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Considering the recent medicalization of death, the importance of preparing both laypersons and medical students to have meaningful end-of-life conversations, which is among the objectives of death education, will grow. The Act of Hospice and Palliative Care and Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment for Patients at the End of Life provided a new source of momentum to death education for both laypersons and medical professionals, as the importance of education on death is widely recognized. However, problems remain regarding how to prepare people for productive conversations at the end-of-life and how to secure the continuity of care. Different focuses and deficiencies are observed in death education programs for each category of learner. In education for laypeople, tangible information on how to actualize one’s existential and personal understanding of death through real-life options is lacking, except for presenting the “protocol” of the Act. Conversely, basic medical education lacks an understanding of or confrontation with death on the existential and personal levels. Death education should aim to build a shared understanding that can facilitate communication between the two groups. The scant overlap between layperson education and basic medical education even after the Act’s enactment is worrisome. Further fundamental changes in death education are required regarding its content. Topics that patients and doctors can share and discuss regarding death and end-of-life care should be discovered and provided as educational content both to laypeople and future medical professionals.

This research examines how a brand’s ad adjacency to offensive content influences consumers’ perceptions, emotions, and behavioral intentions toward the brand. Varying the type of offensive content...

Background: Education & Training Centre for Public Healthcare of the National Medical Centre plays a key role in providing continuing professional development (CPD) to 221 public health and medical institutions in South Korea. To assess the realisation of the Center’s core value and of the intended chages, program evaluations is needed. The context, input, process, and product (CIPP) model is particularly suitable for evaluating CPD in public sector as it allows to recognise the dynamic nature of the programme environment.Methods: This research applied the CIPP model to the evaluation of CPD programmes, particulary abdominal and thracic ultrasond programme implemented in 2017 and 2018. Data were collected from 2017 to 2019. The programme and its feedback were reviewed in context evaluation. Based on this, the subsequent programme strategy was established in input evaulation. Observing the programme in real time and recording progress was followed in process evaluation. Finally, the outcome and impact of the programme were reviewed and compared with baseline data in product evaluation. Results: In context evaluation, the educational needs of the recipients of the Centre’s CPD programme, impediments that inhibit participation in education, and resources that the Centre can utilise were identified through online survey, focus group interviews, expert consultation. Through input evaluation, we identified the best alternative that satisfied all pre-selected criteria, which were responsiveness to priority system needs, potential effectiveness, fit with existing services, affordability, and administrative feasibility. Observing the programme in real time and recording progress was conducted in process evaluation and shows that the improved programme went as planned, and even had to be expanded due to increased demand. The impact of the programme was measured, interpreted, and assessed in the product evaluation. As the review committee decided that the intended change has occurred, the Centre decided to maintain the program. Conclusions: Thorough evaluations are necessary to unlock the potential benefits of CPD. The CIPP methodology is valuable to execute formative as well as summative evaluations. The CIPP model is especially useful for securing accountability data for large-scale nation-wide educational programmes supplied by public funds.

In South Korea, the legal and cultural environment keeps terminally ill patients from making an informed refusal to a treatment the discontinuation of which can cause death. Act on Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment for Patients in Hospice and Palliative Care or at the End of Life allows several forms of informed refusal, but it is not enough. There is no explicit guarantee, at least under this law, of the right to refuse a treatment given during a period that has not reached an end-of-life process prescribed in the law. Dori, which the family of a terminal patient feels obligated to follow, makes them commit to doing what they believe is right as a family member without asking the patient’s intention. Because it reduces the family’s motivation to have a difficult talk about death and end-of-life with the patient, the patient is deprived of an opportunity to make a decision based on accurate information. In making a decision for the patient while patient is excluded, the family often ends up choosing a safe decision that puts physical survival first. In conclusion, the culture and the culturally influenced law are making it impractical for terminal patients to make an informed refusal.

This study explores how horizontal/vertical individualism and collectivism (HVIC) orientations influence electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) (i.e., opinion leadership and opinion seeking) in social med...

Background In 2016, the Act on Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment for Patients in Hospice and Palliative Care was implemented in Korea, providing a broad framework for end-of-life decision-making for the first time and making advance directives legally recognized documents. This Act can correct long-standing under-recognition of patients as valid decision makers for their own treatment choices. However, limited recognition of patient self-determination, rigid legal forms for documenting patient wishes, and the roles of family under the Act may pose challenges both to patients and nurses. Aim This paper critiques whether this newly introduced system of advance directives can truly guarantee protection of the patient's interests and respect for patient autonomy in real life​, and discusses ethical and legal issues regarding the Act. Source of evidence We reviewed the current system of advance directives by raising three questions: (1) Do advance directives reflect a competent person's voluntary and informed choice?, (2) Are advance directives applicable in diverse clinical situations?, and (3) Does the Korean advance directive system ensure that such directives are honored in reality? Conclusion Although the Act is an important first step in respecting patient autonomy in end-of-life decision-making, it remains inadequate as it fails to provide thorough guidance in terms of the quality of writing process, applicability, and the guaranteed effects of advance directives. Implications for nursing and health policy As nurses are best situated for addressing these limitations due to their roles and competencies in clinical practice, expanding the roles of nurses in every stage of advance directive practice could help achieve the original purpose of advance directives. This calls for a policy that promotes an expanded role of nurses to improve the quality of advance directive practice.

The Korean government’s new policy of subsidizing assisted reproductive technology (ART) fees to increase the birth rate reflects a lack of concern for future generations and their quality of life. It seems wrong to treat the future child as just a number that contributes to achieving the target birth rate, or as a mere means of solving a problem facing the current generation. However, when one tries to articulate the shortcomings of this new policy, one realizes that the ontological arguments surrounding this issue, namely the non-identity problem is complex. I propose the concept of reproductive responsibility as a response to the possible life. This concept presupposes a relationship between the reproductive agent and the possible new life. Since the concept draws the normative standard from that relationship, it resolves the non-identity problem and makes it possible to criticize the new policy of subsidizing ART.

Expanding electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) literature and cross-cultural literature, this study proposes a horizontal–vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism (HVIC)-eWOM model in a cross-cultural context. We employed HVIC at the individual level to explain the variance of eWOM communications on social media. We collected data from American and Korean social media users to examine how the hypothesized model fits the samples from each country. The analysis of the HVIC-eWOM model within and between the two countries revealed that there are some similarities and differences in influential cultural dimensions on eWOM communications in the two countries. The results suggest that vertical aspects of individualism and collectivism are significant drivers of opinion-leadership and opinion-seeking tendencies for both countries.

The various reproductive technologies have expanded the power people have to control their bodily function. Because these technologies have brought new configurations of people whose role is central to the reproductive process, ambiguities about the attribution of parenthood have emerged. I insist that the intentional account among four explanatory frameworks for parenthood gains more validity, as opportunities to exert intention increase. I extend the intentional account, using Scanlon’s explanation of the “Value of Choice.” In the Value of Choice, Scanlon explains that choice has a justificatory power; that is, by the fact of having choice, one accepts the normative consequences of one’s decision. The current changes in reproduction technologies mean that there are several conditions to choose. While maintaining justificatory power from the Value of Choice, the intentional account becomes inclusive enough to encompass the status quo, plausible even in situations where intention does not exist or is not exerted.

Background In 1999, the Organ Transplantation Act legalized organ donation from brain-dead patients. As a result of the government's continued efforts, the number of brain-dead donors steadily increased from 2002 through 2016. However, the number has declined since 2017. This paper examined the possible reasons behind the decline in brain-dead organ donation. Methods This investigation was an analysis of published data from the Korea Organ Donation Agency annual reports from 2013 to 2018. Results The number of brain-dead organ donors in Korea rose steadily until 2016, declined in 2017 for the first time since 2002, and then dropped sharply in 2018. Although the number of brain-dead potential organ donors increased between 2017 and 2018, the number of eligible donors decreased, suggesting that patient families rejected the brain-death determination process and brain-dead organ donation. Statistics gathered during identification of brain-dead potential donors and actual donations confirm that rejection or withdrawal of consent by the family has increased. During the same period when donation from brain- dead patients decreased, five events occurred: 1) compensation for donor families was abolished; 2) an incident of mistreatment of a brain-dead donor's remains occurred; 3) the Life-Sustaining Treatment Act was enacted, providing a legal procedure whereby families of brain-dead patients could forgo life-sustaining treatment; 4) residents' work week was limited to 80 hours; and 5) the Labor Standards Law was amended. Conclusion Fewer eligible donors in spite of an increase in brain-dead potential organ donors suggests that reduction in these donations resulted mainly from factors associated with family consent. Among such factors, implementation of the Life-sustaining Treatment Act appears to be most important. Abolition of family compensation and the incident in which a brain-dead donor's remains were mistreated may also have influenced family consent., Graphical Abstract

This paper examines the possible impacts of the Act on Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment for Patients in Hospice and Palliative Care or at the End of Life in Korea (Korea’s end-of-life act), legislated in 2016, on the development of hospital ethics committees and clinical ethics consultation services in South Korea. Clinical ethics in Korea has not made much progress in comparison to other subdisciplines of biomedical ethics. While the enactment of this law may give rise to beneficial clinical ethics services, it is possible that customary practices and traditional authorities in Korean society will come into conflict with the norms of clinical ethics. This paper examines how the three main agents of Korean society—family, government, and medical professionals—may clash with end-of-life stage norms in clinical ethics, thus posing obstacles to the development of hospital committees and consultation services. A brief outline of what lies ahead for the progress of clinical ethics practice is explored.

This paper examines the possible impacts of the Act on Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment for Patients in Hospice and Palliative Care or at the End of Life in Korea (Korea’s end-of-life act), legislated in 2016, on the development of hospital ethics committees and clinical ethics consultation services in South Korea. Clinical ethics in Korea has not made much progress in comparison to other subdisciplines of biomedical ethics. While the enactment of this law may give rise to beneficial clinical ethics services, it is possible that customary practices and traditional authorities in Korean society will come into conflict with the norms of clinical ethics. This paper examines how the three main agents of Korean society—family, government, and medical professionals—may clash with end-of-life stage norms in clinical ethics, thus posing obstacles to the development of hospital committees and consultation services. A brief outline of what lies ahead for the progress of clinical ethics practice is explored. Resumen: Este documento examina los posibles impactos de la Ley de decisiones sobre el tratamiento de soporte vital para pacientes en hospicios y cuidados paliativos, o al final de la vida en Corea (Ley de Corea del Final de la Vida), legislada en 2016, sobre el desarrollo de comités de ética hospitalaria y servicios de consulta de ética clínica en Corea del Sur. La ética clínica en Corea no ha avanzado mucho en comparación con otras subdisciplinas de la ética biomédica. Si bien la promulgación de esta ley puede dar lugar a servicios de ética clínica beneficiosos, es posible que las prácticas tradicionales y las autoridades tradicionales en la sociedad coreana entren en conflicto con las normas de ética clínica. Este documento examina cómo los tres agentes principales de la sociedad coreana —familia, gobierno y profesionales médicos— pueden chocar con las normas de ética clínica al final de la vida, lo que plantea obstáculos para el desarrollo de comités hospitalarios y servicios de consulta. Se explora un breve resumen de lo que queda por delante para el progreso de la práctica de la ética clínica. Resumo: Este artigo examina os possíveis impactos que o Ato sobre Decisões Relacionadas a Tratamento de Manutenção da Vida para Pacientes em Casas de Idosos e de Cuidados Paliativos ou ao Fim da Vida na Coréia (ato de fim da vida da Coréia), aprovado pelo legislativo em 2016, sobre o desenvolvimento de comitês de ética de hospitais e serviços de consulta sobre ética clínica na Coréia do Sul. Ética clínica na Coréia não sofreu muito progresso em comparação com outras subdisciplinas da ética biomédica. Enquanto a promulgação desta lei pode dar origem a serviços de ética clínica proveitosos, é possível que práticas usuais e autoridades tradicionais na sociedade coreana entrarão em conflito com as normas da ética clínica. Este artigo examina como os três principais agentes da sociedade coreana – família, governo e profissionais médicos – podem se chocar com normas de estágios de fim da vida em ética clínica, colocando assim obstáculos para o desenvolvimento de comitês hospitalares e serviços de consulta. Um breve esboço do que vem pela frente para o progresso da prática de ética clínica é explorado.

The Korean government’s new policy of subsidizing assisted reproductive technology (ART) fees to increase the birth rate reflects a lack of concern for future generations and their quality of life. It seems wrong to treat the future child as just a number that contributes to achieving the target birth rate, or as a mere means of solving a problem facing the current generation. However, when one tries to articulate the shortcomings of this new policy, one realizes that the ontological arguments surrounding this issue, namely the non-identity problem is complex. I propose the concept of reproductive responsibility as a response to the possible life. This concept presupposes a relationship between the reproductive agent and the possible new life. Since the concept draws the normative standard from that relationship, it resolves the non-identity problem and makes it possible to criticize the new policy of subsidizing ART. Resumen: La nueva política del gobierno de Corea de proporcionar subsidio para los costos de la tecnología de reproducción asistida (TRA), para incrementar el número de nacimientos, refleja falta de preocupación por las futuras generaciones y su calidad de vida. Parece equivocado tratar a un niño futuro como un número que contribuye a lograr la frecuencia de nacimientos objetivo, como un mero medio para resolver un problema que enfrenta la generación presente. Sin embargo, cuando uno trata de articular las deficiencias de esta nueva política, se da cuenta de que los argumentos ontológicos sobre el tema son complejos, principalmente el problema de falta de identidad. Propongo el concepto de "responsabilidad reproductiva" como respuesta a la posible vida. Este concepto presupone una relación entre el agente reproductivo y la posibilidad de nueva vida. Debido a que el concepto extrae su normatividad de esta relación, se resuelve el problema de falta de identidad y hace posible criticar la nueva política de proporcionar subsidio a TRA. Resumo: A nova política de governo coreano de subsidiar a tecnologia de reprodução assistida (ART) para aumentar a taxa de natalidade reflete uma falta de preocupação com a geração futura e sua qualidade de vida. Parece errado tratar a futura criança como apenas um número que contribui para atingir a meta de taxa de natalidade, ou como um mero meio de resolver um problema que enfrentam a atual geração. No entanto, quando tenta-se articular as deficiências desta nova política, percebe-se que os argumentos ontológicos em torno desta questão, ou seja o problema da não-identidade é complexo. Eu proponho o conceito de responsabilidade reprodutiva como uma resposta para a vida possível. Este conceito pressupõe uma relação entre o agente reprodutivo e a possível nova vida. Uma vez que o conceito desenha um padrão normativo desta relação, ele resolve o problema da não-identidade e torna possível criticar a nova política de subsidiar ART.

Three East Asian countries, Korea, China, and Japan, have shared a similar cultural background throughout history. This is the basis of the assumption of Asian values in the field of bioethics. However, different processes of modernization and healthcare systems have resulted in considerable differences. Along with the aging process, end-of-life care issues have been increasing in importance in these three countries. We conducted a study of 899 lay persons in 3 countries regarding their perspectives about end-of-life decisions; favorable ways of decision-making in end-of-life care; institutional and legal devices; withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment; and euthanasia. We confirmed several similarities and noted some differences among the three countries.

Purpose – Drawing upon the knowledge sharing model, the purpose of this paper is to identify personal and environmental antecedents to information sharing on social networking sites (SNSs) and examines the interaction effects between the two factors. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected via online survey with college students. Hierarchical multiple regressions were performed to test hypotheses and examine research questions. Findings – With regard to environmental factors, the more users perceive their audience to be a collection of weak ties, the more likely they are to share information on SNSs, independent of the size of their networks. Personal factors such as information self-efficacy, positive social outcome expectations, and sharing enjoyment feelings were found to be significant predictors of sharing activities. In addition, a significant interaction effect was found such that the effects of social outcome expectations on sharing activities on SNSs are manifested to a greater extent when users perceive their audience as weak ties rather than strong ties. Originality/value – This study extends the knowledge sharing model literature by applying it to the SNS context and advances SNS research by taking into consideration both environmental factors and personal factors and their interactions.

The various reproductive technologies have expanded the power people have to control their bodily function. Because these technologies have brought new configurations of people whose role is central to the reproductive process, ambiguities about the attribution of parenthood have emerged. I insist that the intentional account among four explanatory frameworks for parenthood gains more validity, as opportunities to exert intention increase. I extend the intentional account, using Scanlon’s explanation of the “Value of Choice.” In the Value of Choice, Scanlon explains that choice has a justificatory power; that is, by the fact of having choice, one accepts the normative consequences of one’s decision. The current changes in reproduction technologies mean that there are several conditions to choose. While maintaining justificatory power from the Value of Choice, the intentional account becomes inclusive enough to encompass the status quo, plausible even in situations where intention does not exist or is not exerted. Resumen: La variedad de tecnologías reproductivas han expandido el poder que las personas tienen para controlar su función corporal. Debido a que estas tecnologías han producido nuevas configuraciones de personas cuyo papel es central para el proceso reproductivo, han emergido ambigüedades sobre la atribución de paternidad. Insisto en que dar cuenta de la intencionalidad en la paternidad dentro de cuatro estructuras explicativas gana mayor validez en la medida en que se incrementan las oportunidades de ejercer intención. Extiendo el dar cuenta de la intención usando la explicación de Scanlon sobre el “Valor de la Elección”, en la cual la elección tiene un poder de justificación; esto es, por el hecho de haber elegido, uno acepta las consecuencias normativas de su decisión. Los cambios actuales en tecnologías de reproducción significan que existen varias condiciones para elegir; mientras que se mantiene el poder de justificación por el Valor de Elección, el dar cuenta de la intención llega a ser lo suficientemente inclusivo para abarcar el statu quo, plausible incluso en situaciones en que no existe intención o no se expresa. Resumo: As várias tecnologias reprodutivas expandiram o poder que as pessoas têm de controlar suas funções corporais. Porque estas tecnologias trouxeram novas configurações de pessoas cujo papel é fundamental para o processo reprodutivo, ambiguidades emergiram sobre a atribuição da paternidade. Eu insisto que a consideração intencional entre quatro quadros explicativos para a paternidade ganha mais validade, quando oportunidades de exercer a intenção de aumentam. Eu estendo a consideração intencional, utilizando a explicação de Scanlon, do "Valor de escolha”. Scanlon explica que a escolha tem um poder de justificação; ou seja, pelo fato de ter uma escolha, um aceita as consequências normativas de uma decisão. As atuais mudanças em tecnologias de reprodução significam que existem várias condições para escolher. Enquanto mantendo o poder de justificação do valor da escolha, a consideração intencional torna-se suficientemente inclusiva para abranger o status quo, plausível mesmo em situações onde uma intenção não existe ou não é exercida.

The various reproductive technologies have expanded the power people have to control their bodily function. Because these technologies have brought new configurations of people whose role is central to the reproductive process, ambiguities about the attribution of parenthood have emerged. I insist that the intentional account among four explanatory frameworks for parenthood gains more validity, as opportunities to exert intention increase. I extend the intentional account, using Scanlon’s explanation of the “Value of Choice.” In the Value of Choice, Scanlon explains that choice has a justificatory power; that is, by the fact of having choice, one accepts the normative consequences of one’s decision. The current changes in reproduction technologies mean that there are several conditions to choose. While maintaining justificatory power from the Value of Choice, the intentional account becomes inclusive enough to encompass the status quo, plausible even in situations where intention does not exist or is not exerted.

The Korean-American market segment is distinct, economically powerful, and underexamined. This study compared perceived information utility of six direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) media for prescription drugs among Korean-Americans and Non-Hispanic White Americans. Results indicate that drug-brand Web sites were most useful for this segment, followed by television. Banner, pop-up, and e-mail advertisements were least useful. Korean-Americans perceived newspapers, television, and the Internet significantly more useful DTCA media than Non-Hispanic Whites.

This article examined how US newspapers conveyed radiation-related health information in their coverage of the Fukushima nuclear accident. News articles from The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and USA Today were used in this study. A quantitative content analysis of 277 news articles and a qualitative framing analysis of 60 news articles were conducted. Comparing the findings of prior studies on nuclear accidents, this research found that news articles reporting on the Fukushima accident were more likely to provide quantitative and factual information. Also, significant differences of overall tone were observed between articles addressing historical accidents and those reporting the Fukushima accident. Additionally, our framing analyses revealed four major frames: the negligible risks frame, the predictable immediate risk frame, the hidden danger frame and the open questions frame. Finally, limitations of this research and potential areas for further inquiry will be discussed.

This study examined Korean Americans' prescription drug information seeking, evaluation and use of different information sources, and communication with physicians, and compared the findings with those from the White American population. The results suggest that although Korean and White Americans were similar in extent of drug information seeking, Korean Americans tended to experience relatively greater difficulty finding information. Regarding perceived source usefulness, Korean Americans were significantly more likely to perceive higher usefulness in mass media and direct-to-consumer advertising sources than were Whites. Korean Americans were also more likely to use fewer sources, and less likely to use mass media and printed materials in drug information seeking. However, the hypothesized in-group source preference by Korean Americans was not found.

This study examined Korean Americans' evaluation and use of online advertising and non-advertising sources of prescription drug information and compared the findings to those of white Americans. A mail survey was conducted with a disproportionate stratified sample of 600 adults (300 general population and 300 Korean Americans) who have ever taken or are currently taking prescription drugs regularly and reside in a metropolitan area in the Midwestern United States. While both Korean and white Americans evaluated online non-advertising sources more positively than advertising sources, the 2 groups were similar in their evaluation of both online advertising and non-advertising sources. White Americans tended to use more online advertising sources than did Korean Americans, but both groups were equally likely to use non-advertising sources. Evaluation and use of online advertising and non-advertising sources by Korean and white Americans were associated with different predictors.

Drawing upon the cost–benefit framework and trust mechanism as a risk reducer, this study examines the influence of brand factors and source credibility on branded product information Web searches. The online survey was conducted within the pre-purchase context of digital camera brands. The results revealed that brand factors did not influence overall branded information search efforts. However, brand trust and source credibility appeared to influence the different types of online information sources sought.

Lee J, Kang WK, Park JO, Park SH, Park YS, Lim HY, Kim J, Kong J, Choi MG, Sohn TS, Noh JH, Bae JM, Kim S, Lim DH, Kim K-M, Park CK. Expression of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 predicts poor clinical outcome in gastric adenocarcinoma. APMIS 2009; 117: 598–606. There are no known reliable biomarkers which can predict poor clinical outcome following curative resection of gastric adenocarcinoma. Given the importance of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation in carcinogenesis, we attempted to determine whether STAT3 activation is prognostic of survival in curatively resected gastric cancer patients. We analyzed 311 surgically resected gastric cancer specimens for STAT3 activation and its downstream molecules such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, MMP-10, cyclin D1, survivin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, and VEGFR-3 using immunohistochemical studies and assessed their correlation with clinical outcome. Using immunohistochemistry, 303 specimens were interpretable for pSTAT3tyr705 expression. The pSTAT3 was detected in 79 (26.1%) of 303 gastric cancers. Of the downstream molecules tested, STAT3 activation was significantly associated with MMP-9 and MMP-10 expressions. On univariate analyses, 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for the tumors with STAT3 activation were considerably poorer than for those without STAT3 activation with statistical significance (5-year DFS 58.2% vs 68.3%; pSTAT3(−) vs pSTAT3(+); p = 0.0223; 5-year OS 59.5% vs 70.5%; pSTAT3(−) vs pSTAT3(+); p = 0.0128). On multivariate analyses, STAT3 activation was independently associated with inferior DFS (p = 0.049, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.445, 95% CI, 1.025, 2.120) along with AJCC stage IIIA or IIIB (p = 0.004, HR = 1.708, 95% CI, 1.178, 2.475). The STAT3 activation was also strongly correlated with inferior OS (p = 0.042, HR = 1.506, 95% CI, 1.025, 2.213). Based on our data, pSTAT3tyr705 may be a novel prognostic marker for poorer clinical outcome following curative resection and adjuvant therapy in gastric cancer. The clinical impact of a STAT3-targeted agent should be investigated in gastric cancer patients.

This study empirically tests the impact of receiver characteristics and interpersonal relationship factors on consumer learning, attitude, and behavioural intention in electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in the context of social media. This study also explores the moderating roles of consumer expertise and product involvement on the relation between interpersonal relationship factors and eWOM effectiveness. Data were collected via online survey with general social media users. Our findings reveal that source credibility and perceived similarity with eWOM message senders significantly influence various outcomes of eWOM communication including knowledge gain, further information search, pass-along behaviour, attitude toward product or service, and purchase intention. The strength of ties with the eWOM sender does not influence any eWOM outcomes. eWOM receivers' prior knowledge about product/service and product involvement serve as critical moderating factors for the effect of interpersonal relationship factors on consumer responses toward eWOM communications in social media.