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Abstract Current climate models suggested that Antarctic sea ice cover would decrease substantially under cumulative CO2 emission, but little is known whether large decrease in Antarctic sea ice can influence the occurrence of strong El Niño. Using time slice coupled and uncoupled model experiments, we show that in response to half reduction of Antarctic sea ice projected near the end of the 21st century, the frequency of strong El Niño would be increased by ~40%. It is contributed by enhanced thermocline, Ekman, and zonal advective positive feedbacks that are partly offset by enhanced thermodynamic damping. The strong warming and weakened westerly winds in the southeastern Pacific generate an anomalous Rossby wave propagating into the eastern subtropical and tropical Pacific, favoring stronger El Nino, and air-sea coupling and ocean feedbacks play a critical role in the teleconnection. Unexpectedly, compare to halved Antarctic sea ice, the ice-free Antarctic leads to a decrease in the frequency of strong El Niño, which is largely due to a substantial increase in thermodynamic damping. We also show that a large portion of the increase of strong El Niño events under greenhouse warming might be connected with Antarctic sea-ice loss, though increased greenhouse gas plays an important role.

Abstract Heavy Meiyu-Baiu rainfall can pose threat to the dense population in East Asia by catastrophic flooding. Although previous studies have identified Indian Ocean (IO) warming as the major cause of heavy Meiyu-Baiu rainfall, it failed to predict the record-breaking rainfall in July 2020. Synthesizing observational analysis, large-ensemble climate simulations, and atmospheric simulations, we show that sea-ice loss in the Kara Sea in May can intensify the IO warming-induced heavy Meiyu-Baiu rainfall and well explains the record-breaking rainfall in July 2020. In the precondition of IO warming, sea-ice loss tends to prolong Meiyu-Baiu season and strengthen convective activity over the Meiyu-Baiu region, thereby enhancing the IO warming-induced heavy Meiyu-Baiu rainfall by ~50% and doubling the risk of extreme events comparable to or greater than the one in 2020. A statistical model is further constructed to demonstrate that taking Arctic sea ice into consideration can significantly improve the seasonal prediction of extreme Meiyu-Baiu rainfall.

Abstract In this study, we investigate the climatology and trend of explosive cyclones (ECs) over the Southern Ocean (50oS–70oS) during 1980–2020 by combining a method that is most suited for identifying and tracking cyclones in the Southern Ocean and a latest climate reanalysis. On average, approximately 50 ECs are generated annually over the Southern Ocean, with a significant increasing trend of 2.3 per decade during the studying period. This increasing trend is dominated by the trend of strong ECs, particularly in autumn. We analyze the dynamical and thermodynamical effects associated with multiple deepened strong ECs in autumn over an identified key region in the southern Pacific Ocean sector (155oW–170oW, 50oS–65oS), where the density of the initiation of ECs shows the largest increasing trend in autumn. The composite analysis reveals the general patterns and duration of the effects on the atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice associated with multiple ECs in the southern Pacific Ocean. The results indicate that the deepened strong ECs are associated with significant changes in meridional winds, downward longwave radiation, and sensible and latent heat fluxes. These changes lead to cold sea surface temperature anomalies in the northeast of the key region, reaching a maximum 5–7 days after the EC deepening, and the increased sea ice cover south of the key region, peaking 4–5 days after the EC deepening.

【Objective】The study is carried out to explore the effect of mulberry leaf feeding on the growth and development of Spodoptera frugiperda, with an aim to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the potential damage of mulberry gardens caused by S. frugiperda.【Method】The populations of S. frugiperda feeding on artificial diet and mulberry leaves were established by two-sex life tables, and the growth & development and reproductive indexes were measured, including the development duration, oviposition amount, pupal weight and pupation rate. And the population parameters were calculated with the two-sex life table software TWOSEX-MS Chart 2024, followed by ANOVA and graphing. Finally, TIMING-Mschart was used to predict the future 90 d population dynamics of S. frugiperda feeding on artificial diet and mulberry leaves.【Result】The total developmental durations of S. frugiperda feeding on mulberry leaves and artificial diet were 44.18 (±0.93) and 32.30 (±0.26) d, the larval survival rates were 41.17 (±5.88)% and 55.56 (±12.73)%, the pupal weight were 174.4 (±34.2) and 225.9 (±23.7) mg per pupa, the oviposition amounts of single female moth were 499.58 (±278.67) and 877.40 (±440.79), and both of the pupation rate were 100%. The intrinsic rates of increase of S. frugiperda feeding on mulberry leaves and artificial diet were 0.10 (±0.01) and 0.14 (±0.01) per day, finite rates of increase were 1.11 (±0.01) and 1.16 (±0.01) per day, net reproduction rates were 128.57 (±36.37) and 250.64 (±77.14) eggs per single female moth, and mean generation times were 47.03 (±1.42) and 37.86 (±0.34) days, respectively.【Conclusion】S. frugiperda feeding on mulberry leaves and artificial diet could complete the generation development, and compared with feeding on artificial diet, the growth and development rate of S. frugiperda feeding on mulberry leaves is slower, and the developmental uniformity, the survival rate, and oviposition amount are all lower. In conclusion, under natural conditions, when the population density is too large or the most suitable host plant is insufficient, it may pose a threat for S. frugiperda larvae to live on mulberry leaves.

Changes in hydrological connectivity not only interfere with the material transfer and energy flow processes within wetland ecosystems or between wetland ecosystems and other ecosystems but also pose potential risks to the ecosystem service functions of wetlands, such as water conservation, climate regulation, and biodiversity maintenance. It is essential to clarify the impacts of changes in hydrological connectivity on wetland habitats to restore wetlands and maintain species diversity. Explaining the effects of changes in hydrological connectivity on wetland habitats is crucial to restoring wetlands and maintaining species diversity. In this paper, we assessed hydrological connectivity and its impacts on wetland habitats based on geostatistical connectivity function and the biohydrological adaptation thresholds of the Naoli River wetland. The results showed that (1) the hydrological connectivity of wetlands within the Naoli River Reserve showed a fluctuating and decreasing trend, and the maximum distance difference between the high and low connectivity periods was 26 km. (2) Waterbirds and macroinvertebrates had a larger area of suitable habitat at moderate hydrological connectivity. At the same time, fish and phytoplankton showed a decrease in the area of suitable habitat with decreasing hydrological connectivity. (3) Hydrological connectivity significantly regulates a high-suitability habitat, and suitable hydrological connectivity increases habitat area by about 35 %. (4) The restoration of hydrological connectivity and suitable habitats should be emphasized in the Trans-Qixing River area, and wetland biodiversity should be maintained according to the hydrological connectivity status in the mainstream area of the Naoli River and the Inner-Qixing River area.

AbstractBackground and objective Ischaemic encephalopathy is a common cerebrovascular disease caused by insufficient blood supply to the cerebral vessels. The ischaemic encephalopathy is closely associated with the development of many chronic diseases such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes. Neurotrophic therapy has become the main therapeutic strategy for ischaemic encephalopathy. However, neurotrophic drugs only slightly recover the neurological function of patients, and their long-term efficacy is uncertain. Previous reports revealed that the active ingredients of natural medicines play important roles in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. In this study, we reviewed clearing herbs with anti-ischaemic encephalopathy functions using the data from quantitative statistical and network pharmacological exploration methods. We also discussed the different bioactive components and pharmacological effects of these herbs.Methods First, we collected Chinese herbal prescriptions against ischaemic encephalopathy in four databases. Then, we statistically analysed the frequency of application of heat-clearing herbs to obtain the commonly used heat-clearing herbs against ischaemic encephalopathy, and classified them according to their efficacy according to the statistical results, to summarize the mechanism of anti-ischaemic effects of different bioactive components; Second, the network database was used to obtain the above components of heat-clearing Chinese medicines and their corresponding targets of action, disease targets of ischaemic stroke; Venny 2.1.0 was used to obtain component-disease target intersections; Cytoscape was used to construct the ‘Drug-Active Ingredient-Target Network Graph ‘; DAVID was used for GO and KEGG enrichment analysis.Results Literature and database screening involved 149 prescriptions, with a total of 269 flavours of Chinese medicines and 20 flavours of single-flavour heat-clearing Chinese medicines; The top nine in terms of frequency of use were Radix Paeoniae Rubra、Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata、Figwort Root、Cortex Moutan、Scutellariae Radix、Coptidis Rhizoma、Gardeniae Fructus、Cassiae Semen、Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. The common components obtained from network pharmacology were beta-sitosterol, quercetin, and stigmasterol, which mainly act on key targets such as RELA, AKT1, JUN, PRKACA, PTGS2, RAF1 and CHUK; and their active ingredients are mainly involved in signalling pathways such as Calcium, PI3K-Ak, MAPK, cAMP, IL-17, HIF-1, TNF, T-cell receptor, NF-kappa B and JAK-STAT.Conclusions Heat-clearing herbs are useful and promising for the protection against and prevention of ischemic encephalopathy. The results of the network pharmacological studies are similar to the mechanisms of anti-ischemic encephalopathy of the active ingredients of the purgative herbs we have listed; Thin either directly protects cerebrovascular tissues by improving vascular permeability and reducing the area of infarcted tissues, or produces protective effects through molecular signaling pathways. It can be seen that the components of heat-clearing Chinese medicines can exert cerebroprotective effects through multiple pathways, which provides us with a reference for further development and study of heat-clearing Chinese medicines in the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.

ABSTRACTInformation on Arctic sea-ice motion in summer is critical for operational sea-ice monitoring and prediction and commercial navigation. Affected by the melting of the sea-ice surface, the accuracy and spatial coverage of the sea-ice velocity (SIV) retrieved by brightness temperature (TB) during the melting period are always lower than in winter. Our research indicates that the lack of ice–water discrimination in summer for the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) 36 GHz TB is the main reason for the poor quality of its SIV results. We propose a new SIV retrieval scheme based on the polarization difference (P) of the 36 GHz TB. The 36-P SIV has a higher spatial coverage than that derived from 18-H, 36-H and 36-V SIVs and a higher maximum cross-correlation coefficient than 36 GH TB-derived SIVs. Compared with buoy and Synthetic Aperture Radar SIVs, the 36-P SIV’s error is close to that of 18-H SIV and significantly lower than that of 36 TB SIV. Therefore, our results indicate that 36-P is more competitive than the 36 GHz TB in SIV retrieval in summer. Further analysis shows that our proposed scheme is compatible with the two current mainstream SIV tracking algorithms, demonstrating its great potential for future summer SIV retrieval.

Rapid decline in Arctic summer sea ice cover has brought new opportunities for shipping and resource exploitation in the Arctic, and accurate determination of summer sea ice conditions has become increasingly important. Knowledge of sea ice velocity (SIV) is crucial for ice engineering and navigation in the Arctic. This study retrieved SIV in summer based on the polarization difference (PD) of brightness temperatures (TBs) at 36 GHz derived from the recalibrated FY-3D satellite microwave radiometer data FY-3D/MWRI. Compared with swath TB data, swath PD data can better suppress the noise associated with atmospheric wetness (cloud liquid water and water vapor). Moreover, different from the arbitrary template selection scheme used in current algorithms, we propose an optimized template selection scheme based on the image texture, which considers the frequent deformation processes of sea ice in summer. Determination of SIV using templates with irregular distribution presents lower uncertainty and higher computational efficiency compared with templates with regular distribution. Based on the improved algorithm, this study obtained either swath irregular SIV fields with nominal spatial resolution of 30 km or daily gridded SIV fields with 50-km spatial resolution in summer 2019 using 36-GHz PDs.

The scarcity of public resources and environmental pollution caused by rapid urbanization highlight the practical significance of parks in ensuring the sustainable development of a city. Therefore, the social equity of parks warrants further study. This paper proposes a fine-grained comprehensive evaluation framework that combines geographic accessibility models, geo-statistical analysis, and machine learning algorithms to explore social inequity in Taiyuan, China. In this framework, gini coefficient and lorentz curve express spatial equality, accessibility shows spatial equity, and ridge regression model handles the interdependence of variables with different dimensions to quantify the relative effects of local participants on changes in park accessibility. On this basis, the imbalance between vulnerable groups and park supply is analyzed to further understand the core concept of social equity. Results highlight serious spatial inequality in all three types of parks allocation of six urban areas, especially in community parks. The actual access level of people to parks is also stratified by their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, revealing the social inequity in access to parks. Park distribution is indeed not conducive to some social vulnerable groups, whose contradiction between supply and demand is highly prominent in urban – rural junctions and new urban areas. This paper also confirms the unfair layout of public facilities can be observed in second-tier cities of China by highlighting the social inequity of parks in Taiyuan. The findings of this work have profound implications for urban planning and sustainable development.

Abstract Mulberry bacterial wilt is a devastating disease that is difficult to control and causes serious economic losses to the sericulture industry. This disease is mostly caused by a diverse group of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria including, Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum, Pantoea ananatis, Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC), Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex (KpSC), and K. oxytoca complex (KoC). Due to the lack of a rapid and reliable test to simultaneously detect these complex pathogens of mulberry wilt, we developed a multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay to detect five virulence-related genes carried by the pathogenic bacteria of mulberry bacterial wilt disease. The primers were designed for the virulence-related genes: pleD (GGDF structural domain-containing protein), yjfP (esterase), pelY (peripheral pectate lyase), ampD (N-acetyl-anhydromuranmyl-L-alanine amidase), and ripW (type III effector). Overall, the developed mPCR assay showed highly specific, sensitive and reproducible detection of target pathogens. Briefly, the results showed that the mPCR was highly specific in individual reactions, and the lowest detection concentration of the five pathogenic bacteria was 1.87 × 103 CFU/mL (DNA = 2.45 pg/μL). From 46 natural mulberry wilt samples, the mPCR detection rates of P. ananatis, ECC, KpSC, KoC and R. pseudosolanacearum were 8.69, 91.3, 34.7, 23.9 and 65.21%, respectively. The traditional culture media isolation methods showed comparable results. The pathogenicity test of 84 suspected pathogenic bacteria revealed that the morbidity (average morbidity level) caused by the pathogenic bacteria detected by mPCR was ≥ 65.5%, while the morbidity of the undetected pathogenic bacteria was ≤ 35.5%. Based on these results, we believe that the mPCR developed in the present study will be useful in rapid, reproducible, and sensitive detection of the pathogenic bacteria causing mulberry bacterial wilt including, R. pseudosolanacearum, P. ananatis, ECC, KpSC, and KoC. Graphical abstract

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) contains a variety of biologically active compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, polysaccharides, organic acids, volatile oils, and vitamins. It has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. In this paper, we evaluated the pharmacological effects of sea buckthorn in cardiovascular diseases through preclinical studies, and revealed the mechanism of action of the active components in sea buckthorn in cardiovascular diseases, including anti-inflammatory, lipid oxidation regulation, antioxidant, vascular function modulation, anti-platelet aggregation, autophagy, intestinal microorganism regulation, and cell apoptosis reduction. In clinical trials, sea buckthorn was proven to be effective in managing lipid metabolism, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels in patients. We also extensively reviewed the safety of sea buckthorn medicine and its toxicity to numerous organs. To summarize, sea buckthorn has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease and may give a novel strategy for clinical intervention and therapy. This paper summarizes the phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical applications, safety, and toxicity of sea buckthorn in order to better understand the mechanism of action of the various bioactive components in sea buckthorn, investigate its medicinal potential, and provide more options for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Abstract Ovarian cancer is high recurrence and mortality malignant tumor. The most common ovarian cancer was High‐Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. However, High‐Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer organoid is rare, which organoid with patient immune microenvironment and blood vessels even absence. Here, we report a novel High‐Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer organoid system derived from patient ovarian cancer samples. These organoids recapitulate High‐Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer organoids' histological and molecular heterogeneity while preserving the critical immune microenvironment and blood vessels, as evidenced by the presence of CD34+ endothelial cells. Whole exome sequencing identifies key mutations (CSMD3, TP53, GABRA6). Organoids show promise in testing cisplatin sensitivity for patients resistant to carboplatin and paclitaxel, with notable responses in cancer proteoglycans and p53 (TP53) signaling, like ACTG/ACTB1/AKT2 genes and BBC3/MDM2/PERP. Integration of immune microenvironment and blood vessels enhances potential for novel therapies like immunotherapies and angiogenesis inhibitors. Our work may provide a new detection system and theoretical basis for ovarian cancer research and individual therapy.

Abstract Compound warm extremes exert profound impacts on environment, health, and socioeconomics. Yang et al. (2024) indicated a shift or transition from warm‐dry extremes (WDEs), common in non‐ice‐covered areas, to warm‐wet extremes (WWEs) in ice‐covered zones. Utilizing ERA5 reanalysis data, this study determined the duration and frequency of WDEs and WWEs across ice‐covered and non‐ice‐covered regions. A comprehensive analysis uncovers the physical mechanisms responsible for the paradigm differences and attributes them to the weakening of land‐atmosphere interaction caused by ice‐cover, which inhibits soil moisture feedback and reduces the intensity and duration of warm events in ice‐covered areas. Both WDEs and WWEs are associated with high‐pressure systems (HPs). WDEs, situated directly beneath HPs, intensify due to adiabatic warming from subsidence motions. Conversely, WWEs, located beneath the poleward fringes of HPs, emerge from advective warming and moistening associated with poleward intrusions of warm‐moist air.

Abstract Response coordination design becomes an inevitable trend based on the multidisciplinary optimization design (MOD) in the development of the design for complex mechanical structures. Aiming at the problem of unclear mechanism of response coordination for main loaded structures, a response coordination design technology characterized by a response coordination evaluation system is proposed based on an analytic hierarchy process. In addition, a nondominated sorting elephant herding optimization (NSEHO) algorithm is proposed by introducing the Pareto optimization theory into elephant herding optimization and combining fixed‐sized candidate set adaptive random testing algorithm to overcome inherent limitations of the traditional algorithm in response coordination design. Taking the main bearing assembly structure as an example, the response coordination design is conducted based on the proposed technology and NSEHO algorithm. The response coordination design scheme of the main bearing assembly structure is experimentally verified. The results show that the Pareto frontier of NSEHO is smoother and is closer to the real Pareto frontier compared to NSGA‐II in condition of small population size and restricted iteration generations, revealing the advancement of the solving ability of NSEHO. The coordination coefficients of strength, stiffness, contact strength, and mass of the main bearing assembly structure are increased by 13.91%, 14.96%, 2.63%, and 0.07%, respectively, and the overall coordination coefficient are increased by 11.10%. The indicators of strength, stiffness, and contact strength of the response coordination scheme are better than those of the original scheme by experimental verification, demonstrating the effectiveness of the response coordination design technology. The proposed technology reveals the response coordination mechanism of the main loaded structures of internal combustion engines and provides an important guiding significance to MOD for complex mechanical structures.

Isolated marsh wetlands are crucial for maintaining regional hydrological connectivity and biological contiguity. The Sanjiang Plain is the most typical area of marsh wetland change in China. A large number of isolated marshy wetlands have been formed here due to natural and anthropogenic influences. However, there have been few quantitative studies of the dynamics of isolated marsh wetlands and their drivers at the regional scale. This study used Landsat series image data provided by the Google Earth Engine. Through field surveys, combined with visual interpretation and the Random Forest Algorithm, the distributional changes in isolated marsh wetlands, non-isolated marsh wetlands, and natural marsh wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain from 1975 to 2020 were identified and extracted. The dynamic change characteristics as well as the patch importance values (dIIC) of isolated and non-isolated marsh wetlands were analyzed using the dynamic degree, standard deviation ellipse model, and the integral index of connectivity (IIC). Finally, the driving factors and interactions affecting the distribution of isolated marsh wetlands were analyzed by the Geodetector model. The results show that (1) the temporal dynamics of the three types of marsh wetlands are less than 0 from 1975 to 2020, and the temporal dynamics of isolated marsh wetlands are the largest. The lost wetlands were concentrated in the northeastern and east–central regions of the Sanjiang Plain. The center of mass of the standard deviation ellipse moved from northeast to southwest, and the isolated marsh wetlands moved the most. (2) The IIC of non-isolated marsh wetlands and natural marsh wetlands decreased and then increased, and the non-isolated marsh wetlands with high-grade connectivity were mainly distributed in the northeastern and east–central regions. On the other hand, the IIC of isolated marsh wetlands increased and then decreased, and the isolated marsh wetlands with high-grade connectivity were mainly distributed in the northeastern region. (3) The elevation is the most important driving factor affecting the distribution of isolated marsh wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain. The interaction between the driving factors had a significantly higher effect on the distribution of isolated marsh wetlands than that of a single driving factor, with the strongest interaction between aspect and elevation in 1975, 1986, 2000, and 2010, and between aspect and slope in 2020.

Abstract This study investigates the specific circulation anomalies that have sustained the low Antarctic sea ice state since 2016. Firstly, we find a significant strengthening and southward shift in the Ferrel Cell (FC) during 2016–2022, resulting in a marked increase in southward transport of heat and moisture. Secondly, this enhanced FC is closely associated with a stronger mid‐latitude wave pattern. This pattern is zonally asymmetric and greatly amplifies the poleward advections of heat and moisture, leading to the increased downward longwave radiation, more liquid precipitation and sea ice retreat in specific regions, including the western Pacific and Indian Ocean sectors, Ross and northern Weddell Seas. The mechanism deduced from the short‐term period is further supported by the results of 40 ensemble members of simulations. The southward expansion of the FC and sea ice decline are closely linked to La Niña‐like conditions but may also be driven by anthropogenic global warming.

BackgroundPebrine, caused by microsporidium Nosema bombycis, is a devastating disease that causes serious economic damages to the sericulture industry. Studies on development of therapeutic and diagnostic options for managing pebrine in silkworms are very limited. Methionine aminopeptidase type 2 (MetAP2) of microsporidia is an essential gene for their survival and has been exploited as the cellular target of drugs such as fumagillin and its analogues in several microsporidia spp., including Nosema of honeybees.MethodsIn the present study, using molecular and bioinformatics tools, we performed in-depth characterization and phylogenetic analyses of MetAP2 of Nosema bombycis isolated from Guangdong province of China.ResultsThe full length of MetAP2 gene sequence of Nosema bombycis (Guangdong isolate) was found to be 1278 base pairs (bp), including an open reading frame of 1,077 bp, encoding a total of 358 amino acids. The bioinformatics analyses predicted the presence of typical alpha-helix structural elements, and absence of transmembrane domains and signal peptides. Additionally, other characteristics of a stable protein were also predicted. The homology-based 3D models of MetAP2 of Nosema bombycis (Guangdong isolate) with high accuracy and reliability were developed. The MetAP2 protein was expressed and purified. The observed molecular weight of MetAP2 protein was found to be ~43–45 kDa. The phylogenetic analyses showed that MetAP2 gene and amino acids sequences of Nosema bombycis (Guangdong isolate) shared a close evolutionary relationship with Nosema spp. of wild silkworms, but it was divergent from microsporidian spp. of other insects, Aspergillus spp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and higher animals including humans. These analyses indicated that the conservation and evolutionary relationships of MetAP2 are closely linked to the species relationships.ConclusionThis study provides solid foundational information that could be helpful in optimization and development of diagnostic and treatment options for managing the threat of Nosema bombycis infection in sericulture industry of China.

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of palmar ginseng on cognitive impairment in rats with type 2 diabetes, evaluate its neuroprotective effects, and explore its underlying mechanism. Methods: A rat model of diabetic cognitive impairment (DCI) was established by feeding with homemade high-fat, high-sugar chow combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Rats were continually fed high-fat, high-sugar chow for 60 days after successful induction of the model. Palmar ginseng was administered via gavage. The Morris test was performed after 30 days of treatment. At the end of the test, blood samples were collected, and the activities of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-1β in rat serum. Pathological changes in hippocampal tissues were observed by Haematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining of the brain, activation of microglia in hippocampal tissues was detected by immunofluorescence, and the expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and JAK2/STAT3 proteins in the hippocampal tissues by Western blot. Results: During the administration of palmar Ginseng, the body weight and blood glucose levels of DCI rats were measured weekly, with results showing that Palmar Ginseng effectively reduced blood glucose levels and body weight of DCI rats. Behavioural tests in the water maze indicated that palmar ginseng effectively improved the learning and memory ability of DCI rats. HE and immunofluorescence staining showed that palmar ginseng improved DCI in rats, ameliorated hippocampal neuronal damage, and improved microglial activation. ELISA showed that palmar ginseng significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in the serum of DCI rats. Increased expression of anti-inflammatory factors was observed, and Western blot analysis showed that Palmar Ginseng regulated PI3K/Akt/mTOR and JAK2/STAT3 protein expression, promoted the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and inhibited JAK2/STAT3 protein phosphorylation in rat hippocampal tissues as well as in BV2 cells. Conclusions: Palmar ginseng may improve the onset and development of DCI by upregulating the phosphorylation of proteins in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

In the last decade, organoid research has entered a golden era, signifying a pivotal shift in the biomedical landscape. The year 2023 marked a milestone with the publication of thousands of papers in this arena, reflecting exponential growth. However, amid this burgeoning expansion, a comprehensive and accurate overview of the field has been conspicuously absent. Our review is intended to bridge this gap, providing a panoramic view of the rapidly evolving organoid landscape. We meticulously analyze the organoid field from eight distinctive vantage points, harnessing our rich experience in academic research, industrial application, and clinical practice. We present a deep exploration of the advances in organoid technology, underpinned by our long-standing involvement in this arena. Our narrative traverses the historical genesis of organoids and their transformative impact across various biomedical sectors, including oncology, toxicology, and drug development. We delve into the synergy between organoids and avant-garde technologies such as synthetic biology and single-cell omics and discuss their pivotal role in tailoring personalized medicine, enhancing high-throughput drug screening, and constructing physiologically pertinent disease models. Our comprehensive analysis and reflective discourse provide a deep dive into the existing landscape and emerging trends in organoid technology. We spotlight technological innovations, methodological evolution, and the broadening spectrum of applications, emphasizing the revolutionary influence of organoids in personalized medicine, oncology, drug discovery, and other fields. Looking ahead, we cautiously anticipate future developments in the field of organoid research, especially its potential implications for personalized patient care, new avenues of drug discovery, and clinical research. We trust that our comprehensive review will be an asset for researchers, clinicians, and patients with keen interest in personalized medical strategies. We offer a broad view of the present and prospective capabilities of organoid technology, encompassing a wide range of current and future applications. In summary, in this review we attempt a comprehensive exploration of the organoid field. We offer reflections, summaries, and projections that might be useful for current researchers and clinicians, and we hope to contribute to shaping the evolving trajectory of this dynamic and rapidly advancing field.

Improving seed germination and seedling development can potentially increase crop yield and improve quality in direct-seeded rice. This study aimed to detect loci or genes associated with rice seed germination. We reported the phenotypic analysis of seed germination in 103 rice accessions across two years, and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify loci underlying the genetic regulation of seed germination. A total of seven genetic loci were found to be associated with seed germination, including five loci that overlapped with the previously reported loci/genes, and two novel loci. Of these, two loci (qGP2 and qGP4.1) were stable across different environments. GP4 (Germination percentage 4), encoding a 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, was identified as the candidate gene of the major locus qGP4.1. A sequence analysis of GP4 revealed that four functional polymorphic sites in the coding region were significantly associated with germination percentage. The disruption of GP4 by gene editing resulted in faster seed germination and seedling establishment. Taken together, we have identified GP4 as a novel gene involved in rice seed germination, and we provide a potential target gene for improving rice seed vigor via gene editing or molecular breeding.

For high-precision navigation, obtaining and maintaining high-precision point-of-interest (POI) data on the road network is crucial. In urban areas with complex terrains, the accuracy of traditional road network POI acquisition methods often falls short. To address this issue, we introduce DualNet-PoiD, a hybrid neural network designed for the efficient recognition of road network POIs in intricate urban environments. This method leverages multimodal sensory data, incorporating both vehicle trajectories and remote sensing imagery. Through an enhanced dual-attention dilated link network (DAD-LinkNet) based on ResNet18, the system extracts static geometric features of roads from remote sensing images. Concurrently, an improved gated recirculation unit (GRU) captures dynamic traffic characteristics implied by vehicle trajectories. The integration of a fully connected layer (FC) enables the high-precision identification of various POIs, including traffic light intersections, gas stations, parking lots, and tunnels. To validate the efficacy of DualNet-PoiD, we collected 500 remote sensing images and 50,000 taxi trajectory data samples covering road POIs in the central urban area of the mountainous city of Chongqing. Through comprehensive area comparison experiments, DualNet-PoiD demonstrated a high recognition accuracy of 91.30%, performing robustly even under conditions of complex occlusion. This confirms the network’s capability to significantly improve POI detection in challenging urban settings.

The alcohol extraction of P. sibiricum has exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the production of free radicals and the proliferation of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) A549 cells. Despite the diverse components found in alcohol extraction of P. sibiricum and its multiple targets, the active components and associated targets remain largely unidentified. Hence, there is a need for additional investigation into the pharmacodynamic elements and mechanisms of action. This study aimed to analyze and identify the components responsible for the anti-tumor activity of alcohol extraction from P. sibiricum using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS for the first time. Subsequently, the targets of the active components were predicted using the SwissTargetPrediction database, whereas the targets for NSCLC were sourced from the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database (OMIM) and the GeneCards database. Next, the targets of chemical composition were integrated with disease targets via Venny online. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed utilizing DAVID. Subsequently, a network analysis of “components-targets-pathways” was established using Cytoscape 3.8.2 and assessed with the “network analyzer” plug-in. Molecular docking was conducted utilizing Autodock 1.5.6. The study aimed to examine the anti-proliferative impacts and underlying mechanisms of alcohol extraction from P. sibiricum on NSCLC through in vivo and in vitro investigations utilizing an animal model of transplanted tumor, CCK8 assay, cell scratch test, RT-qPCR, and western blotting. The study unveiled that 17 active components extracted from P. sibiricum alcohol demonstrated anti-non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) effects through the modulation of 191 targets and various significant signaling pathways. These pathways include Endocrine resistance, PI3K/AKT, Chemical carcinogenesis-receptor activation, Proteoglycans in cancer, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, AMPK signaling pathway, and other related signaling pathways. Network analysis and molecular docking results indicated that specific compounds such as (25S)-26-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-furost-5-en3β,22α,26-triol3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-glucopyranoside, Timosaponin H1, Deapi-platycodin D3, (3R)-5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethyl-3-(4′-hydroxybenzyl)-chroman-4-one, Disporopsin, Funkioside F, Kingianoside E, Parisyunnanoside H, and Sibiricoside B primarily targeted 17 key proteins (BCL2, EGFR, ESR1, ESR2, GRB2, IGF1R, JUN, MAP2K1, MAPK14, MAPK8, MDM2, MMP9, mTOR, PIK3CA, RAF1, RPS6KB1, and SRC) collectively. In conclusion, the alcohol extraction of P. sibiricum demonstrated inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of metastasis through various pathways.

Plant community characteristics and soil properties are critical indicators for evaluating wetland degradation and restoration. In order to investigate how the degradation of inland salt marsh wetlands affects plants and soils as well as the response relationship between plants and soils under different degradation degrees, this paper selected inland salt marsh wetlands with different degradation degrees in the wetland area of western Songnen Plain, and analyzed the characteristics of plant communities, soils and their relationships. The results show that: that the important value of Gramineae plants decreased by about 21% with increasing degradation, while the vital value of Cyperaceae and weeds increased by 10% and 9%, respectively. Plant height decreased significantly, and coverage and density showed a decreasing and then increasing trend. Overall, species diversity shows a trend of increasing and then decreasing, indicating that the structure of plant communities tends to be more straightforward and more complex with increasing degradation. Soil electrical conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) content decreased significantly with the degree of degradation from ND (non degradation) to HD (heavy degradation) by 34.08%, 19.56%, and 35.82%, respectively. Soil C:N increased from 13.13 to 17.97. Soil N:P and C:P decreased from 5.56 to 3.28 and from 71.59 to 54.02, respectively. Soil factors affecting wetland plants were inconsistent at different stages of degradation. Changes in soil nitrogen and phosphorus content were correlated with changes in wetland vegetation community structure. Therefore, exploring how wetland degradation affects plants and soils can provide a scientific basis for wetland degradation assessment and wetland restoration.

Abstract Satellite observations covering the last four decades reveal an ocean warming pattern resembling the negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. This pattern has therefore been widely interpreted as a manifestation of natural climate variability. Here, we re-examine the observed warming pattern and find that the predominant warming over the subtropical oceans, while mild warming or even cooling over the subpolar ocean, is dynamically consistent with the convergence and divergence of surface water. By comparison of observations, paleo-reconstructions, and model simulations, we propose that the observed warming pattern is likely a short-term transient response to the increased CO2 forcing, which only emerges during the early stage of anthropogenic warming. On centennial to millennial timescales, the subpolar ocean warming is expected to exceed the temporally dominant warming of the subtropical ocean. This delayed but amplified subpolar ocean warming has the potential to reshape the ocean-atmosphere circulation and threaten the stability of marine-terminating ice sheets.

Grasslands have been increasingly impacted by human activities, gradually becoming one of the most threatened ecosystems globally. Advanced geographic information technology and remote sensing techniques allow for a fresh perspective on studying the response of the grassland degradation index (GDI) to climate change. This study utilized remote sensing image data of grasslands to calculate the vegetation coverage and derive the GDI for five grassland regions of China from 2001 to 2019. The results indicate that the national degradation status of grasslands remained at a level of mild degradation. The increasing trend of the GDI in some regions was effectively inhibited by regional climate change, especially in the Northeastern and Northern Plain–Mountain–Hill Grassland regions, where the GDI showed a continuous decreasing trend. GDI was strongly correlated with atmospheric pressure, precipitation, temperature, and wind speed. In the arid northern region, the increasing precipitation and decreasing temperatures predominantly contributed to the depressed GDI. In the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau Grassland region, the instability of the GDI is attributed to fluctuating atmospheric pressure, with a correlation coefficient ranging from 0.5 to 0.8. Our findings underscore the importance of meteorological factors to evaluate and forecast grassland ecosystem stability. This understanding is vital for developing informed conservation and management strategies to address current and future climate challenges.

Administrative regions are fundamental geographic elements on maps, thus making their detection in map images crucial to enhancing intelligent map interpretation. However, existing methods in this field primarily depend on the texture features within the images and do not account for the influence of spatial and co-existence relationships among different targets. In this study, taking the administrative regions of the Chinese Mainland, Taiwan, Tibet, and Henan as test targets, we employed the spatial and co-existence relationships of pairs of targets to improve target detection performance. Firstly, these four regions were detected using a simple Single-Target Cascading detection model based on RetinaNet. Subsequently, the detection results were adjusted with the spatial and co-existence relationships of each pair of targets. The adjusted outcomes demonstrate a significant increase in target detection accuracy, as well as precision (from 0.62 to 0.96) and F1 score (from 0.76 to 0.88), for the Chinese Mainland target. This study contributes to the advancement of intelligent map interpretation.

Inland salt marsh wetlands have very important ecological functions in semi-arid areas. However, degradation and soil desertification have impacted these areas, making it necessary to study the impact of wetland restoration years on the soil quality of salt marsh wetland. We used remote sensing methods, field surveys, and inquiries to examine the seasonal profile effects of two-, four-, and six-year restoration periods on total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus (N:P) in P. australis and S. triqueter wetland natural states. Our results showed that soil TN in P. australis wetland in restored conditions was higher than that in natural conditions. The average soil TP of the S. triqueter wetlands at 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–30 cm, and 30–40 cm layers was 0.36 g/kg, 0.31 g/kg, 0.21 g/kg, and 0.17 g/kg s in September, respectively. The soil TP of the S. triqueter wetland increased slightly over the entire growing season. The restoration years had a great influence on the soil TP of the S. triqueter wetland from May to July. The soil TN in the P. australis wetland was almost restored to its natural condition in each layer during the six-year restoration period. The soil TP of the S. triqueter wetland was higher in the restored two-year period and showed a decreasing trend with an increased soil depth. Our conclusions can significantly guide the restoration of inland salt marsh wetlands.

To address the ecological security issues in the Songnen Plain, this study constructs the ecological security pattern by using the Multi-Criteria Evaluation Method, Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model, and Circuit Connectivity Model. Results show that: 1) The ecological source areas were 66, 52, and 56 blocks in 2000, 2010, and 2020 respectively, which are composed mainly of forests, water bodies, and wetlands. The distribution of resistance values of the ecological resistance surface shows a gradually increases trend from the source areas to the outward surrounding regions. The high and low value areas are more dispersed, consisting with the overall spatial distribution; 2) The numbers of ecological corridors show a temporal declining trend from 178 in 2000 to 159 in 2020 with a reduction of 645.46 km in total length. Node areas are mainly distributed in the southwestern and central-eastern regions and its number decreased from 232 in 2000 to 229 in 2020. The sizes of obstacle areas are 74029.52 km2, 70203.72 km2, and 75529.72 km2 in the three periods; 3) The size of important ecological source areas has decreased by 5779.16 km2, the area of medium ecological source areas has increased by 11466.44 km2, and the area of general ecological source areas has increased by 9509.16 km2. The areas being classified as ecological conservation, ecological enhancement, ecological restoration, and ecological control are 30346.68 km2, 8480.56 km2, 51473.92 km2, and 122047.48 km2, respectively. The multiple spatial pattern optimization strategies are proposed based on the identified ecological source areas, corridors, node points, and other comprehensive ecological security patterns. It not only provides practical reference for the ecological restoration and ecological protection in the Songnen Plain, but also can be used for the ecological security pattern investigations in other study regions in the world.

Abstract Improving seed germination under drought stress has the potential to increase crop yield in dry direct‐seeded rice. In this study, a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to determine the genetic basis of seed germination under drought stress in a panel of 165 rice accessions using a multi‐locus compressed variance‐component mixed model, 3VmrMLM. A total of 33 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) were identified in association with drought tolerance during seed germination. Around these QTNs, eight were found to be co‐localized with known drought‐related genes. Furthermore, a causal candidate gene, OsGA2ox5, which encodes a gibberellin (GA) 2‐oxidase, was identified for QTN‐Chr07_242906 by integrating linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis and gene expression analysis. Knockout mutation of OsGA2ox5 resulted in delayed seed germination and retarded seedling growth under drought stress. RNA‐seq analysis revealed that OsGA2ox5 regulates drought tolerance during seed germination mainly by modulating carbohydrate metabolism. Additionally, a non‐synonymous coding variant in OsGA2ox5, SNP‐Chr07_218893, was found to be strongly associated with drought tolerance level during seed germination. These findings provide valuable information for further exploration of novel drought‐related genes and genetic improvement of rice drought tolerance in the future.

Recent studies have reported a shift in the Arctic sea ice to a younger state after around 2007. This study reveals that this shift can be primarily attributed to a stepwise-type reduction in the extent of 4 years or older (4+ year) ice and its linked survivability. After this shift, the fraction of 4+ year ice extent relative to the total ice changed from 30.5 to 10.0%. Sea-ice survivability can serve as a key indicator of sea-ice persistence in response to other factors. We demonstrate that the decrease of 4+ year ice is controlled by the decrease of its linked survivability in a non-linear manner, signifying small alterations in the survivability can result in relatively large changes in the extent of 4+ year ice. The decrease in survivability is affected by both winter and summer processes. Summer melting contributed the most, while the contribution of the export through Fram Strait was minor. However, the significant rise in residual loss during the growth season suggests that other winter processes may also have played an important role.

Abstract Compared to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models, the Antarctic sea ice area (SIA) has been improved in Phase 6 (CMIP6). However, the lack of knowledge about the reliability of sea ice dynamic and thermodynamic processes in the CMIP6 models still limits the accuracy of Antarctic sea ice projections. Here, by using a novel and systematic statistical metric, the performance of CMIP5 and CMIP6 models with near‐realistic SIAs was assessed. We found improvements in CMIP6 models relative to CMIP5. Moreover, forcing the sea ice‐ocean model with atmospheric reanalysis led to excessive ice convergence compared to the fully coupled ocean‐sea ice‐atmosphere model, although the SIA bias could be much smaller. This prevalent insufficient ice divergence in the models is highly correlated with the negative ice thickness bias, highlighting the importance of ice thickness in the correct simulation of sea ice dynamics.

Objectives: To explore the effects of the Shuangshi Tonglin (SSTL) capsule on CP/CPPS and reveal the therapeutic mechanisms. Methods: A CP/CPPS rat-model group received an intraprostatic injection of CFA. SSTL capsule were administered daily by oral gavage at doses of 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 g/kg for 28 days. Pain threshold tests were performed, and prostate and blood samples were collected. We performed histological analysis of the prostate tissue and immunohistochemical analysis of TNF-α and COX-2. Measure the TNF-α levels, detect antioxidant levels in serum and prostate tissue, and evaluate the expression of proteins with the AMPK/SIRT-1 and MAPK signalling pathways. Results: After SSTL capsule treatment, all animals exhibited an increased mechanical pain threshold in the lower abdomen, decreased inflammation in the stroma, and reduced histological structural damage. Inflammation was reduced through the observed decrease in the levels of various inflammatory factors, as well as in the increase of the levels of MDA, p-AMPK, and SIRT-1. The suppression of IKKβ, p-P38, p-ERK and p-JNK was also observed. Conclusions: SSTL capsule treatment decreased inflammation in the stroma and reduced histological structural damage. It improved CP/CPPS symptoms by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. Our study indicates that the SSTL capsule is an effective treatment for prostatitis.

The Arctic sea ice plays a significant role in climate-related processes and has a considerable effect on humans, however accurately predicting the Arctic sea ice concentration is still challenging. Recently, with the rise and development of artificial intelligence, big data technology, machine learning has been widely used in the field of sea ice prediction. In this study, we utilized a sea ice concentration dataset obtained from satellite remote sensing and applied the k-nearest-neighbors (Ice-kNN) machine learning model to forecast the summer Arctic sea ice concentration and extent on 122 days prediction. Based on the physical characteristics of summer sea ice, different algorithms are employed to optimize the prediction model. A drift-ice correction algorithm is designed to address the unrealistic drift ice around the sea ice edge, and a distance function combined with the spatial pattern is proposed to enhance similarity detection. Deseasonalized and detrended sea ice datasets and an expanded training library are also utilized to improve model performance. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis reveals a positive impact of net surface heat flux on sea ice prediction. The modified Ice-kNN model outperforms climatological and anomaly persistence predictions, demonstrating its applicability to predicting summer Arctic sea ice. The September sea ice extent hindcasts of the modified Ice-kNN model are compared to a variety of models submitted to the Sea Ice Prediction Network, underscoring its potential to improve predictive skill for Arctic sea ice.

Tropical regions experience a diverse range of dense clouds, posing challenges for the daily reconstruction of chlorophyll-a concentration data. This underscores the pressing need for a practical method to reconstruct daily-scale chlorophyll-a concentrations in such regions. While traditional data reconstruction methods focus on single variables and rely on specific factors to infer missing data at specific locations, these single-variable methods may falter when applied to tropical oceans due to the scarcity of available data. Fortunately, all oceanographic variables undergo similar atmospheric and marine dynamic processes, creating internal relationships between them. This allows for the reconstruction of missing data through correlations between variables. Thus, this study introduces a multivariate reconstruction approach using the extended data interpolating empirical orthogonal function (ExDINEOF) method to reconstruct missing daily-scale chlorophyll-a concentration data. The ExDINEOF method considers the simultaneous relationships among multiple variables for data reconstruction in tropical oceans. To verify the method’s robustness, missing data were reconstructed during the formation and passage of severe tropical cyclone Hudhud through the Bay of Bengal. The results demonstrate that ExDINEOF outperforms traditional data reconstruction methods, exhibiting favorable spatial distribution and enhanced accuracy within the dynamic tropical marine environment. Furthermore, an assessment of marine physical environmental factors associated with chlorophyll-a concentration data provides additional evidence for the ExDINEOF method’s accuracy. Notably, the ExDINEOF method offers comprehensive spatial distribution aligned with underlying physical mechanisms governing phytoplankton distribution patterns, detailed phytoplankton growth, bloom, extinction variations in time series, satisfactory accuracy, and comprehensive local-level details.

IntroductionMulberry bacterial wilt is a serious destructive soil-borne disease caused by a complex and diverse group of pathogenic bacteria. Given that the bacterial wilt has been reported to cause a serious damage to the yield and quality of mulberry, therefore, elucidation of its main pathogenic groups is essential in improving our understanding of this disease and for the development of its potential control measures.MethodsIn this study, combined metagenomic sequencing and culture-dependent approaches were used to investigate the microbiome of healthy and bacterial wilt mulberry samples.ResultsThe results showed that the healthy samples had higher bacterial diversity compared to the diseased samples. Meanwhile, the proportion of opportunistic pathogenic and drug-resistant bacterial flora represented by Acinetobacter in the diseased samples was increased, while the proportion of beneficial bacterial flora represented by Proteobacteria was decreased. Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC), Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC), Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. quasipneumoniae, K. michiganensis, K. oxytoca, and P. ananatis emerged as the main pathogens of the mulberry bacterial wilt.DiscussionIn conclusion, this study provides a valuable reference for further focused research on the bacterial wilt of mulberry and other plants.

The constant inherent optical properties (IOPs) for sea ice currently applied in sea ice models do not realistically represent the dividing of shortwave radiative fluxes in sea ice and the ocean below it. Here we implement a parameterization of variable IOPs based on ice microstructures in the Los Alamos sea ice model, version 6.0 (CICE6) and investigate its effects on the simulation of the dividing of shortwave radiation and sea ice in the Arctic. Our sensitivity experiments indicate that variable IOP parameterization results in strong seasonal variation for the IOP parameters, typically reaching the seasonal maximum in the boreal summer. With such large differences, variable IOP parameterization leads to increased absorbed solar radiation at the surface and in the interior of Arctic sea ice relative to constant IOPs, up to ~3 W/m2, but decreased solar radiation penetrating into the ocean, up to ~5–6 W/m2. The changes in the dividing of shortwave fluxes in sea ice and the ocean below it induced by the variable IOPs have significant influence on Arctic sea ice thickness by modulating surface and bottom melting and frazil ice formation (increasing surface melting by ~16% and reducing bottom melting by ~11% in summer).

Two coupled climate models that participated in the CMIP6 project (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6), the Earth System Model of Chinese Academy of Sciences version 2 (CAS-ESM2-0), and the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Earth System Model version 3 (NESM3) were assessed in terms of the impact of four new sea ice parameterization schemes. These four new schemes are related to air–ice heat flux, radiation penetration and absorption, melt ponds, and ice–ocean flux, respectively. To evaluate the effectiveness of these schemes, key sea ice variables with and without these new schemes, such as sea ice concentration (SIC) and sea ice thickness (SIT), were compared against observation and reanalysis products from 1980 to 2014. The simulations followed the design of historical experiments within the CMIP6 framework. The results revealed that both models demonstrated improvements in simulating Arctic SIC and SIT when the new parameterization schemes were implemented. The model bias of SIC in some marginal sea ice zones of the Arctic was reduced, especially during March. The SIT was increased and the transpolar gradient of SIT was reproduced. The changes in spatial patterns of SIC and SIT after adding new schemes bear similarities between the two coupled models. This suggests that the new schemes have the potential for broad application in climate models for simulation and future climate scenario projection, especially for those with underestimated SIT.

Sea ice motion (SIM) plays a crucial role in setting the distribution of the ice cover in the Arctic. Limited by images’ spatial resolution and tracking algorithms, challenges exist in obtaining coastal sea ice motion (SIM) based on passive microwave satellite sensors. In this study, we developed a method based on random forest (RF) models to obtain Arctic SIM in winter by incorporating wind field and coastal geographic location information. These random forest models were trained using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) SIM data. Our results show good consistency with SIM data retrieved from satellite imagery and buoy observations. With respect to the SAR data, compared with SIM estimated with RF model training using reanalysis surface wind, the results by additional coastal information input had a lower root mean square error (RMSE) and a higher correlation coefficient by 31% and 14% relative improvement, respectively. The latter SIM result also showed a better performance for magnitude, especially within 100 km of the coastline in the north of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. In addition, the influence of coastline on SIM is quantified through variable importance calculation, at 22% and 28% importance of all RF variables for east and north SIM components, respectively. These results indicate the great potential of RF models for estimating SIM over the whole Arctic Ocean in winter.

With an ice-free Arctic, strong El Niño frequency increases 1/3 + . Almost half the increase by 2100 links to Arctic ice loss, not other greenhouse forcing. The Arctic’s influence on ENSO may represent a novel driver of changing climate extremes globally.

Abstract This paper presents a novel low‐cost digital calibration scheme using Adaptive‐LMS for high‐resolution SAR ADCs. This proposed Adaptive‐LMS is realized by perturbing adaptive analog offset and skipping several LSBs' calibration. Compared with a digital calibration scheme based on conventional LMS, the design saves not only die cost but also testing cost (less testing time). During the testing process, the proposed method requires only 16,000 samples to calibrate the capacitor mismatch and the SNDR is improved from 54.1 dB to 68.1 dB for a 12‐bit SAR ADC.

Osteoarthritic (OA) is characterized by progressive destruction of joint cartilage. Here, the authors show that microRNA-17 plays a dual role in maintaining cartilage homeostasis and in the prevention of osteoarthritis, by targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1α as well as multiple matrix-degrading enzymes.

Sea ice thickness (SIT), which is a crucial and sensitive indicator of climate change in the Antarctic, has a substantial impact on atmosphere-sea-ice-ocean interactions. Despite the slight thinning in SIT and reduction in sea ice volume (SIV) in the Antarctic in the recent decade, challenges remain in quantifying their changes, primarily because of the limited availability of high-quality long-term observational data. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately simulate Antarctic SIT and to assess the SIT simulation capability of state-of-the-art climate models. In this study, we evaluated historical simulations of SIT by 51 climate models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) using Envisat (ES) and CryoSat-2 (CS2) observations. Results revealed that most models can capture the seasonal cycles in SIV and that the CMIP6 multimodel mean (MMM) can reproduce the increasing and decreasing trends in the SIV anomaly based on ES and CS2 data, although the magnitudes of the trends in the SIV anomaly are underestimated. Additionally, the intermodel spread in simulations of SIT and SIV was found to be reduced (by 43%) from CMIP5 to CMIP6. Nevertheless, based on the CMIP6 MMM, substantial underestimations in SIV of 57.52% and 59.66% were found compared to those derived from ES and CS2 observations, respectively. The most notable underestimation in SIT was located in the sea ice deformation zone surrounding the northwestern Weddell Sea, coastal areas of the Bellingshausen and Amundsen seas, and the eastern Ross Sea. The substantial bias in the simulated SIT might result from deficiencies in simulating critical physical processes such as ocean heat transport, dynamic sea ice processes, and sea ice-ocean interactions. Therefore, increasing the model resolution and improving the representation of sea ice dynamics and the physical processes controlling sea ice-ocean interactions are essential for improving the accuracy of Antarctic sea ice simulation.

The long-term trends and variability of hydroclimate variables are critical for water resource management, as well as adaptation to climate change. Three popular methods were used in this study to explore the trends and variability of hydroclimate variables during last 122 years in the Songhua River (SHR), one of most important river systems in China. Results show the followings: (1) There was an obvious pattern of decadal oscillations, with three positive and three negative precipitation and streamflow anomalies. The lengths of these phases vary from 11 to 36 years. (2) Annual temperature demonstrated a statistically significant increasing trend in the last 122 years, and the trend magnitude was 0.30 °C/10 years in the last 50–60 years, being larger than that of the global surface temperature. It has increased much faster since 1970. (3) Monthly precipitation in the winter season in recent years was almost the same as that in earlier periods, but a significantly increasing monthly streamflow was observed due to snowmelt under a warming climate. (4) A statistically significant correlation between hydroclimate variables and climate indices can be determined. These results could be used to make better water resource management decisions in the SHR, especially under future climate change scenarios.

Abstract Spinal cord injury (SCI) involves diverse injury responses in different cell types in a temporally and spatially specific manner. Here, using single-cell transcriptomic analyses combined with classic anatomical, behavioral, electrophysiological analyses, we report, with single-cell resolution, temporal molecular and cellular changes in crush-injured adult mouse spinal cord. Data revealed pathological changes of 12 different major cell types, three of which infiltrated into the spinal cord at distinct times post-injury. We discovered novel microglia and astrocyte subtypes in the uninjured spinal cord, and their dynamic conversions into additional stage-specific subtypes/states. Most dynamic changes occur at 3-days post-injury and by day-14 the second wave of microglial activation emerged, accompanied with changes in various cell types including neurons, indicative of the second round of attacks. By day-38, major cell types are still substantially deviated from uninjured states, demonstrating prolonged alterations. This study provides a comprehensive mapping of cellular/molecular pathological changes along the temporal axis after SCI, which may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies, including those targeting microglia.

Abstract The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is known as one of the most sensitive regions to climate change, and it has experienced accelerated warming in recent decades. However, to what degree the TP warming amplification relates to remote forcing such as sea ice loss in the Arctic sea ice remains unclear. Here, we found that the decline of sea ice concentration over the Barents-Kara Sea (BKS) could account for 18–32% of the winter warming over the TP by comparing observational data and ensemble experiments from an atmospheric general circulation model. The reduced BKS sea ice and resultant upward turbulent heat fluxes can intensify a Rossby wave train propagating equatorward to the TP. As a result, the enhanced southwesterlies towards the TP strengthen the warm advection over most parts of the TP and lead to TP warming. In addition, an atmospheric teleconnection between the Arctic and the TP also exists in the interannual variability. That is, a tripole mode in air temperature, with warm centers in the Arctic and TP but a cold center in the mid-high latitudes of the Eurasian continent in between. Our results imply that the BKS sea ice loss could intensify such a tripole mode and thus enhancing the winter TP warming.

Effective landslide disaster risk management contributes to sustainable development. A useful method for emergency management and landslide avoidance is Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM). The statistical landslide susceptibility prediction model based on slope unit ignores the re-lationship between landslide triggering factors and spatial characteristics. It disregards the influence of adjacent image elements around the slope-unit element. Therefore, this paper proposes a hardwired kernels-3DCNN approach to LSMs considering spatial-factor features. This method effectively solved the problem of low dimensionality of 3D convolution in the hazard factor layer by combining Prewitt operators to enhance the generation of multi-level 3D cube input data sets. The susceptibility value of the target area was then calculated using a 3D convolution to extract spatial and multi-factor features between them. A geospatial dataset of 402 landslides in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, China, was created for this study. Nine landslide trigger factors, including topography and geomorphology, stratigraphic lithology, rainfall, and human influences, were employed in the LSM. The research area’s pixel points’ landslide probabilities were then estimated by the training model, yielding the sensitivity maps. According to the results of this study, the 3DCNN model performs better when spatial information are included and trigger variables are taken into account, as shown by the high values of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and other quantitative metrics. The proposed model outperforms CNN and SVM in AUC by 4.3% and 5.9%, respectively. Thus, the 3DCNN model, with the addition of spatial attributes, effectively improves the prediction accuracy of LSM. At the same time, this paper found that the model performance of the proposed method is related to the actual space size of the landslide body by comparing the impact of input data of different scales on the proposed method.

Analyzing runoff variation characteristics and quantifying the impact of different factors on the runoff variation in the source area of Lancang River, are of significance for scientific response to the ecological protection of the region and Lancang River. The Budyko method is adopted to quantitatively calculate the contribution rate of human factors and climate factors to runoff change in the source area of Lancang River. The results show that: 1) the annual runoff at Qamdo hydrological station decreased significantly during 1961–2018. 2) 1966 is the mutation year of runoff at Qamdo hydrological station from 1961 to 2018. 3) At the Qamdo hydrological station, the contribution rates of precipitation P) to the runoff change are 16.92–72.8% before 1990 and -1.91∼-53.61% after 1990, the contribution rates of potential evaporation (ET0) to the runoff changes are 0.14–39.19%. The contribution rates of human factors ω) to the runoff changes are between 26.9% and 114.42%. This study has important theoretical reference and practical significant for maintaining the integrity and sustainable development of the ecosystems of the Lancang River.

Antarctic sea ice extent dropped to its lowest level in 45 years of satellite observations on 2023 February 21, the second year in a row with an area below 2 million km2. This occurrence raises the question of whether the recent change in Antarctic sea ice is a brief anomaly or an early precursor to a transition to a long-term decline.

Transcriptome analysis is important for the quality improvement of edible fungi, however, the effect of polyethylene (PE) packaging on the preservation of Pleurotus eryngii at the transcriptome level still needs to be further investigated. In order to elucidate the effect of PE on delaying lignification of P. eryngii, this study focused on exploring effects of PE on enzymes and genes involved in lignification. The results showed that PE packaging delayed the deterioration of phenotype, color difference and weight loss rate of P. eryngii, inhibited lignin and H2O2 content and maintained firmness and cellulose content. The activities of PAL, POD, 4-CL were inhibited, and more laccase expression was activated. Fifty-five differentially expressed genes associated with laccase, multifunctional peroxidase (VP), POD and 4-CL were screened from 10 d, 20 d and 30 d transcriptome data. These results show that PE could inhibit lignification of P. eryngii by up-regulating laccase and VP related genes involved in lignin decomposition and down-regulating the expression of genes involved in lignin synthesis. Meanwhile, we employed Confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM) to realize lignin cell level visualization and PE could reduce lignin deposition and weaken the lignin signal bands formed. Therefore, PE can alleviate the lignification of P. eryngii during storage by regulating the expression of specific genes, advancing the understanding of lignification in postharvest P. eryngii at the molecular level, and CRM has the potential to detect the changes of P. eryngii cell wall.

Abstract Large-scale COVID-19 vaccinations are currently underway in many countries in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we report, besides generation of neutralizing antibodies, consistent alterations in hemoglobin A1c, serum sodium and potassium levels, coagulation profiles, and renal functions in healthy volunteers after vaccination with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Similar changes had also been reported in COVID-19 patients, suggesting that vaccination mimicked an infection. Single-cell mRNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) before and 28 days after the first inoculation also revealed consistent alterations in gene expression of many different immune cell types. Reduction of CD8+ T cells and increase in classic monocyte contents were exemplary. Moreover, scRNA-seq revealed increased NF-κB signaling and reduced type I interferon responses, which were confirmed by biological assays and also had been reported to occur after SARS-CoV-2 infection with aggravating symptoms. Altogether, our study recommends additional caution when vaccinating people with pre-existing clinical conditions, including diabetes, electrolyte imbalances, renal dysfunction, and coagulation disorders.