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The employee performance evaluation model is a very complex, sensitive process and has a special place in the AJA headquarters, and considering that the future wars are mainly based on joint operations, the designers of military operations should use all the capacities of the real battlefields, including air, space, land and sea for to achieve victory and inflict heavy damage on the other party. The main purpose of this research is to design a model for evaluating the performance of the employees of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army in joint operations, and the research method is descriptive and of an applied development type. The statistical population for the qualitative part includes 10 experts, commanders and managers of strategic levels of AJA and 45 people for the quantitative part.To determine the sample population in the qualitative part, the whole number method and in the quantitative part, the distance estimation method of the mean was used. The data collection tool is library and field study. The experiences of professors and expert community were used for the validity of documents, interviews and questionnaires, and spss software and Cronbach's alpha calculation were used to measure validity.The results of this research show that performance evaluation is one of the most effective monitoring tools for efficiency, empowerment and development and improvement of individual and organizational performance and is associated with meritocracy and meritocracy, meritocracy, meritocracy, and accordingly, meritocracy and the creation of healthy classes. And fair relations motivate managers and employees to work hard

In order to scientifically evaluate the command capability of a joint combat command organization, the paper establishes a command capability indicator system for the joint combat command organization, analyzes the interrelationships between indicators at various levels and the interrelationships between elements within the indicator group, and uses Super Decisions software to establish a relationship diagram of command capability evaluation indicators for the joint combat command organization, obtaining the weight of the final indicator system, collects two groups of command organization exercise evaluation data and calculates the evaluation results of capability. By analyzing the weight of indicators, it is pointed out that to improve the command capability of joint operations organizations, it is particularly important to focus on three key points: planning and decision-making capabilities, intelligence reconnaissance capabilities, and operational control capabilities.

Copyright of Command Control & Simulation / Zhihui Kongzhi yu Fangzhen is the property of Command Control & Simulation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2019, China's Central Military Commission adopted a new strategy for the People's Liberation Army, titled the 'military strategic guidelines for the new era.' This was consistent with the past but framed by Xi's political consolidation, growing threats from the United States and Taiwan, and a new military structure. This article documents the strategy and asks what would drive a more fundamental adjustment. It concludes that the strategy reflected a determination to focus the PLA on the necessary and the achievable, but a new direction could be influenced by changes in the strategic landscape, rapid modernization, or new operational concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we intend to analyze the change in the physiognomy of modern military actions starting from the idea that it is extremely important to present the necessary clarifications on the content and meaning of the phrase physiognomy and, just as importantly, to position this concept in direct relation with the most important characteristics of the contemporary military phenomenon, the evolution tendencies of the military art, its levels and, last but not least, its content. Also a derivative objective would be to highlight the bad role of technology and technology in the changes produced in the last period of time in this field.

This study explores the extent in which the Tshwane Metro Police (TMP) and South African Police Service (SAPS) have joint operations to clamp down crime within the Tshwane area. The 1998 White Paper on Safety and Security cherish a multi-disciplinary approach for crime prevention, while the 2016 White Paper on Policing promotes inter-sectoral partnership and desegregated service delivery between the SAPS and Metropolitan Police. The Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) was introduced to perform traffic duties, enforcement of municipal by-laws and to assist the SAPS in fight against crime within the boundaries of metropolitan municipalities. The study adopted a qualitative approach. Twenty-one (21) participants from SAPS, TMP, Institute for Security Studies (ISS) and academics in the field of policing as well as former members of SAPS were interviewed using open-ended interview. The researcher followed purposive sampling to select participants of the study. The researcher found that there are regular joint operations between the TMP and SAPS. Moreover, the study found that it is the responsibility of SAPS to initiate joint operations. The study recommends that the responsibility to initiate the joint operations need to be shared with the MPD and/ or MPS to strengthen good cooperation towards crime prevention between the two policing agencies.

Recent conflicts at the international level highlight the joint and multinational character of multinational operations in today’s security environment where conventional and unconventional, asymmetric actions are combined. Over time, in order to optimise and make more efficient the human, information and material resources employed, and to ensure a flexible and pragmatic strategic vision, there has been a continuous need to seek proactive, collective involvement, both from a decision-making and an operational perspective. Thus, there emerged a pressing need for modernisation in the architecture of multinational joint operations. It applies the vision of a qualitative analysis of the global order in the context of great powers, emerging powers and international organisations whose effectiveness is questioned. At the same time, this article analyses the dynamics of contemporary multinational interventions and explores their options for manifestation as autonomous or assembled.

The First World War assumed a new dimension with the Ottoman Empire's involvement. The war fronts expanded to include the Caucasus, the Suez Canal, the Persian Gulf and the Turkish Straits; however, conflicts continued in Europe until November 1914 when the Ottoman Empire joined the war. Previous experiences of the Tripoli and Balkan wars revealed that Ottoman Empire's isolation brought about significant losses. After the "July Crisis", amid the war ravaging in Europe, Ottoman administrators held negotiations between the blocs resulting in an alliance agreement with Germany. This agreement positioned the Ottoman Empire as one of the Central Powers. During the initial years of the war, the Ottoman Empire battled to repel attacks against itself and relieve the burden on its allies in Europe. Turkish troops, who demonstrated their capabilities through victories at Çanakkale and Kutü'l-Amare, were dispatched to Galicia, Romania, and Macedonia in accordance with Enver Pasha's belief that the outcome of the First World War would be determined in Europe. These units fought in battles, received recognition from their fellow soldiers, and experienced casualties. This study presents the activities of Turkish troops using available information and documents and evaluates the situations encountered during this process from a range of positive and negative perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aimed to localize the joint operation planning process of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran by identifying and determining the steps of the local AJA joint operation planning process and the actions of each step so that commanders, officers of the Joint Staff and joint operation planners can use it. In this study, interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data. The results showed that 96.8% of the sample population believe in seven steps: mission, formation of joint command and staff, development of decisions, analysis of tactics and war game, decision and strategy of the commander, preparation of plan or order, review, approval of plan or order, and the actions associated with each of these steps are effective in the native process of planning AJA joint operations.

Strategy is widely used in management issues in various economic, political and social fields, especially military, and is considered as one of the important elements related to management and is the basis of managerial decisions, so that it can not be considered separate from management, or successful management. , Is often the result of developing appropriate strategies. The main purpose of the research is to formulate logistics strategies (readiness and support) for joint operations of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research is of applied development type and descriptive method with analytical approach. The sample size is 86 people and the method of data collection is field and library. A questionnaire with 133 questions was used to complete the research. Accordingly, out of 133 factors that were identified and consolidated for formulating logistics strategies of AJA joint operations, 33 factors of weakness, 22 factors of strength, 21 factors of opportunity and 57 factors of threat were identified in the form of 9 components of internal and external environment. Finally, the strategies were developed using the SWOT technique and their prioritization was determined using the Tapsis method. By analyzing and determining the strategic position of the organization and analyzing the gap, AJA is in a defensive-oriented defensive position. Therefore, 14 strategies were formulated and suggestions were made to move from the existing position to the desired offensive position.

What distinguishes China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) from other countries' armies is the fact that the PLA was in existence, initially with a different name though, before the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the legitimate government of China, as opposed to the Republic of China (ROC) government, or the Nationalist government, that retreated to Taiwan after losing the Civil War. As an armed wing of the Communist Party of China (CPC) since its inception in 1927, the PLA has undergone a considerable transformation from a "millet plus rifles" force to one that Beijing can count on as a powerful backing for its "wolf warrior" diplomacy. The meaning behind all this is that China's military modernization efforts are paying off. Analyzing historical events in chronological order, this paper aims to find out how the wars involving or impacting China over the past seven decades, as well as specific international conflicts and China's domestic politics in the same period of time, have contributed to the PLA's modernization to date. The most recent round of military reform initiated by Chinese President Xi Jinping serves as a case for analysis in depth so as to have a better understanding of the PLA's modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of joint operations will increase the overall demand and provide the necessary measures and action in the future. The planning and implementation of joint operations is the result of the integration of the combat capabilities of the four AJA forces, which are completely different in terms of organizational culture, management, operational space and specialized environment, and coordination between them is necessary in carrying out different operations. This research is of applied development type and its method is case-context. The statistical sample size of the research is 74 people. The method of collecting field and library information is that by in-depth analysis of theoretical foundations, the factors affecting the implementation of joint operations are counted and then in the form of a questionnaire using quantitative and qualitative analysis mixed to standardize and localize these factors in the operation environment. Joint Army action has been taken. Based on the research results and using IFE and EFE tools, 103 factors (33 strengths, 20 weaknesses, 29 opportunities and 21 threats) to carry out joint operations in 6 components have been identified and measured, and finally strategies have been developed by SWOT method. Their executive priority has been determined using the QSPM method. The current situation in AJA for joint operations is in the mildly conservative quarter. Therefore, 13 strategies have been developed in order to move from an offensive position to a strong or desirable offensive position.

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper was to analyze the accounting treatment used by companies in Brazil that have investments in joint operations, in light of the Brazilian and international accounting standards. There are no doubts about the accounting treatment to be used in consolidated statements, but a divergence was identified between the international and Brazilian standards in relation to individual statements. IFRS 11 determines that investors recognize the values of a joint operation proportionally in consolidated and separate statements. However, the Brazilian standard includes a paragraph determining that only joint operations with no legal personality can be measured in individual statements proportionally. CPC 19 foresees different accounting treatments depending on the legal form of the joint operation, omitting the accounting treatment to be used in joint operations with a separate vehicle. The topic of joint operations is relevant, as the accounting treatment used in Brazil can mean our accounting practices do not comply with the international ones. Besides contributing to the literature on joint businesses, this essay indicates to regulatory bodies the need to modify the Brazilian standard so that it fits the international ones. As well as discussing the current standard, an analysis was carried out of companies in Brazil that have joint operations and the respective accounting treatments used to infer how well they fit the international standards. The results indicate that the accounting statements of the companies in Brazil with joint operations, composed through a separate vehicle, do not comply with the international standards. The main contribution of this essay is that it draws the attention of companies, auditors, and regulators to this non-compliance.

Western military policy-formation and doctrine seems to be gravitating towards the idea of integration, reflected in concepts such as integrated campaigning, Integrated 'Operating Concept', and 'Multi-Domain Integration' – among others. Despite the increasing use of the term within military doctrines and concept papers, there is little scholarly writing on what “integration” actually means. This study contributes to the small but growing body of research on joint operations with a novel analysis on how the term “integration,” and its sister term “interoperability,” are used within academic and military discourses. The results show that the terms are given different meanings both across and within discourses. It can be deduced that “integration” is generally understood as the merging of domains and services towards joint goals while “interoperability” is often presented as the ability to combine systems, forces, and planning across services. These findings are used to create a conceptual model which distinguishes between operability, interoperability, and integration as preconditions for the conduct of joint operations. The model is in turn useful for both scholars and practitioners when discussing or assessing capabilities to perform joint operations.

The Islamic Republic of Iran is composed of forces that have a separate specialized nature and a different operational space. In every war scene, there are two forces, the insider and the enemy, which have different operational environments, goals, tactics and techniques, so the presence of various equipment and forces with different specialties and even organizational culture to respond to various enemy actions is needed. It has an integrated and network-oriented information system.This system, by creating an integrated information network in information systems and information protection and monitoring future operational areas in order to identify and utilize indigenous capabilities, will synergize the planning, implementation, control and monitoring of joint operations of the four forces of the army.The main purpose of this research is to enumerate the environmental factors that play a role and to formulate synergistic strategies of the military information system in joint operations. The sample population is 74 people and the method of collecting field and library information is. The findings were analyzed using SPSS.Based on the research results, 18 role-playing factors (5 strengths, 2 weaknesses, 7 opportunities and 4 threats) have been counted. From the combination of the above factors, 12 desirability and 15 challenges have been obtained. According to the calculations, the characteristics of the strategic area are in a strong offensive position, and accordingly, 6 strategies have been developed to synergize the intelligence component of the army in joint operations.

Despite the vast academic and popular interest in the Dieppe raid of 19 August 1942, there remains a curious oversight of the German side of the story. This contribution interrogates German sources in order to explore the Dieppe air battle and its consequences from the perspective of the German armed forces. The paper ultimately demonstrates that the Germans learnt much about the role of air power in coastal defence from their experiences at Dieppe, but that the implementation of those lessons was lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has as its main focus the way in which the Israeli Joint warfighting doctrine has evolved in time, since the creation of the Jewish state, as well as the particularities and methods of improving the next stage of this type of doctrine, as outlined in the Momentum Plan released by the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF). The aim of the research is to assess whether the joint warfighting actions have given the IDF an edge in accomplishing the strategic objectives designed by the Israeli political leadership, as well as whether the next planned iteration of the Israeli joint warfighting doctrine, the Momentum Plan, is feasible and whether it has any vulnerabilities to address. The main methodological methods used in this paper are the case study of the conflicts where the IDF used joint warfighting actions as its main method of conducting operations, as well as the observation of actions that could prevent the Momentum Plan from achieving the desired results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout history, military action has undergone a permanent process of evolution and diversification, both in terms of scope and with respect to spatial, temporal and material dimensions. The trend that is becoming more and more pronounced is that all operations, including defence, will have a common goal, because they can no longer be carried out in a single environment, but both in the physical environment (land, air, naval, cosmic), as well as in the virtual environment (electromagnetic - cybernetic). At the same time, the need for flexibility in preparing and conducting operations against an opponent with fluctuating combat potential highlights the need to form joint task forces. Flexibility implies that this force, adopting a certain modular organization, be able to carry out operations specific to armed struggle, when such operations are required and also the same force, but in another modular organization, to be able to, in -an optimal time, to perform stability and support operations.

In this endeavour, it is proposed to identify some military characteristics of the Black Sea, in terms of narrow sea, that can influence the development of military action in a joint context. This will highlight the role and place of naval force in capitalizing on the optimal potential to support coastal actions carried out by the land force. The novelty of this approach is underlined by the fact that the research result is based on the cooperation of specialists from the Romanian Naval Forces with specialists from the Land Forces, following war games and the use of other research tools specific to the military science field. The originality lies precisely in the fact that the particular missions of the naval forces during the support of the land forces were identified by the authors through the experience gained in exercises carried out at the "Carol I" National Defence University. The final product will make that correspondence between the characteristics of the Black Sea and the necessary capabilities, intended to manifest maritime power, through an appropriate response in the case of joint military actions, which will contribute to supporting national interests at the maritime and riverine areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper provides an overview and analysis of the role, place and importance of air power for the success of joint military operations in conduct of NATO deterrence activities and operations. Air power has been highly valued in defence, security and in warfare from its very beginning, since the establishment of the first Air Forces. With its modern development it has become crucial for achieving military goals, as well as national ones. The importance of air power is shown through its definition and comparison in the military doctrines of the air forces of certain countries and NATO, where it is obvious how important it is in the structure of national power, security and defence, as well as in collective security and defence of NATO. The emphasis is on the ongoing implementation of NATO military activities and operations and the projection of the Alliance's air power in deterring Russia's potential threats to its members in Northeast Europe, in the Baltic region. The current method of projection of air power and the use of its elements in these NATO military activities are discussed and presented. The special features and capabilities provided by the air power, which do not possess other military components and cannot compensate for these effects, give it a key role in supporting and conducting joint military operations, and in enabling the success of their implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A slew of structural changes to the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) combat capabilities, deterrence as well as military operations other than war (MOOTW) were enacted following the announcement to streamline China's armed forces in September 2015. Primarily driven by the Chinese military leadership's desire to resolve longstanding shortcomings in the PLA's ability to conduct combined arms and joint operations, unprecedented changes in the form of so-called 'below the neck' reforms gathered pace since the end of 2016. By focusing on those changes to the PLA's established service branches as well as 'new types' of forces, this brief introduction will provide a summary of the prospects and problems as the Chinese military embarks on its latest endeavour to modernize itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliability of the collaboration among military organizations is the key to success or failure of joint operations. However, the battlefield environment is changing rapidly, and the collaborative mode between organizations is easily affected by the changes. Therefore, a flexible collaborative mechanism for adjustment must be proposed, and it requires higher flexibility and autonomy of collaborative organizations. In order to pursue a better collaboration and then accomplish the common mission, this paper firstly establishes a context-aware model based on ontology and event calculus, which is used for the perception and reasoning analysis of changes; secondly, designs two evaluation index systems respectively for operational organizations' overall effectiveness and capability of operational activities; lastly, combines the former models and proposes an adaptive collaborative method. The method evaluates the operational capability of an organization, compares it with a given threshold, and then adopts the solution of activity replacement or organization replacement to update the collaborative mode.

Taslimikar, Behrooz, Ph.D. student of strategic defense science, University and Strategic Research and Research Center for National Defense, Behrooztaslimikar@gmail.com, 09193361731. Abstract Today, single-force operations are no longer on the battlefield, and all battle scene designers, even in the most powerful military countries, also design their joint combat missions, Because the joint force has increased the chance of success in an exponential way and makes the operations more practical and effective at the true combat scene. Due to the major differences in the function of different forces that are commonly used, therefore, the principle of unity of command and subsequent unity of efforts to carry out operations will become more important in order to prevent any dispersion in operations and we can maximize effectiveness. Hence, the researcher aimed at "explaining the need to use the joint command and control system in the armed forces" to address the issue with the question "Will the use of the joint command and control system be the requirements of the armed forces?" An applied research has been carried out using mixed methods and the results indicate that exploitation of the joint command and control system, the requirements of focusing efforts, the proper organization of forces, the possibility of advance, maximum integrity, full utilization of forces, attention to general objectives, full support and promoting the coordination of forces, which are considered as the principles for the use of joint forces. Key words: joint command and control, command types, types of operations, joint operations.

The demands of modern warfare imposed by technological innovation and digitalisation have made operational forces prepare and act in a highly complex confrontational environment, which entails increasing resilience and flexibility. The management and execution structures of the logistic support systemically integrated in the operational devices of the joint forces are prepared and act in their turn in the conditions of increased risks, which causes them to become increasingly resilient. Knowing that during the two Gulf conflicts, the logistic losses of the responsible structures far exceeded those of the fighting and support forces, I consider that it is all the more necessary to study, design and implement the requirements to increase resilience of the operational logistical forces, for the fulfilment of future missions. In this scientific communication I address, from a relational point of view, the issue of resilience of logistics systems (subsystems) integrated with operational forces acting at the tactical and joint levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States Ship USS Philadelphia's three hundred and seven United States (U.S.) Crewmen and Officers were captured by a foreign power off the coast of North Africa in 1803. The recovery of the frigate and the rescue of the U.S. Crewmen and Officers is perhaps the first joint special operation conducted by the United States of America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the following article is to present the general framework of the successful joint operation carried out by the Brazilian Navy and Army on the naval Battle of Riachuelo, on June 11th, 1865. Joint operations are those carried out by two or more armed forces, without a commanding unit. The attack on Corrientes on May 25th, 1865, led by a joint operation between Brazil and Argentina, urged Solano Lopez to attack the Brazilian naval force which on June, 1865, was in front of Corrientes, almost at the rear of the invading Paraguayan land force, that was marching by the left bank of Paraná River. 2.287 Brazilian combatants, 1.113 from the Navy and 1.174 from the Army, were boarded on the nine ships of our fleet. As they suffered the Paraguayan attack on a Sunday, June, 11th, 1865, they wrote one of the most glorious pages of Brazilian Navy history.

NATO air forces must be able to defend against peer competitors and anticipate the growing role of cyber and space-based assets, according to a new NATO joint airpower strategy released on 26 June 2018. While air power has played a central role in NATO's collective defence and crisis management for decades, the strategy is the first of its kind since NATO was founded in 1949. The new strategy lays out the current and future security environment in which allied air forces are likely to operate in. Acknowledging that decades of uncontested air operations may be coming to a close, the strategy cautions that modern air defence systems, cyber and electronic warfare could impact NATO air operations. The document also makes the case for special forces, maritime and cyber units to better support of air power with intelligence, targeting support and post-strike assessments. NATO's strategy holds that allied air forces must be able to fight in all terrains and environments, including heavily defended and congested airspace. While current NATO air operations will continue, the document provides a blueprint for the development of airpower doctrines and new capabilities. The last comparable document, the Alliance's maritime strategy, was released in 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting & Finance / Oblìk ì Fìnansi is the property of Institute of Accounting & Finance and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Israel Defence Forces (IDF) face continuing challenges concerning joint operations of military services (e.g. air and ground forces) since, as in other militaries, the existence of separate service cultures creates operational difficulties. This article analyses in-depth interviews with commanders from the IDF’s air and ground forces. Its findings reinforce the ‘polarisation assumption’ of ‘us’ (the in-group) and ‘them’ (the out-group) that challenges successful cooperation, reflecting differences in the scripts of expectations and modes of action underlying perceptions of successful joint operations. These scripts create assumptions that are manifestations of a deep-rooted service culture. Such assumptions also have an effect on combat motivation as certain scenarios lead towards greater risk-taking in concrete operational situations. Cooperation between the Israeli Air Force and Special Forces is far more successful and smooth. The analysis of the success of joint operations can aid the armed forces in bridging differences and improving cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Aussen- und Sicherheitspolitik is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)