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A osteomielite hematogênica subaguda (OHSA) é uma patologia mal diagnosticada, caracterizada por um processo infeccioso insidioso e que cursa com mais de duas semanas de duração. Entretanto, são raros os relatos na literatura de casos que evoluem com deformidade e assimetria em membros. Objetivos: 1) descrever um caso confirmado de osteomielite subaguda em criança que evoluiu com achados clínicos incomuns; 2) descrever a epidemiologia, aspectos clínicos e radiográficos da doença, métodos de tratamento e prognóstico. Metodologia: análise retrospectiva dos dados clínicos do prontuário de paciente acompanhado durante doze meses no ambulatório de ortopedia do Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio. Resultados: Paciente de 11 anos, feminino, procedente de Mucambo-CE, com queixa de dor e deformidade no joelho direito há dois anos. O aspecto radiográfico com lesão lítica bem definida acompanhada de esclerose perilesional na transição meta-epifisária medial do joelho direito e deformidade em varo. Aspecto histológico da biópsia óssea sugestivo de processo inflamatório crônico. Tratamento com antibioticoterapia, curetagem, enxertia gordurosa e epifisiodese lateral. Conclusão: o diagnóstico da osteomielite subaguda requer uma grande expertise clínica. Na maioria das vezes, não ocorre invasão fisária. Entretanto, neste relato temos uma descrição de um abscesso de Brodie rompendo a linha meta-epifísária e cursando com deformidade e dismetria.

Abstract Objectives To better characterize the role of endoscopic cubital tunnel release in leprosy neuritis and determine whether there is an improvement in pain, sensitivity, and strength with the use of this minimally invasive technique. Methods A total of 44 endoscopic procedures for ulnar nerve decompression at the elbow were performed in patients who were previously diagnosed with leprosy neuritis. The inclusion criteria were surgical indication for ulnar nerve release and clinical treatment failure for 4 weeks in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome who had their ulnar nerve function, whether motor or sensitive, deteriorated progressively despite the treatment with prednisone 1 mg/kg/day and physiotherapy. For endoscopic release, the CTS Relief Kit (Linvatec. Largo, FL, USA) and a standard 4mm 30° arthroscope were used. Results The study included 39 patients, 29 (74.4%) males and 10 (25.6%) females. The age of the patients ranged from 12 to 64 years (33 ± 14.97). Five patients underwent bilateral release. The release demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in pain (p 0.002), in sensitivity (p< 0.001), and in strength (p< 0.001). The best results were obtained when ulnar release was performed less than 6 months after surgery indication. None of the procedures were converted from endoscopic to open. No major complications (infection, vascular injury, and nervous injury) were reported. One patient had ulnar nerve subluxation. Conclusion The endoscopic release of the ulnar nerve at the elbow in leprosy neuritis entails true and safe benefits for the patient, such as improvement in pain, sensitivity and strength.

Abstract Objectives The capsuloligamentous structures of the shoulder work as static stabilizers, together with the biceps and rotator cuff muscles, increasing the contact surface of the glenoid cavity. Free nerve endings and mechanoreceptors have been identified in the shoulder; however, there are a few studies that describe the presence of these nerves in the biceps' insertion. The present study aimed to describe the morphology and distribution of nerve endings using immunofluorescence with protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and confocal microscopy. Methods Six labrum-biceps complexes from six fresh-frozen cadavers were studied. The specimens were coronally cut and prepared using the immunofluorescence technique. In both hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunofluorescence, the organization of the connective tissue with parallel collagen fibers was described. Results In the H&E study, vascular structures and some nerve structures were visualized, which were identified by the elongated presence of the nerve cell. All specimens analyzed with immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy demonstrated poor occurrence of morphotypes of sensory corpuscles and free nerve endings. We identified free nerve endings located in the labrum and in the bicipital insertion, and sparse nerve endings along the tendon. Corpuscular endings with fusiform, cuneiform, and oval aspect were identified in the tendon. Conclusion These findings support the hypothesis that the generation of pain in the superior labral tear from Anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions derives from the more proximal part of the long biceps cord and even more from the upper labrum. Future quantitative studies with a larger number of specimens may provide more information on these sensory systems.

ABSTRACT Objective: To quantify the neural elements in the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in healthy knees and with primary osteoarthrosis (OA). Methods: In two groups with OA, one of cadavers and another of individuals, the area of neural elements identified in histological sections of PCL with anti-S100 immunohistochemistry was quantified. Results: The overall mean area of the neural elements was 0.96% ± 0.67%, with the value in the cadaver group of 1.02% ± 0.67% and in the OA group of 0.80% ± 0.64%, with a significant statistically difference (p = 0.001). No correlation was observed between neural element quantification and the age of the individuals (p > 0.05). There was no difference in the quantification of neural elements between the sexes in the cadaver group (p = 0.766), but in the OA group there was a statistically significant reduction in males (p = 0.003). Also, in the osteoarthrosis group there was no difference in the quantification of neural elements in the knees with varus or valgus alignment (p = 0.847). Conclusion: There was a decrease in neural element quantification in PCL of individuals affected by OA in relation to non-arthritic individuals, with this quantification not related to age or with the axis of the lower limb. However, this quantification is not related to age or the axis of the lower limb. Level of Evidence III, Case control study.

ABSTRACT Objective: To implement one analysis method of the ankle bone contour that could make a more precise ankle arthrodesis. Methods: Twenty tomographies were submitted to 3D reconstruction. Seven points of anatomic interest for ankle arthrodesis with the three screws technique were marked with a triplannar marker. The median of the position of markers was estimated, and the union of the seven median points allow the construction of one median ankle for that population. Using this median ankle, sizes and angles for the screws position were determined. Results: Two median ankles were reconstructed, left and right. The position of the screw passage were determined considering the anatomical parameters. In the right ankle the lateral to medial screw should enter 4.56 cm and 0.79 above and posterior to lateral malleolus, with one inclination of 17.34° in relation to tibial longitudinal axis; and 0° in relation to tibial axial plane. The position for the other two screws is also described. Conclusion: Our article is the first to presents one precise guide for ankle arthrodesis based on a populational assessment. Level of evidence II, Diagnostic Studies.

Introduction: Reduction mastoplasty is still a challenging procedure for plastic surgeons. The Objective is to show the results of the treatment of different degrees of breast hypertrophy using Pessoa's single marking technique performed while training plastic surgeons. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 95 patients underwent reduction mastoplasty using Pessoa's technique. The cohort included patients with breast ptosis, hypertrophy, gigantomastia, and/ or breast asymmetry. The procedures were performed by first-, second-, and third-year residents. The exclusion criteria were psychological disorders, morbid obesity, and/or indication for prosthesis implantation without skin and/or areola reduction. The analyzed factors were age, sex, final size, patient's degree of satisfaction, complications, and difficulties experienced by the residents in performing the surgery. Results: All patients were women aged between 21 and 61 years. Of the patients, 90.53% reported being very satisfied; 5.26%, satisfied; 3.16%, poorly satisfied; and 1.05%, dissatisfied. The complications observed were necrosis of the nipple-areola complex (1.05%), epidermolysis (11.58%), and suture dehiscence (9.47%). The rate of difficulty experienced by the residents varied between 11.1% and 55.6%, depending on the step of the surgical procedure. Conclusions: A high degree of satisfaction was reported by both the patients and residents. The results confirm the effectiveness of the technique while training residents.

Abstract Background The number of studies and clinical interest in the anterolateral ligament of the knee (ALL) has grown in recent years. A meticulous and accurate ALL dissection is vital in anatomic and biomechanical studies, and a standardized technique is not yet established. As such, the aim of this study was to describe a step-by-step ALL dissection technique that could help authors consistently identify the ALL. Methods Twenty knees from frozen adult cadavers, with no preference for sex or age, were included in the study. All the cadavers were dissected using the same technique to determine the incidence of the ALL. Results A transverse incision is performed in the iliotibial band (ITB), around 10 cm proximal to the topography of the lateral epicondyle of the femur. Next, the ITB undergoes anterograde blunt dissection until its insertion at Gerdy’s tubercle in the tibia. Maintaining biceps femoris insertion, a dissection is performed anteriorly to it, until the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is found. Using the LCL, internal rotation and 30 to 60° flexion as references, the ALL can be located in the anterolateral topography of the knee, with its origin near the lateral epicondyle (proximal and posterior) and insertion between Gerdy’s tubercle and the fibula (4.0 mm to 7.0 mm below the tibial plateau), expanding to the lateral meniscus (between the body and anterior horn), exhibiting a mean length of 4.0 ± 0.4 cm and mean width of 5.5 ± 0.8 mm. Conclusions The present article describes an effective and reproducible ALL dissection technique that made it was possible to identify the ligament in 100% of the cases in the present study.

Anthropometric information, such as bone and soft tissue length correlations with body height, is obtained from forensic science and biomechanical studies. Generally, studies on the relation between body height and measures of bones require access to long bones, which are not always available. Footprint size is traditionally used to determine height, but little is known about the relation between foot bones and height. In this study, we evaluated 138 ankle MRI and X-ray scans and compared the measures of four structures (the talus, distal tibia, second metatarsal and Achilles tendon) with body height. The measures of the talus and distal tibia correlated moderately with height (Pearson`s correlation coefficients of 0.58 and 0.57), and the length of the second metatarsal correlated weakly with height (Pearson`s coefficient of 0.42). The following regression equation was observed: height (m) = 0.993 + 0.013 x talar length (mm) (+/− 7 cm). The Achilles tendon (AT) had low correlation with height (Pearson`s coefficient of 0.19). A sex difference was observed: all three bone structures had a weak correlation with height in female; in male, the length of the talus had a moderate correlation with height (Pearson`s coefficient of 0.56), and the length of the second metatarsal had a low correlation (Pearson`s coefficient of 0.16). This is one of the few studies that studied a Latin American population and proposed a regression equation for body height as a function of the length of foot bones. The sex difference observed in the proportions of the forefoot and hindfoot that correlated with body height might explain some of the differences in foot biomechanics between male and female.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To compare the accuracy of insertion of pedicle screws into the thoracic spine using fluoroscopic guidance or computer-assisted navigation techniques. Methods: Eight cadaveric thoracic spines were divided into two groups: the fluoroscopy group, in which pedicle screws were inserted with the guidance of a C-arm device, and the navigation group, in which insertion of the screws was monitored using computer-assisted navigation equipment. All procedures were performed by the same spinal surgeon. The rate of pedicle breach was compared between the two groups. Results: There was one intra-canal perforation in each group. Both perforations were medial in direction, and the breaches were 2 to 4 mm deep. There were no statistically significant differences in breach rate between the two groups. Conclusions: The accuracy of insertion of pedicle screws in the thoracic spine using computer-assisted navigation is equivalent to that achieved using fluoroscopic guidance. Computer-assisted navigation improves the safety of the surgical team during the procedure due to the absence of exposure to radiation. Therefore, there is a need for future randomized controlled trials to be conducted in the clinical setting to evaluate other outcomes, including duration of surgery and blood loss during the procedure. Level of evidence IV.

Background and purpose — Treatment failure of osteomyelitis can result from genetic susceptibility, highlighting polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members, central mediators of innate immunity and inflammation. Polymorphisms are DNA sequence variations that are common in the population (1% or more) and represent multiple forms of a single gene. We investigated the association of IL1RNVNTR (rs2234663) and IL1B-511C > T (rs16944) polymorphisms with osteomyelitis development in patients operated on because of bone trauma. Patients and methods — 153 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled from a referral public hospital for trauma. All the patients were followed up daily until hospital discharge and, after this, on an outpatient basis. Patients were treated with prophylactic antimicrobials and surgery according to traumatology service protocol. The IL1RNVNTR and the IL1B-511C > T polymorphisms were determined by PCR and PCR-RFLP, respectively. Results — The IL1RN*2/*2 genotype was associated (OR: 7; p < 0.001) with a higher risk of osteomyelitis and was also significantly associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection. The haplotypes (combination of different markers) *2-C and *2-T were also associated with osteomyelitis development. Interpretation — IL1B-511C > T and IL1RNVNTR polymorphisms were associated with osteomyelitis development, which may have implications for patients with bone traumas. These data may be relevant for new therapeutic strategies for this disease.

Considera-se exercício resistido uma atividade física que envolva um estímulo muscular para deslocar certa quantidade de massa, acelerando-a a partir do repouso e englobando um ou mais grupos musculares. O processo degenerativo das fibras musculares está implicado na gênese da vulnerabilidade e da perda funcional. A prática regular de exercício resistido, talvez, possa reverter, em parte, essa perda funcional. Esta revisão de literatura teve como base de dados os artigos contidos na PubMed, que foram coletados randomicamente a partir dos seguintes descritores: terapia por exercício, envelhecimento, desenvolvimento muscular, sarcopenia, dinapenia e síndrome de fragilidade. Foram selecionados 19 artigos a partir da base de dados da PubMed. Dentre eles, têm-se: 9 ensaios clínicos randomizados, quatro estudos com grupo controle, duas meta-análises, um estudo longitudinal com intervenção sem grupo controle, dois de revisão e um consenso internacional. Acreditamos que os temas sobre os quais discorremos ainda carecem de mais evidências experimentais. Contudo, apresentam um saldo positivo de evidências favoráveis à prática do exercício resistido em idosos.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to evaluate estradiol levels and autotransplantation heated ovarian tissue effects, after vitrification, on rats bone metabolism previously oophorectomized bilaterally. Methods: experimental study with 27 rats aged 11 to 12 weeks and weighing 200g to 300g, submitted to bilateral oophorectomy and ovarian tissue cryopreservation for subsequent reimplantation. Animals were divided into two groups, A and B, with 8 and 19 rats, respectively. Autotransplantation occurred in two periods according to castration time: after one week, in group A, and after one month in group B. Serum estradiol measurements and ovary and tibia histological analysis were performed before and after oophorectomy period (early or late) and one month after reimplantation. Results: in groups A and B, tibia median cortical thickness was 0.463±0.14mm (mean±SD) at the baseline, 0.360±0.14mm after oophorectomy and 0.445±0.17mm one month after reimplantation p

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of propranolol on capsular architecture around silicone implants by measuring the inflammation, capsular thickness, and collagen fiber density, using a guinea pig experimental model.METHODS:Thirty six adult male guinea pigs randomly divided into two groups (n=18) were used. Each one received a silicone implant with textured-surface. The capsular tissue around implants from untreated or treated animals with the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (10 mg/kg, dissolved in daily water) were analyzed for inflammation by histological scoring, capsular thickness by computerized histometry, and collagen fibers type I and Type III density by picrosirius polarization at different time points (7, 14 or 21 days after silicone implantation).RESULTS: Propranolol treatment reduced inflammation and impaired capsular thickness and delayed collagen maturation around the textured implant.CONCLUSION:Propranolol reduces the risk of developing capsular contracture around silicone implants with textured surface.

Objective: The purpose of this experimental study was to compare the inflammatory and wound healing response of dogs submitted to colonic anastomosis with and without preoperative retrograde enema. Methods: The study included two groups of 31 female dogs (Canis familiaris). G-I (control): no preoperative bowel preparation; G-II (study): preoperative retrograde enema using a 10% glycerin solution. All the animals were submitted to laparotomy and colotomy at 20 cm from the anal verge, followed by closure with a running extramucosal single-layer suture (Prolene® 000). The animals were then anesthetized and euthanized on the 7th (n = 10) or 21st (n = 20) postoperative day (POD) to remove the anastomosed colon segment for histological and immunohistochemical analysis evaluating the parameters: anastomotic edema, vasoproliferation, abdominal adhesions, type I and III collagen, nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase. The observed differences were analyzed with the Mann–Whitney test for nonparametric data and Student's t test for unpaired samples and parametric data. Results: One animal from G-I and one from G-II died on POD 7 and POD 10 due to anastomotic complications and sepsis, respectively. The groups did not differ significantly with regard to inflammatory and healing parameters, although the levels of mature collagen were significantly lower in the animals submitted to preoperative bowel preparation. Conclusion: It has been shown that both procedures are safe to be used, however, the group with bowel preparation showed a lower amount of mature collagen in the immediate postoperative period and may be constituted a preventive factor for surgical complications for this type of surgical procedure, although no evidence in this study could be determined. Resumo: Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo experimental foi comparar a resposta inflamatória e cicatrização de feridas em cães submetidos a anastomose cólica com e sem enema retrógrada pré-operatório. Métodos: O estudo incluiu dois grupos de 31 cães fêmeas (Canis familiaris). G-I (controle): sem preparo intestinal pré-operatório; G-II (estudo): Enema retrógrada pré-operatória com uma solução de glicerina a 10%. Todos os animais foram submetidos à laparotomia e colotomia a 20 cm da borda anal, seguido de fechamento em sutura extramucosa contínua (Prolene ® 000). Os animais foram anestesiados e, em seguida, submetidos à eutanásia no 7° (n = 10) ou 21 (n = 20) pós-operatório (DPO) para remover o segmento de cólon anastomosado para análise histológica e imunohistoquímica avaliando os parâmetros: edema da anastomose, vasoproliferação, aderências abdominais, colagénio tipo I e III, o óxido nítrico e a mieloperoxidase. As diferenças observadas foram analisadas com o teste de Mann–Whitney para os dados não paramétricos e teste t de Student para amostras não pareadas e dados paramétricos. Resultados: Um animal do GI e um do G-II morreu no dia 7 e 10° DPO devido a complicações de anastomose e sepse, respectivamente. Os grupos não diferiram significativamente em relação aos parâmetros inflamatórios e de cura, embora os níveis de colágeno maduro foram significativamente menores nos animais submetidos ao preparo intestinal pré-operatório. Conclusão: Demonstrou-se que ambos os procedimentos são seguros para serem usados, no entanto, o grupo com a preparação do intestino mostrou uma menor quantidade de colágeno maduro no período pós-operatório imediato, podendo ser constituído um fator preventivo para complicações cirúrgicas para este tipo de procedimento cirúrgico, embora nenhuma evidência neste estudo. Keywords: Enema, Wound healing, Inflammation, Collagen, Palavras-chave: Enema, Cicatrização de feridas, Inflamação, Colágeno

PURPOSE: To compare two rat ovary cryopreservation techniques (vitrification vs. slow freezing) and two postmenopausal stages (early vs. late) with regard to graft take.METHODS:Thirty-three Wistar rats were submitted to bilateral oophorectomy. One ovary was submitted to histological analysis while the other was cryopreserved by slow freezing or vitrification. The cryopreserved ovary was thawed and reimplanted in the greater omentum one week (early menopause) or one month (late menopause) after oophorectomy. One month after ovary reimplantation, the graft take was evaluated macroscopically and histologically.RESULTS: Six of the animals were used ascontrols and seven died. The histological findings of 20 animals included atretic follicles (n=4), primordial follicles (n=2), and corpus luteum with primordial follicles (n=3). No ovarian tissue was found in 11 animals. Vitrification resulted in a higher graft take rate than slow freezing (50% vs. 38.5%), but the difference was not statistically significant. However, the graft take rate was 9.3 times higher in the early than in the late postmenopausal stage (61.5% vs. 14.3%) (p=0.043).CONCLUSION: Vitrification was superior to slow freezing as ovarian cryopreservation technique, and grafting was significantly more successful when the ovary was reimplanted in the late postmenopausal stage.

Objetivou-se avaliar o Nível de Atividade Física em acadêmicos de Medicina. Estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico, realizado em escolas médicas públicas e privadas e em hospitais- escola de Fortaleza. Amostra de 840 alunos, 409 do sexo masculino e 431 do feminino, na faixa etária de 17 a 33 anos, escolhidos de forma aleatória. Utilizou-se o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física na versão curta. A maioria dos estudantes (72,6%) foi classificada como sedentária ou insuficientemente ativa. Falta de tempo e estética configuram, respectivamente, a principal desmotivação e motivação para a prática de atividade física. Necessita-se de mais estudos abordando essa população, com vistas a estabelecer um delineamento mais acurado dos fatores que induzem à inatividade física.El objetivo era principalmente para evaluar el nivel de actividad física en estudiantes de medicina. Un corte transversal, descriptivo y analítico, que se celebró en las escuelas de medicina públicas y privadas y los hospitales de enseñanza de Fortaleza. Muestra de 840 estudiantes, hombres 409 y 431 mujeres, con edades entre 17-33 años, seleccionados al azar. Se utilizó el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física en su versión corta. La mayoría de los estudiantes (72,6%) fueron clasificados como sedentarios o activos ins uficientemente. Falta de tiempo y estética, respectivamente, la desAmotivación y la motivación principal para la actividad física. Es necesario realizar más estudios frente a esta población, con el fin de establecer una delimitación más precisa de los factores que conducen a la inactividad física.The objective was mainly to evaluate the Physical Activity Level in medical students. A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical questionnaire was held in public and private medical schools and teaching hospitals of Fortaleza. A sample of 840 students, 409 males and 431 females, aged 17-33 years, was selected randomly. We used the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in short version. Most students (72.6%) were classified as sedentary or insufficiently active. Lack of time and body aesthetic, respectively, are the main demotivation and motivation for physical activity. It is suggested additional studies addressed to this population, to establish a more accurate delineation of the factors that lead to physical inactivity.

PURPOSE: To determine biomechanical properties of the superior labrum-biceps tendon complex submitted to continuous and sudden mechanical strain. METHODS: Eighteen shoulder specimens from 15 unclaimed corpses, ages ranging from 20 to 40 years, were submitted to continuous or sudden tensile tests using 3 different traction machines. Shoulders presenting signs of degenerative diseases or preexisting traumatic lesions were excluded. RESULTS: Rupture of the distal portion of the long hand of the biceps occurred when stretching forces reached 290N in continuous traction and 384N in sudden traction. No labral-complex lesions were observed. CONCLUSION: Either a simple continuous or a sudden uniaxial traction of the arm do not play a role in the genesis of superior labrum anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions in the shoulder joint. produceOBJETIVO: Determinar as propriedades biomecânicas do complexo labrum-glenóide bicipital superior submetido ao estresse mecânico contínuo ou repetitivo (repentino). MÉTODOS: Dezoito ombros provenientes de 15 cadáveres não reclamados, idades na faixa de 20 a 40 anos, foram submetidos aos testes de tração contínua ou repentina usando três diferentes máquinas de tração. Foram excluídos do estudo os ombros que apresentavam lesões degenerativas ou evidências de lesões traumáticas pré-existentes. RESULTADOS: Ocorreu ruptura da porção distal do tendão do bíceps sob a tensão contínua de 290 N e de 348N na tração repentina. Não foram observadas lesões no complexo labrum-bicipital. CONCLUSÃO: A simples tração contínua ou súbita do braço não produz lesões do complexo Labrum Glenóide Bicipital Superior (SLAP) na articulação do ombro.

O quadril apresenta anatomia e topografia complexa onde procedimentos diagnósticos são freqüentemente pouco elucidativos, entretanto, o artroscópio possibilitou o acesso direto à articulação. As indicações crescem a cada ano, mas em crianças são restritas. Com objetivo de desenvolver um modelo experimental de treinamento do método em quadril e verificar danos a estruturas submetidas à tração durante a artroscopia, realizamos o estudo. Utilizando 20 cadáveres de recém-nascidos, foi testada a possibilidade de realizar esse procedimento. Seis fetos representaram o projeto piloto, servindo para desenvolver o modelo de pesquisa e catorze o estudo principal. Em todos os fetos, realizou-se o procedimento através dos portais ântero-lateral e lateral e a análise histomorfológica das estruturas do quadril. Os portais lateral e o ântero-lateral ofereceram boa segurança, sendo possível identificar a maior parte das estruturas anatômicas intra-articulares através da artroscopia. Através de um só acesso não foi possível visualizar toda a articulação. A artroscopia do quadril tem técnica difícil, mas factível em cadáveres de recém-nascidos com peso superior a 1700g e não foram encontradas lesões macroscópicas ou histológicas sobre as estruturas estudadas em fetos submetidos a uma tração de até 88 N.The hip presents a complex topography and anatomy. Diagnostic procedures are generally not very helpful. However, direct access to the joint was made possible by the use of arthroscopy. Surgical indications for its use are becoming more frequent year after year. Usage in children is still not very common. This paper is aimed at developing an experimental model of hip arthroscopy. Damages resulting from its use in structures subjected to traction were evaluated. Twenty newborn cadavers were used to test the feasibility of the procedure. Six fetuses were used during the pilot project for the development of a research model. The remainder fourteen fetuses were used during the main study. Antero lateral and lateral ports were used for surgical access to the hip. Histomorphological studies of the hip structures were carried out in each case. Lateral and antero-lateral ports offered safe access and adequate viewing of most intra-articular anatomical structures through arthroscopy. It was not possible to see all structures through just one port. Hip arthroscopy is not an easy procedure although feasible in newborn cadavers weighing more than 1700 g. No macroscopic or histological lesions were identified in fetuses submitted to traction of up to 88 N.

This paper is aimed at studying the behavior of the band of inferior glenohumeral ligament subjected to uniaxial traction. Twenty ligaments were distributed in two groups: Group I ( ligaments with bony origin and insertion) and Group II ( medial portion of the ligament). Uniaxial traction was applied to all tendons utilizing a traction machine develop in the Department of Physics of UFC. Hooke's Law was used for evaluation of ligament behavior during elastic phase and the Exponential stress-strain Law, for rigidity phase. All ligaments had the same behavior, presenting a phase of elasticity , followed by one of rigidity. After evaluation of the elastic phase , applying Hooke's Law, ligaments constants were 10.507 N/mm ( group I ) and 13.80 N/mm ( group II), suffering a straining of 2.83% and 2.84%,respectively, until the ligament became rigid. During rigidity phase, the constants were 511.56% N/mm (group I) and 156.84% N/mm (group II). It is concluded that the ligament submitted to traction suffers a small elongation until becoming rigid along with an important increase in force constants during rigidity phase.

OBJETIVO: Verificar, em cadáver, a secção do ligamento carpal transverso (LCT) comparando as técnicas endoscópica tipo CHOW e convencional tipo mini-incisão. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 18 cadáveres, não formolizados, perfazendo um total de 36 punhos, distribuídos em dois grupos. O grupo I compreendeu os 18 punhos esquerdos e utilizou a técnica endoscópica, enquanto o grupo II incluiu os 18 punhos direitos e empregou a técnica convencional. RESULTADOS: A secção completa do LCT ocorreu em 15 casos (83,3 %) no grupo I e em 17 casos (94,4 %) no grupo II. O tempo operatório no grupo I teve uma média de 27,2 minutos, enquanto no grupo II o tempo médio foi de 29,7 minutos. Verificou-se lesão do nervo mediano em dois casos (11,1 %) e somente no grupo I. CONCLUSÃO: Não há diferença significante no que se refere à secção do LCT e ao tempo operatório quando se comparam as técnicas endoscópica tipo Chow e convencional tipo mini-incisão. A incidência de lesão do nervo mediano, porém, é significante (pPURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate, in human corpses, the section of the transverse carpal ligament by comparing endoscopic (Chow's technique) and conventional (mini-incision) accesses. METHODS: Eighteen fresh not claimed corpses were distributed into 2 groups: group 1 (18 left wrists) and group 2 (18 right wrists). Group 1 was subjected to endoscopic access (Chow's technique) while in Group 2 ligaments were accessed through mini-incisions. RESULTS: Complete section of transverse carpal ligament was attained in 15 cases (83,3 %) in group 1 and 17 cases (94,4 %) in group 2. Operative time in group 1 averaged 27,2 minutes and 29,2 minutes in group 2. Lesion of median nerve occurred in 2 cases (11,1 %) in group 1. Group 2 presented no nerve lesions. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that there is no significant difference when comparing endoscopic and conventional techniques in the section of transverse carpal ligament. The median nerve injury, inspite of its significant (p < 0,05) incidence in this study may be related to the researcher's learning curve.

A fixação direta do labrum na glenóide para corrigir a lesão de Bankart por via artroscópica na luxação recidivante do ombro, perdeu importância pelo elevado índice de recidiva da afecção e soltura de material. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a eficácia da fixação direta do labrum na glenóide em lesão de Bankart. MÉTODOS: Foram dissecados 20 ombros de 10 cadáveres, e foram produzidas lesões de Bankart em todas as peças. Foram realizadas fixações diretas com parafusos modificados para tal em 10 ombros, e efetuadas fixações indiretas nos 10 ombros contra laterais com mini-âncoras e suturas dos labruns. As peças foram submetidas à tração até o esgotamento do sistema, em equipamentos de alta precisão. RESULTADOS: Os dois métodos de fixação suportaram em média 234 N de tração, sem apresentar arrancamento ou quebra de material. Provocando antes, lesão capsuloligamentar. CONCLUSÃO: O método de fixação direta apresenta eficácia semelhante ao método de fixação indireta.

Estabelecer em cadáveres, dois portais, através da delimitação de pontos anatômicos e linhas geométricas, que permitam o acesso ao Túnel do Tarso pela técnica videoendoscópica e comparar a abordagem no sentido proximal para distal com a reversa. Fizeram parte do estudo 18 cadáveres, com um total de 36 tornozelos. Partindo da técnica endoscópica bi-portal inicialmente descrita, e modificada neste estudo através da padronização de pontos anatômicos e linhas geométricas, o Túnel do Tarso foi liberado nos tornozelos esquerdos com a inserção do instrumental no sentido proximal para distal e o inverso nos direitos.Nos tornozelos direitos, houve secção completa do retináculo flexor em 15 casos (83,3%) e parcial em 3 casos (16,67%). Nos esquerdos, a secção foi completa em 16 casos (88,89%) e parcial em 2 casos (11,11%). O tempo operatório no lado direito foi em média 19,44 minutos e no esquerdo 18,33 minutos. Em nenhum caso foi observada lesão de estruturas neurovasculares. Com a técnica proposta a secção total do retináculo dos flexores foi obtida em todos os casos após a curva do aprendizado, sem lesão de estruturas anatômicas do túnel do Tarso, independente do sentido utilizado na via de acesso.To establish to portals in cadavers, using anatomical delimitation points and geometrical lines, which allows the acess to the tarsal tunnel by the video-endoscopic technique and the comparison between the proximal-distal direction approach with the reverse one. This trial has included 18 cadavers and 36 ankles were studied. Starting with the biportal endoscopic technique, initially described and modified in this trial through geometrical lines and anatomical points delimitation, the tarsal tunnel was released in left ankles with the insertion of instruments using proximal-distal direction and the opposite to the right ankles. There were, in the right ankles, complete section of flexor retinaculum in 15 cases (83,3%) and partial section in 3 cases (16,67%). In the left ankles there were complete section of flexor retinaculum in 16 (88,89%) and partial section in 2 cases (11,11%). The average operative time was 19,44 minutes for the right limb and 18,33 minutes for the left limb. No damage to neurovascular structures has been observed in any case. According to the suggested technique, the total section of flexors retinaculum was obtained in all the cases after learning curve period without lesion of anatomical structures in the tarsal tunnel, no matter the direction chosen in the access way.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Bile duct injury is a life-threatening complication that requires proper management to prevent the onset of negative outcomes. Patients may experience repeated episodes of cholangitis, secondary biliary cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease and death. OBJECTIVE: To report a single center experience in iatrogenic secondary liver transplantation after cholecystectomy and review the literature. METHODS: This was a retrospective single center study. Of the 1662 liver transplantation realized, 10 (0.60 %) were secondary to iatrogenic bile ducts injuries due cholecystectomies. Medical records of these patients were reviewed in this study. RESULTS: Nine of 10 patients were women; the median time in waiting list and between cholecystectomy and inclusion in waiting list was of 222 days and of 139.9 months, respectively. Cholecystectomy was performed by open approach in eight (80%) cases and by laparoscopic approach in two (20%) cases. The patients underwent an average of 3.5 surgeries and procedures before liver transplantation. Biliary reconstruction was realized with a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy in nine (90%) cases. Mean operative time was 447.2 minutes and the median red blood cell transfusion was 3.4 units per patient. Mortality in the first month was of 30%. CONCLUSION: Although the liver transplantation is an extreme treatment for an initially benign disease, it has its well-defined indications in treatment of bile duct injuries after cholecystectomy, either in acute or chronic scenario.

ABSTRACT Recently described in the medical literature, the anterolateral ligament of the knee is already considered an important stabilizer against the anterolateral tibial rotation, affecting the pivot shift in the failure of the anterior cruciate ligament and behaving as an important secondary rotational stabilizer. The mechanism of anterolateral ligament injury combined with anterior cruciate ligament injury is similar to the mechanism of anterior cruciate ligament injury alone. Thus, the main objective of the joint reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament and anterolateral ligament would be increased rotational control and prevention of anterior cruciate ligament re-rupture. In view of this importance, the aim of the present study is to summarize the evidence on the main surgical indications described for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction combined with lateral extra-articular tenodesis or anterolateral ligament reconstruction. A review of the literature was conducted in April 2017, through a search of the PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases, with no date limits. After reviewing the main articles in the subject, it was concluded that the main surgical indications described for anterior cruciate reconstruction combined with extra-articular lateral tenodesis or anterolateral ligament reconstruction are: anterior cruciate ligament revision, physical examination with pivotal shift grade 2 or 3, practice of sport with pivot mechanism and/or high level mechanism, ligament laxity and Segond fracture; Secondly, the following may also be indications: chronic anterior cruciate ligament injury, age less than 25 years old, and radiological sign of lateral femoral condyle depression. However, it is worth mentioning that more studies are still needed to prove these trends.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the classification proposed by David Dejour to describe trochlear dysplasia of the knee through inter- and intraobserver reproducibility measurements. Methods Ten patients with trochlear dysplasia were studied. Three physicians, members of the Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia do Joelho (Brazilian Society of Knee Surgery), were invited to evaluate the images. Intra- and interobserver analyses were performed at one-week intervals. Reproducibility was evaluated in four scenarios: using only radiography; using radiography and tomography; using radiography and consulting the classification; and using radiography and tomography, consulting the classification. Results The intraobserver evaluation presented discordant results. In the interobserver analysis, the degree of agreement was low for the analyses that used only radiography and excellent for those in which both radiography and tomography were used. Conclusion The Dejour classification presented a low intra- and interobserver reproducibilitywhenonly the profile radiography was used. It was demonstrated that the use of the radiography alone for classificationmay generate lack of uniformity even among experienced observers. However, when radiography and tomography were combined, reproducibility improved.