize strength, motor function, and flexibility; 5) Young children’s physical fitness depends on muscle strength, body shape, cardiovascular factors, and physical fitness composite.

Low-salinity conditions are generally used in land-based cultivation to promote the germination and growth of Zostera marina L. and to improve the restoration effect of seagrass beds. Different salinity conditions lead to morphological and physiological differences. To investigate the impacts of salinity and osmotic pressure on the germination and early development of Zostera marina seeds, this study utilized seawater with different salinity conditions and PEG-6000 solutions to simulate various non-ionic osmotic pressures and examine the germination, cotyledon growth, and leaf differentiation over 28 days, as well as determine the biochemical traits on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. The results show that the cumulative germination rate in LS-0 was 91.6%, but it was not significantly affected by the PEG solutions. The different salinities (5, 10, and 15) had no significant effect on the germination rate, which ranged from 76.4% to 78.8%: low salinity and low osmotic pressure stimulated the germination by accelerating the water uptake through increased osmotic pressure differences. The leaf differentiation was regulated by the osmotic pressure and salinity. In LS-10, the most used condition, the leaf differentiation rate was 35.2%, while PEG-10 displayed 6.4%. The total soluble sugar and soluble protein in the seeds decreased. Antioxidant enzyme activities were activated under low-salinity conditions, which supported germination within a tolerable oxidative stress range.

This study investigated the effect of fermentation-promoting peptides (FPPs) on the improvement of the quality of cowpea pickles during fermentation and storage. FPPs were introduced to evaluate their effects on key parameters such as pH, total acidity, nitrite levels, and salinity. FPP accelerated fermentation by stimulating lactic acid bacteria (LAB) activity, leading to a rapid reduction in pH and a stable increase in total acidity. Nitrite accumulation was peaking at 0.56 mg/kg on the 7th day, compared to 1.37 mg/kg in the control, thus enhancing product safety. FPP also improved antioxidant retention, reducing ascorbic acid degradation by 30% and increasing phenolic retention by 15.97% over the control, which is essential for antioxidant capacity and color stability. Texture analysis showed higher hardness preservation in the presence of FPP, in which hardness decreased from 209.70 g to 79.98 g in the FPP group after storage, compared to a decline from 158.56 g to 41.66 g in the control. Additionally, sensory evaluations demonstrated that the FPP group maintained superior flavor, texture, and appearance, with minimized browning due to improved pectin stability. This research presents FPPs as a promising additive for producing high-quality, shelf-stable pickles in line with clean label trends.

In light of the low dissolved oxygen concentration in the deep sea, the corrosion mechanisms of the high entropy alloy (HEA) AlCoCrFeNi in artificial seawater with varying oxygen concentrations (2.0, 4.0, 7.0 mg/L) were studied. As the oxygen concentration decreases, the alloy's free corrosion potential decreases, and at 2.0 mg/L, the corrosion rate is 421 times higher than that at 7.0 mg/L. The corrosion form transforms from pitting to uniform corrosion. The primary reasons for this are the passivation film is thin under low oxygen concentration conditions, as well as the preferential dissolution of the alloy elements Al and Ni due to their high activity and “local acidizing” properties, respectively. In designing a super corrosion-resistant high entropy alloy for use in the deep sea, it is advisable to avoid the use of element Al and to add Ni with caution.

Abstract Aging in mammals is accompanied by an imbalance of intestinal homeostasis and accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. However, little is known about how accumulated mtDNA mutations modulate intestinal homeostasis. We observe the accumulation of mtDNA mutations in the small intestine of aged male mice, suggesting an association with physiological intestinal aging. Using polymerase gamma (POLG) mutator mice and wild-type mice, we generate male mice with progressive mtDNA mutation burdens. Investigation utilizing organoid technology and in vivo intestinal stem cell labeling reveals decreased colony formation efficiency of intestinal crypts and LGR5-expressing intestinal stem cells in response to a threshold mtDNA mutation burden. Mechanistically, increased mtDNA mutation burden exacerbates the aging phenotype of the small intestine through ATF5 dependent mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) activation. This aging phenotype is reversed by supplementation with the NAD+ precursor, NMN. Thus, we uncover a NAD+ dependent UPRmt triggered by mtDNA mutations that regulates the intestinal aging.

Abstract Background Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) plays a crucial role in hybrid production. K-type CMS, a cytoplasmic male sterile line of wheat with the cytoplasms of Aegilops kotschyi, is widely used due to its excellent characteristics of agronomic performance, easy maintenance and easy restoration. However, the mechanism of its pollen abortion is not yet clear. Results In this study, wheat K-type CMS MS(KOTS)-90-110 (MS line) and it’s fertile near-isogenic line MR (KOTS)-90-110 (MR line) were investigated. Cytological analysis indicated that the anthers of MS line microspore nucleus failed to divide normally into two sperm nucleus and lacked starch in mature pollen grains, and the key abortive period was the uninucleate stage to dinuclear stage. Then, we compared the transcriptome of MS line and MR line anthers at these two stages. 11,360 and 5182 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the MS and MR lines in the early uninucleate and binucleate stages, respectively. Based on GO enrichment and KEGG pathways analysis, it was evident that significant transcriptomic differences were “plant hormone signal transduction”, “MAPK signaling pathway” and “spliceosome”. We identified 17 and 10 DEGs associated with the IAA and ABA signal transduction pathways, respectively. DEGs related to IAA signal transduction pathway were downregulated in the early uninucleate stage of MS line. The expression level of DEGs related to ABA pathway was significantly upregulated in MS line at the binucleate stage compared to MR line. The determination of plant hormone content and qRT-PCR further confirmed that hormone imbalance in MS lines. Meanwhile, 1 and 2 DEGs involved in ABA and Ethylene metabolism were also identified in the MAPK cascade pathway, respectively; the significant up regulation of spliceosome related genes in MS line may be another important factor leading to pollen abortion. Conclusions We proposed a transcriptome-mediated pollen abortion network for K-type CMS in wheat. The main idea is hormone imbalance may be the primary factor, MAPK cascade pathway and alternative splicing (AS) may also play important regulatory roles in this process. These findings provided intriguing insights for the molecular mechanism of microspore abortion in K-type CMS, and also give useful clues to identify the crucial genes of CMS in wheat.

The high-performance rare-earth-free low-temperature phase Mn–Bi-based permanent magnet alloys (LTP-MnBi) have gained widespread attention, but it still presents a challenge. Here, the LTP-MnBi alloy with Mo element doping was prepared by using arc-melting and subsequent high-vacuum annealing. The crystalline structure, phase transformation behavior, and magnetic properties were systematically investigated. The result showed that Mo element doping significantly improved the stability of the LTP in MnBi alloy. The investigation revealed that the disparity in atomic radius between Mo and Mn, Bi elements played a pivotal role in the formation and stability of the LTP-MnBi. With the increase of Mo content in the LTP-MnBi alloy, the coercivity value remarkably increased from 8.1 kOe to 11.7 kOe with a decrease of saturation magnetization from 71.6 emu/g to 56.5 emu/g, and the maximum energy product gradually reduced from 10.6 MGOe to 7.9 MGOe. The underlying mechanism revealed that magnetic properties were closely related to the fraction and crystal structure of LTP-MnBi. Therefore, magnetic properties of Mo-doped MnBi alloy make them an attractive candidate among the rare-earth-free permanent magnets.

Light quality optimization is a cost-effective method for increasing leafy vegetable quality in plant factories. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that enable the precise modulation of light quality were used in this study to examine the effects of red-blue (RB), red-blue-green (RBG), red-blue-purple (RBP), and red-blue-far-red (RBF) lights on the growth, antioxidant capacity, and nitrogen metabolism of Chinese cabbage leaves, while white light served as the control (CK). Results showed that the chlorophyll, carotenoid, vitamin C, amino acid, total flavonoid, and antioxidant levels of Chinese cabbage were all significantly increased under RBP combined light treatment. Meanwhile, RBG combined light treatment significantly increased the levels of amino acids but decreased the nitrite content of Chinese cabbage. In addition, RBF combined light treatment remarkably increased the amino acid levels but decreased the antioxidant capacity of Chinese cabbage. In conclusion, the addition of purple light to red-blue light was effective in improving the nutritional value and antioxidant capacity of Chinese cabbage. This light condition can be used as a model for a supplemental lighting strategy for leafy vegetables in plant factory production.

After significant progress in stereo matching, the pursuit of robust and efficient ill-posed-region disparity refinement methods remains challenging. To further improve the performance of disparity refinement, in this paper, we propose the matchability and uncertainty-aware iterative disparity refinement neural network. Firstly, a new matchability and uncertainty decoder (MUD) is proposed to decode the matchability mask and disparity uncertainties, which are used to evaluate the reliability of feature matching and estimated disparity, thereby reducing the susceptibility to mismatched pixels. Then, based on the proposed MUD, we present two modules: the uncertainty-preferred disparity field initialization (UFI) and the masked hidden state global aggregation (MGA) modules. In the UFI, a multi-disparity window scan-and-select method is employed to provide a further initialized disparity field and more accurate initial disparity. In the MGA, the adaptive masked disparity field hidden state is globally aggregated to extend the propagation range per iteration, improving the refinement efficiency. Finally, the experimental results on public datasets show that the proposed model achieves a reduction up to 17.9% in disparity average error and 16.9% in occluded outlier proportion, respectively, demonstrating its more practical handling of ill-posed regions.

Rapana venosa is primarily distributed in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea of China, Japan, Korea, and Russia. In the natural sea area, the adult R. Venosa mostly inhabits the sand-mud bottom or the rocky bottom of the low intertidal zone up to 20 meters deep, and the young R. Venosa mostly inhabits the rocks near the coastal line. Its habitats are generally occupied by many other bivalves, such as Crassostrea gigas, Mactra chinensis, and Ruditapes philippinarum. The R. venosa is a large carnivorous Mollusca that mainly feeds on bivalves and other animal carcasses. R. venosa is often classified as an enemy of bivalve farming, but they can also be used to control fouling organisms, and it has potential for application in aquaculture and ocean engineering.In recent years, there have been some reports on the feeding selectivity of R. venosa, the effects of feed, temperature, and individual specifications on feeding, the effects of feed types, specifications, feeding amount, and breeding density on the survival and growth, the feeding preferences to different bivalves and the feeding cycle before and after reproduction. These studies mainly explored the effects of temperature, density, feed types, and specifications on its growth and development. The main purpose of these studies was to select suitable feed types and specifications for the temporary culture and breeding of R. venosa, to improve its growth and development speed, and increase economic benefits under artificial breeding conditions. However, the feeding selection and behavior process of R. venosa under natural conditions are not clear, and the feeding selection of R. venosa to C. gigas, Mytilus edulis and other fouling organisms was not clear under the environmental conditions of multiple bait bivalve habitats. Therefore, in this study, four kinds of bivalves (fixed type, attached type and buried type) were used as bait bivalves to understand the feeding selection. C. gigas and M. edulis are common fouling organisms in the habitat of R. venosa, while M. veneriformis and R. philippinarum are widely distributed in the habitat of R. venosa. The study attempts to simulate the habitat of R. venosa and different types of bait bivalves in the natural environment, to study its preference for bait bivalves species and feeding specifications, to compare and analyze the differences in feeding rates of different specifications of R. venosa, and further study its feeding rhythm and feeding process and to provide data reference for the feasibility of using R. venosa to control C. gigas, M. edulis and other bivalves fouling organisms, and improve the feeding habits of R. venosa.To achieve these objectives, three specifications of M. veneriformis, R. philippinarum, C. gigas, and M. edulis live baits were placed in the aquarium by simulating the natural environment. The feeding number, feeding weight, feeding specifications, feeding time, and feeding behavior process of three specifications of R. venosa to different baits were recorded. The experimental results showed that R. venosa fed on all four bivalves. The number and weight of R. venosa that fed on M. veneriformis with different specifications were significantly higher than those that fed on other bivalves (P < 0.05), and the feeding index was more than 50%, indicating its appetite. R. venosa fed normally on C. gigas and R. philippinarum, and only a small population of R. venosa fed on M. edulis with large specifications. In terms of the selection of feeding specifications, three specifications of R. venosa preferred large M. veneriformis and small C. gigas (P < 0.05). The feeding rate of the large specification R. venosa was 7.15%, which was significantly lower than that of the other two specifications (small specification, 10.98%; medium specification, 9.64%). Under the experimental conditions, the feeding cycle of R. venosa was apparent, feeding activities were carried out every three days, and the feeding time was 20:00–24:00 at night. The feeding process can be divided into four stages: Unfed stage, search stage, feeding stage, and feeding end. During the feeding process, the R. venosa actively searched for bivalves, removed them from the sand and wrapped them with their proleg, secreted mucus, and smacked them from the shell gap. After sucking the mollusks decomposed by digestive juice, the R. venosa dived into the sand or attached to the aquarium wall. The results showed that under the experimental conditions, R. venosa had a feeding preference for the species and specifications of bait bivalves. R. venosa preferred to eat M. veneriformis and rarely consumed M. edulis. Moreover, its feeding behavior was nocturnal and exhibited periodicity, feeding activity happened every three days in the first half of the night.

Through caching popular contents at the network edge, wireless edge caching can greatly reduce both the content request latency at mobile devices and the traffic burden at the core network. However, popularity-based caching strategies are vulnerable to Cache Pollution Attacks (CPAs) due to the weak security protection at both edge nodes and mobile devices. In CPAs, through initiating a large number of requests for unpopular contents, malicious users can pollute the edge caching space and degrade the caching efficiency. This paper firstly integrates the dynamic nature of content request and mobile devices into the edge caching framework, and introduces an eavesdropping-based CPA strategy. Then, an edge caching mechanism, which contains a Request Pattern Change-based Cache Pollution Detection (RPC2PD) algorithm and an Attack-aware Cache Defense (ACD) algorithm, is proposed to defend against CPAs. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism could effectively suppress the effects of CPAs on the caching performance and improve the cache hit ratio.

Abstract Background Podocyte apoptosis is one of the important pathological mechanisms of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Acteoside (Act), a major active component of Rehmannia glutinosa leaves total glycoside, has a strong renoprotective action. Our study aims to demonstrate Act’s renoprotective actions in db/db mice. Methods We adopted C57BLKS/J db/db mice as DKD animal models. After 8 weeks of Act administration, the 24-hour urine albumin, renal function index, and blood lipid levels were quantified using matching kits. Renal pathology was evaluated by HE and PAS staining. The podocyte damage and apoptosis-related signaling pathway were observed by using immunohistochemistry, western blot, and TUNEL staining. Results The albuminuria of db/db mice was reduced from 391 ug/24 h to 152 ug/24 h, and renal pathology changes were alleviated after Act administration. The western blot and immunohistochemistry showed that Act treatment upregulated the synaptopodin and podocin expression compared with db/db mice, while the TUNEL staining indicated podocyte apoptosis was inhibited. The B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) level was upregulated in the Act group, but cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) expression declined, while the protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (AKT/GSK-3β) signaling pathway was repressed. Conclusions By inhibiting the AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway, Act protected podocytes from apoptosis, decreasing the urine albumin of db/db mice and delaying the course of DKD.

Abstract Propionic acidemia (PA) is a rare autosomal recessive congenital disease caused by mutations in the PCCA or PCCB genes. Elevated propionylcarnitine, 2-methylcitric acid (2MCA), propionylglycine, glycine and 3-hydroxypropionate can be used to diagnose PA. Early-onset PA can lead to acute deterioration, metabolic acidosis, and hyperammonemia shortly after birth, which can result in high mortality and disability. Late-onset cases of PA have a more heterogeneous clinical spectra, including growth retardation, intellectual disability, seizures, basal ganglia lesions, pancreatitis, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, adaptive immune defects, rhabdomyolysis, optic atrophy, hearing loss, premature ovarian failure, and chronic kidney disease. Timely and accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to saving patients’ lives and improving their prognosis. Recently, the number of reported PA cases in China has increased due to advanced diagnostic techniques and increased research attention. However, an overview of PA prevalence in China is lacking. Therefore, this review provides an overview of recent advances in the pathogenesis, diagnostic strategies, and treatment of PA, including epidemiological data on PA in China. The most frequent variants among Chinese PA patients are c.2002G > A in PCCA and c.1301C > T in PCCB, which are often associated with severe clinical symptoms. At present, liver transplantation from a living (heterozygous parental) donor is a better option for treating PA in China, especially for those exhibiting a severe metabolic phenotype and/or end-organ dysfunction. However, a comprehensive risk–benefit analysis should be conducted as an integral part of the decision-making process. This review will provide valuable information for the medical care of Chinese patients with PA.

Abstract Bifurcations in kinetic pathways decide the evolution of a system. An example is crystallization, in which the thermodynamically stable polymorph may not form due to kinetic hindrance. Here, we use confined self-assembly to investigate the interplay of thermodynamics and kinetics in the crystallization pathways of finite clusters. We report the observation of decahedral clusters from colloidal particles in emulsion droplets and show that these decahedral clusters can be thermodynamically stable, just like icosahedral clusters. Our hard sphere simulations reveal how the development of the early nucleus shape passes through a bifurcation that decides the cluster symmetry. A geometric argument explains why decahedral clusters are kinetically hindered and why icosahedral clusters can be dominant even if they are not in the thermodynamic ground state.

PD-1 blockade therapy has made great breakthroughs in treatment of multiple solid tumors. However, patients with microsatellite-stable (MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC) respond poorly to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Although CRC patients with microstatellite instability (MSI) or microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) can benefit from PD-1 blockade therapy, there are still some problems such as tumor recurrence. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), most abundant immune components in tumor microenvironment (TME), largely limit the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 against CRC. The CSF1/CSF1R pathway plays a key role in regulating macrophage polarization, and blocking CSF1R signaling transduction may be a potential strategy to effectively reprogram macrophages and remodel TME. Here, we found that increasing expression of CSF1R in macrophages predicted poor prognosis in CRC cohort. Furthermore, we discovered a novel potent CSF1R inhibitor, PXB17, which significantly reprogramed M2 macrophages to M1 phenotype. Mechanically, PXB17 significantly blocked activation of PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 signaling, resulting in inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis. Results from 3D co-culture system suggested that PXB17-repolarized macrophages could induce infiltration of CD8+ T lymphocytes in tumors and improve the immunosuppressive microenvironment. In vivo, PXB17 significantly halted CRC growth, with a stronger effect than PLX3397. In particular, PXB17 potently enhanced therapeutic activity of PD-1 mAb in CT-26 (MSS) model and prevented tumor recurrence in MC-38 (MSI-H) model by promoting formation of long-term memory immunity. Our study opens a new avenue for CSF1R in tumor innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunomodulatory activity and suggests that PXB17 is a promising immunotherapy molecule for enhancing the efficacy of PD-1 mAb or reducing tumor recurrence of CRC.

The Zn–Co double metal cyanide (DMC) complex is regarded as a promising catalyst for the copolymerization of CO2 and propylene epoxide (PO). Various methods have been adopted to improve the catalytic performance of DMC. In this study, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), as a co-complexing agent, was innovatively used to modify DMC and applied to the synthesis of poly(ether–carbonate) polyols from CO2, PO, and a chain transfer agent. The modified catalysts exhibited higher catalytic activity than the catalysts prepared by conventional methods, with a nearly 10 % increase in PO conversion. The most critical breakthrough was a reduction of nearly 5 wt% in the byproduct propylene–carbonate. The results confirmed that amide groups in PVP could coordinate with active center Zn2+, providing the modified catalysts with advantages such as low-symmetry structure, high specific surface area, and strong acidity. Moreover, the dual effects of PVP coordination and dispersion led to dramatic differences in the microstructure and activity of the catalysts when added during different preparation processes of DMC. The coordination effect of PVP was dominant in the nucleation stages which affected the crystal structure and morphology, whereas, the dispersion effect was dominant in the aging stages which prevented the catalyst particles from growing and thus a higher specific surface area. This is critical for paving the way towards exploring the introduction of groups with high steric hindrance into Zn–Co complex catalysts. In addition, a detailed and in-depth insight into the structure–activity relationship of DMC for poly(ether–carbonate) polyols synthesis was summarized.

Plant health is closely related to microbial communities present in specific host increasingly challenged by pathogen attack. Soil-borne diseases cause an imbalance of the already colonized plant rhizosphere microbial community, resulting in restricting agricultural production. In this study, tobacco black shank (TBS), caused by Phytophthora nicotianae was used as a disease model to explore the impact of rhizosphere microorganisms on tobacco health and assessed the use of introduced microbes to mitigate the spread of disease in an environment-friendly way. Here, field investigation confirmed that the higher pathogen load in the field was directly proportional to the higher disease index. We isolated 223 strains of bacteria from the tobacco rhizosphere soil in Yuxi City, Yunnan, China and confirmed eight candidate strains with potential antagonism against P. nicotianae. The strains were further identified as Bacillus based on morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and molecular analysis. Under field conditions, sterilized and non-sterilized rhizospheric soil showed significant differences in terms of pathogen growth. Our results indicated potential bacteria in the tobacco rhizosphere have a protective effect against TBS. Notably, eight potential Bacillus strains and simple synthetic microbial consortium as the antagonistic group could reduce the number of the pathogen in soil effectively and resist the TBS in the greenhouse. P. nicotianae and rhizosphere antagonists co-affect tobacco health, and proved that potential microbes could effectively reduce a load of P. nicotianae and control plant diseases in an ecological friendly way for plant health and protection.

Genetically engineered macrophages (GEMs) have emerged as an appealing strategy to treat cancers, but they are largely impeded by the cell availability and technical challenges in gene transfer. Here, we develop an efficient approach to generate large-scale macrophages from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Starting with 1 T150 dish of 106 hiPSCs, more than 109 mature macrophages (iMacs) could be generated within 1 month. The generated iMacs exhibit typical macrophage properties such as phagocytosis and polarization. We then generate hiPSCs integrated with an IL-12 expression cassette in the AAVS1 locus to produce iMacs secreting IL-12, a strong proimmunity cytokine. hiPSC-derived iMacs_IL-12 prevent cytotoxic T cell exhaustion and activate T cells to kill different cancer cells. Furthermore, iMacs_IL-12 display strong antitumor effects in a T cell-dependent manner in subcutaneously or systemically xenografted mice of human lung cancer. Therefore, we provide an off-the-shelf strategy to produce large-scale GEMs for cancer therapy.

Background: Mirabegron, the first β-3 adrenergic receptor agonist, received approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012 for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). This pharmacovigilance study investigated the safety profile of mirabegron treatment using the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database.Methods: This study employed disproportionality analyses, including the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network (BCPNN) algorithm, to quantify signals of adverse events associated with mirabegron.Results: From the first quarter of 2012 to the third quarter of 2023, a comprehensive total of 14,356,234 adverse event (AE) reports were submitted to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database. Within this dataset, encompassing 18,763 reports specifically associated with mirabegron, healthcare professionals notably contributed 2,902 of these reports. A total of 80 preferred terms (PTs) of interest were identified using both the ROR and information component algorithms. The most common AEs included blood pressure increased, urinary retention, atrial fibrillation, dry mouth, and tachycardia, which were consistent with the product instructions. Unexpected significant AEs, such as arrhythmia, palpitations, dementia, transient ischemic attack, Parkinson’s disease, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive vasculitis, lip swelling, and swollen tongue, were also identified. The study findings indicated that the majority of onset time occurred within 30 days (n = 358, 55.68%). However, AEs were still possible after 1 year of mirabegron treatment.Conclusion: This study provided valuable evidence for the real-world safety of mirabegron, helping clinical professionals enhance their understanding of mirabegron’s safety in clinical practice. It also contributed valuable evidence for further safety studies on mirabegron.

Abstract This paper investigates a leader‐following consensus problem for nonlinear multi‐agent systems (MASs) with measurement noises under fixed and Markovian switching topologies, respectively. Noises are considered when each agent measures the states of its neighbours, where intensities of noises are vector functions of relative states. To alleviate the utilization of communication and computation resources, a dynamic event‐triggered consensus protocol is designed, where the coupling strength is restricted in a given interval. By using the stochastic stability theorem, it is shown that leader‐following consensus is achieved under fixed topology, where an estimation of the convergence rate is given. Moreover, the problem is studied under switching topologies subjecting to the Markovian process, which is applicable to practical situations with a time‐varying communication environment. Finally, simulation examples are given to show the correctness of the proposed results.

Abstract In challenging circumstances, the estimation performance of integrated navigation parameters for tightly coupled GNSS/SINS is impacted by outlier measurements. An effective solution that employs a novel iterative sigma-point structure with a modified robustness optimization approach for enhancing the error compensation effectiveness and robustness of filters utilized in GNSS challenge conditions is proposed in this paper. The proposed method modifies the CKF scheme by incorporating nonlinear regression and numerous iteration processes for ameliorating error compensation. Subsequently, a loss function and penalty mechanism are implemented to enhance the filter's robustness to outlier measurements. Furthermore, to fully incorporate valid information of the innovation and speed up the operation of the proposed method, the outlier measurement detection criteria are established to bypass the penalty mechanism against measurement weights in the absence of outliers in GNSS measurements. Field experiments demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms traditional methods in mitigating navigation errors, particularly when multipath errors and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) reception are increased.

Abstract The conventional SINS/CNS integrated navigation system equipped on ballistic missiles is typically equipped with attitude measurement, which can only estimate the gyro drift and has no effect on accelerometer bias. To address the issue, an improved multi-source information fusion method containing a new nonlinear framework called SINS/RKCNS with the indirect horizon reference and kinematic constraint is proposed, and a MAP-based modified iterated CKF is involved to increase positioning accuracy and system robustness. Furthermore, to reduce the influence of correlated noise, state augmentation is employed in the iterative process. Eventually, experiments are conducted, and the results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Highlights Highly performed perovskite solar cells are achieved via introducing organic–inorganic CL–NH complex as multifunctional interfacial layer. CL–NH complex not only reduces oxygen vacancies on the surface of SnO2 but also regulates film crystallization, resulting in a superior device efficiency of 23.69%. The resulting device performs excellent stability with 91.5% initial power conversion efficiency retained after 500 h light illumination.

To tackle the complexity and limited applicability of high-precision segmentation models for damaged road markings, this study proposes a Multi-level Adaptive Lightweight Network (MALNet) based on knowledge distillation. By incorporating multi-scale dilated convolution and adaptive spatial channel attention fusion modules, the MALNet model significantly enhances the precision, integrity, and robustness of its segmentation branch. Furthermore, it employs an intricate knowledge distillation strategy, channeling rich, layered insights from a teacher model to a student model, thus elevating the latter’s segmentation ability. Concurrently, it streamlines the student model by markedly reducing its parameter count and computational demands, culminating in a segmentation network that is both high-performing and pragmatic. Rigorous testing on three distinct data sets for damaged road marking detection—CDM_P (Collective Damaged road Marking—Public), CDM_H (Collective Damaged road Marking—Highways), and CDM_C (Collective Damaged road Marking—Cityroad)—underscores the MALNet model’s superior segmentation abilities across all damage types, outperforming competing models in accuracy and completeness. Notably, the MALNet model excels in parameter efficiency, computational economy, and throughput. After distillation, the student model’s parameters and computational load decrease to only 31.78% and 27.40% of the teacher model’s, respectively, while processing speeds increase to 1.9 times, demonstrating a significant improvement in lightweight design.

This paper introduces a novel type of connection that integrates unbonded prestressed strands (UPS) and mortise-tenon in an assembly frame structure (UPS-MTF). First, the damage process and failure modes of the joints under reciprocating horizontal loads were systematically analyzed using refined numerical models. The recommended values of the design parameters of the joints were derived from the parametric analysis results. Refined numerical modeling results reveal the diagonal compression strut mechanism within the core region of the joint. The diagonal compression struts model assists in establishing the theoretical calculation formula for the skeleton curve of shear stress–strain in the core region. Second, a genetic algorithm (GA) parameter was identified for the restoring force model of the core region to determine the parameters of the hysteresis rules. Finally, a macro-simplified analytical model of the joint was created based on the restoring force model of the core region, and parameter analysis was conducted to verify the applicability of this macro-simplified analytical model. The research results prove that the damaged form of the joint proposed in this paper originates from the shear and relative slip damage between the components in the core region. The axial compression ratio significantly affects the hysteretic performance of the joints, and the upper and lower limit values were identified for the axial compression ratio of the joints. The area and initial effective stress of the UPS exert a minimal effect on the hysteretic performance of the joint. Based on the method proposed in this paper for determining the restoring force model in the core region of the joints, the hysteresis curves obtained from the macro-simplified analytical model closely match the refined numerical analysis model results. This correspondence verifies the applicability of the macro-simplified analytical model.

Building information modeling (BIM) and finite element method (FEM) models have a wide range of applications in underground engineering design, construction, and operation and maintenance. This study employs a BIM-FEM framework to numerically simulate the impact of excavation on existing subway stations, using the Yanjiang New City Station TOD project as a case study. This framework simplifies the smooth integration of BIM and FEM models, automating functions such as assigning material properties, conducting construction simulations, and generating high-quality meshes. Simulation results reveal significant horizontal and vertical displacements in diaphragm walls, support structures, and subway station structures, with the greatest impacts occurring closest to the excavation site. The BIM-FEM framework is validated as an effective tool for designing foundation pit support structures, enhancing numerical modeling accuracy and efficiency in underground engineering. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the dynamic interactions between excavation and underground structures, informing the development of construction strategies and protective measures to ensure structural safety.

AbstractDitches are vital to water system data. To ease the task of matching multi-scale ditch data and enhance accuracy (Acc), it is essential to discern ditch data matching patterns. Despite its importance, limited research has been conducted on ditch matching patterns, and the primary reasons for variations in multi-scale geographical entities’ matching patterns remain underexplored. Here, we introduce a supervised graph neural network (GNN) method, targeting the direct analysis of 1:10,000 ditch characteristics to identify the matching patterns between 1:10,000 and 1:25,000 datasets. The ditch network is depicted as a graph structure, with nodes representing ditch segments and edges indicating their connections. Subsequently, each ditch segment’s geometric, semantic, and topological attributes are computed as node attributes, and their matching patterns with the 1:25,000 dataset are labeled as node annotations. Ditch segment matching patterns are then categorized using supervised learning. Experiments using Overijssel, Netherlands’ ditch data reveal that this method achieves a 97.3% classification Acc, outperforming other GNN methods by 25.6–26.3% and traditional machine learning methods by 33%. These findings underscore the efficacy and superiority of the proposed supervised GNN approach in pinpointing ditch matching patterns.

Abstract Polythiophenes, built on head‐to‐head (HH) linked 3,3′‐oligomer ethylene glycol‐2,2′‐bithiophene (gT2), have simple chemical structure, good backbone planarity, and relatively high‐lying the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, hence showing excellent p‐type performance in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) with µC* of several hundred F cm−1 V−1 s−1. In this study, sequential cyano substitution is utilized to enable transformation of charge carrier polarity from p‐type to n‐type in OECTs, based on the parent polythiophene g4T2‐T2. With the increase of cyano group number, the polythiophenes exhibit gradually lowered LUMO levels from −2.55 to −3.90 eV. As a result, from g4T2‐T2 to CNg4T2‐CNT2, the p‐type performance dramatically diminishes accomplished by the enhancement of n‐type one when applied in OECTs. To the authors' delight, polymer CNg4T2‐CNT2 with the highest content of cyano groups exhibits a remarkable n‐type µC* of 27.01 F cm−1 V−1 s−1 and high gm,norm of 6.75 S cm−1 with negligible p‐type character. This study demonstrates that sequential cyano substitution provides a powerful approach for developing high‐performance n‐type polymers for OECT applications.

The current study focused on the formulation, physicochemical characterization, and antibacterial susceptibility testing of inhalable spray dried powders containing ciprofloxacin (CIP) and polymyxin B sulfate (PMB). CIP nanosuspensions with an average particle diameter of 435.9 ± 9.3 nm were initially obtained using the wet-milling protocol and subsequently co-spray dried with PMB solutions to yield inhalable dry powders. The Powder X-Ray Diffraction (P-XRD) results showed that the wet-milled CIP nanoparticles were in a 4.8 hydrate state, which were transformed to 3.7 hydrates and amorphous materials after co-spray drying. The PMB remained in an amorphous state in the dry powders. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analyses revealed that the glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of the co–spray dried formulations were higher than the Tg of CIP, but lower than the Tg of PMB. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) studies suggested the existence of π - π interactions between CIP and PMB in the co-spray dried powders. These powders also retained antimicrobial effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1. In addition, the spray-dried powder formulations exhibited satisfactory solid-state stability and aerodynamic characteristics when stored under 3% relative humidity and 20 ± 5 °C for 4 months. Overall, the newly developed inhalable CIP/PMB dry powders are a promising therapeutic strategy for respiratory tract infections.