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The population history of Southeast (SE) China remains poorly understood due to the sparse sampling of present-day populations and limited modeling with ancient genomic data. We report genome-wide genotyping data from 207 present-day Han Chinese and Hmong-Mien (HM)-speaking She people from Fujian and Taiwan Island, SE China. We coanalyzed 66 Early Neolithic to Iron Age ancient Fujian and Taiwan Island individuals obtained from previously published works to explore the genetic continuity and admixture based on patterns of genetic variations of the high-resolution time transect. We found the genetic differentiation between northern and southern East Asians was defined by a north–south East Asian genetic cline and our studied southern East Asians were clustered in the southern end of this cline. The southeastern coastal modern East Asians are genetically similar to other southern indigenous groups as well as geographically close to Neolithic-to-Iron Age populations, but they also shared excess alleles with post-Neolithic Yellow River ancients, which suggested a southward gene flow on the modern southern coastal gene pool. In addition, we identified one new HM genetic cline in East Asia with the coastal Fujian HM-speaking She localizing at the intersection between HM and Han clines. She people show stronger genetic affinity with southern East Asian indigenous populations, with the main ancestry deriving from groups related to southeastern ancient indigenous rice farmers. The southeastern Han Chinese could be modeled with the primary ancestry deriving from the group related to the Yellow River Basin millet farmers and the remaining from groups related to rice farmers, which was consistent with the northern China origin of modern southeastern Han Chinese and in line with the historically and archaeologically attested southward migrations of Han people and their ancestors. Our estimated north–south admixture time ranges based on the decay of the linkage disequilibrium spanned from the Bronze Age to historic periods, suggesting the recent large-scale population migrations and subsequent admixture participated in the formation of modern Han in SE Asia. This study was supported by the Major Project of National Social Science Foundation of China (the origin and evolution of Sino‐Tibetan language family from a multidisciplinary perspective, 21&ZD285) granted to Chuan‐Chao Wang, the“Double First‐Class University Plan” key construction project of Xiamen University (the origin and evolution of East Asian populations and the spread of Chinese civilization, 0310/X2106027), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 31801040), Nanqiang Outstanding Young Talents Program of Xiamen University (X2123302), the Major Project of National Social Science Foundation of China (20&ZD248), and the European Research Council (ERC) grant (ERC‐2019‐ADG‐883700‐TRAM). Yingxiang Li was supported by the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20180180). Guanglin He was supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M691879).

Crop straw can not only be used as a raw material for bioenergy, but also can protect the soil after returning to the field. This research constructs a hybrid operation management model for combined power generation with multiple biomass fuels, with the purpose of exploring the impact of environmental protection on the operation and maintenance of biomass companies. First, the potential straw supply under different soil function protection scenarios was calculated. Based on this, a biomass power plant operation strategy was formulated under the mixed supply of multiple biomass. Lastly, taking Shandong Province as a sample case to verify the effectiveness of the model, we found that, (1) the theoretical amount of straw in Shandong Province in 2019 is about 78.57 million tons. Taking into account the agricultural, industrial and household use of crop straw, the total available straw in Shandong Province is 10.3–22.31 million tons. (2) owing to the heterogeneity of different straws, soil function protection will have great impacts on the inventory management of straw power plants. Reasonable straw allocation under different soil function protection scenarios can greatly improve the efficiency of different crop straws. In the case of high return to the field, the selection of maize decreased by 20%, and the amount of straw represented by potato increased by 40%. (3) Prioritizing soil function protection will reduce the total amount of straw that can be used for bio-energy production and reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the process of power generation. Therefore, when planning arbon capture and storage (CCS) technology based on straw power generation, the impact of soil function protection should also be fully considered.

Identifying the association between long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and micro-RNA (miRNA) is of great significance for the treatment of diseases by interfering with the combination of miRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA). Although many efforts and resources have been invested to identify lncRNA-miRNA associations (LMAs), clinical trials are still expensive and laborious. Nevertheless, the experiments also need to consult a large number of side effects. Therefore, novel computer-aided models are urgently needed to predict LMAs. This paper proposed a semantic embedded bipartite graph network for predicting lncRNA-miRNA associations (SEBGLMA), which provided a novel feature extraction method by integrating K-mer segmentation, word2vec, Gaussian interaction profile (GIP), and graph convolution network (GCN). Concretely, the attribute characteristics of RNA sequences are extracted by K-mer segmentation and word2vec modules. Afterward, the adjacent matrix is completed by GIP self-similarity. Then, the attribute characteristics and adjacent matrix are fed into GCN for embedding behavior features. Finally, the features are sent into the rotation forest (RoF) for detecting potential LMAs. The average accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, Matthews correlation coefficient, and F1-Score are 87.09%, 87.66%, 87.03%, 87.84%, 74.18%, and 86.99% on the benchmark data set. For fairly validating the performance of our model, we conducted various comparisons with different classifiers. Furthermore, the case studies of hsa-miR-497-5P and NONHSAT022145.2 are also established. The results of comparisons and case studies further illustrated that our method is anticipated to become a robust and reliable tool for the identification of LMAs.

In control engineering, numerical stability and real time are the two most important requirements for the matrix inversion. This article presents an efficient and robust method for the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) calculation of the matrix inversion. We initially consider the scenario that the matrix to be processed is a nonsingular Hermitian matrix. The proposed computation procedures are composed of the matrix decomposition, triangular matrix inversion, and matrices multiplication. The first procedure is completed by LDL factorization based on the outer form of Cholesky's method, whereas the recursive algorithm for block submatrices is adopted to achieve the triangular matrix inversion. The new method has the high level in the parallel pipelining mechanism and steals the characteristics of both the upper triangular matrix and its inversion to reduce the computation load and improve the numerical stability. Furthermore, the non-Hermitian matrix inversion can be easily solved if another procedure is added in the new method. Finally, we compare our method with the exiting FPGA-based techniques on one Xilinx Virtex-7 XC7VX690T FPGA. Meanwhile, it has solved one array antenna control problem of the adaptive digital beam forming for one phased array radar successfully.

AIM: To investigate the change of ocular surface and corneal nerve and their correlation in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus under different degrees of retinopathy. METHODS: Totally 129 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (257 eyes) were included. They were divided into three groups: no diabetic retinopathy (NDR) group (33 cases, 66 eyes), non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group (32 cases, 64 eyes), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) group (34 cases, 67 eyes). Healthy normal individuals were enrolled as controls (30 cases, 60 eyes). Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was completed by all subjects, and dry eye analyzer was applied to examine tear meniscus height (TMH), first tear break-up time (FTBUT), average tear break-up time (ATBUT), tear film lipid layer thickness classification, and meibomian gland loss (MGL) score. Corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), corneal nerve branch density (CNBD), corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL), and corneal nerve fiber tortuosity (CNFT) were examined by in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). The differences and correlation among these parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: Total OSDI score, TMH, FTBUT, ATBUT, tear film lipid layer thickness, MGL score, CNFD, CNBD, CNFL, and CNFT were statistically different among the four groups (P

Reductions in the transportation sector's carbon dioxide emissions are increasingly of global concern. As one of the first low-carbon pilot and carbon trading pilot cities, and as one of the largest automobile production bases in China, Chongqing has multiple low-carbon transportation policies that are coupled. In this study, three policy scenarios are set, including: 1) improving the fuel economy of newly sold gasoline passenger cars to 5.7 l per 100 km by 2020, 2) promoting pure electric private cars to increase the share to 7% of private car sales by 2020, and 3) the policy mix scenario of the above two policies. Simulations are undertaken with the Chinese Academy of Sciences general equilibrium (CAS-GE) model, a type of computable GE model, to assess the macro-economic impact and the industrial impact of the three policy scenarios. Through the policy impact mechanism analysis and data-mapping process, the micro-economic impact analysis results, including costs and fuel savings, for the two policies from the bottom-up model are taken as the shock variables and inputs for the CAS-GE model. The results show that: 1) the two policies will both have a slightly negative impact (−0.09% and −0.30%) on Chongqing's GDP in 2020; 2) the employment rate will decrease by 0.12% and 0.47%, but the inflation rate will be restrained to a certain extent (−0.21% and −0.17%); and 3) the complementarity of the mixed policy can weaken the negative impact of the two policies when implemented separately. The mixed policy will reduce the GDP slightly by 0.37%, compared with the cumulative effect of the two policies implemented separately, resulting in cost-effective synergies at the macro-economic impact level; and 4) the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has an uncertain impact on the results. The method and results can provide a reference for the formulation and adjustment of low-carbon transportation policies in other large cities.

In the context of white complex Gaussian noise, this study presents one constant false-alarm rate mono-pulse detector for both the narrowband and wideband pulse-Doppler (PD) radars. To this end, coherent-like integration is proposed to improve the signal-to-noise ratios of one radar echo. The PD radar returned signals are first performed by stretch processing. Stretched signals are analysed by short-time Fourier transform (STFT) in the time-frequency representation. Coherent-like integration is then utilised to operate the two-dimensional (2D) STFT matrix and the new 2D matrices after coherent-like integration are decomposed to obtain singular values. Finally, the largest singular value, which is assumed to be corresponding to an isolated scatterer for narrowband PD radars (dominate scatterer for wideband PD radars) is selected as the test static to be compared with the detection threshold. Since the new detector is not highly sensitive to the target motion, it can solve the detection problem of the high-speed manoeuvring target. Furthermore, the experiments based on raw data are conducted to illustrate the performance of the proposed detector.

Objective To investigate the pregnancy outcome of patients with preeclampsia (PE). Methods The data of 26 206 pregnant and lying-in women were retrospective analyzed who gave birth in Daping Hospital of the Army Medical University from Jan. 1, 2013 to Apr. 30, 2019, diagnosed with the 8th and 9th version of gynecology and obstetrics textbook. Excluding 62 cases of diabetes combined pregnancy, 445 cases of hypothyroidism combined pregnancy, 180 cases of polyhydramnios, 1592 cases of macrosomia (≥4 kg), 89 cases of chronic hypertension with PE, and 629 cases of multifetation. The remaining 23 209 cases, according to the final diagnosis, were divided into PE group (532 cases) which was divided again into mild-PE group (134 cases) and severe-PE groups (398 cases), and the 22 677 remainders acted as the control group. The age, gestational weeks, number of births, mode of delivery, pregnancy complications and neonatal status in the three groups were compared, and the thyroid function among the groups was analyzed in detail. Results The proportion of elderly parturients was higher in both mild-PE group (29.2%) and severe-PE groups (20.6%) than that in control group (12.4%). The rates of premature delivery and cesarean section were higher in both mild-PE group (19.7% and 55.0%) and severe-PE groups (70.1% and 94.2%) than those in control group (10.0% and 48.2%). The incidences of hypothyroidism during pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and infants younger than gestational age were higher in both mild-PE group (26.9%, 10.5% and 7.5%) and severe-PE groups (23.9%, 9.3% and 22.1%) than those in control group (17.5%, 3.5% and 2.9%); The incidences of placental abruption and stillborn foetus were obviously higher in severe-PE group (3.8% and 7.3%) than those in control group (0.6% and 0.7%). The incidence of gestational diabetes was significantly higher in mild-PE group (41.8%) than that in control group (30.0%), and of umbilical cord around neck was significantly lower in severe-PE group (17.6%) than that in control group (25.1%). Conclusions The incidences of complications and therapeutic premature delivery in PE patients is increased. Hypothyroidism during pregnancy is a potential risk factor and should be strenuously supervised. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2019.11.06

In this paper, we use a stochastic dynamic programming model to evaluate the impacts of uncertainties on the abatement planning process. By involving the endogenous emission path, we differentiate two types of uncertainties during the planning process, which come from the volatility of the abatement cost and the ambiguity of emission rate. Results suggest that the considered uncertainties influence the decision-making process in several aspects by shaping the abatement path as well as emission path. (1) The impacts vary with the expected value and the level of variance of the uncertainty effects. Uncertainties caused by abatement costs from 0.02 to 0.06 and emission factors from 0.01 to 0.03 increase the total abatement costs around 7% and 5% respectively. (2) Both of these uncertainties can generate precautionary abatement in short-term. Especially during the early stages, the abatement task will be increased by 1% around in each period due to the uncertainties. However such an action will be diminishing as the duration elapses. (3) Both of these uncertainties influence the long-term abatement performances, however, with different forms and mechanisms. With small volatility, the emission rate changes the priority sequence of abatement actions more substantially in the short-term than the emission rate does. (4) The combined uncertainties can behave in a compound way to improve the uncertainty performance in the model. The difference between the emission peaks of conservative and extreme cases is significant with the gap being about 5 million metric ton. These results have potentially important policy implications and can provide a rationale for abatement actions.

Various signals of finite length are often analysed by the Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD). Thus, this article deals with the implementation of their discrete WVDs on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). For the discrete WVD, its calculation procedures are composed of the autocorrelation function and Fourier transform. Since the autocorrelation procedure is the most time-consuming step in the entire computation process, the authors analyse the calculation procedure of autocorrelation function in detail. Here the proposed efficient method just calculates partial non-zero elements of the autocorrelation matrices in order to reduce the computation complexity. The FFT (built-in FPGAs) is then utilised to acquire the discrete WVD. In addition, the idea of the fully-pipelined and parallelism is borrowed to reduce the running time but at the cost of recourses. Finally, the authors provide implementations of both authors proposed method and two other algorithms on different FPGAs. The experimental results show that the Intel Arria-10 FPGA families are the better choice in the floating point arithmetic and that authors method has the best performance.

The carbonisation of energy structures is a principal reason for the high carbon levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the steel industry. The implementation of an energy substitution policy in the Chinese steel industry has important practical significance for this industry in terms of reducing CO2 emissions. Based on this, this paper divides 20 types of energy-saving and emission-reduction (ESER) technologies into 4 categories: coal-saving technology, electricity-saving technology, comprehensive energy-saving technology, and linkage technology according to the energy-saving effect of different technology on energy varieties. Considering the energy substitution constraints on energy structures within the steel industry, we construct a bottom-up optimisation model based on a scenario analysis to analyse the emission reductions under 3 different scenarios: the baseline scenario (BAU), policy scenario (PS), and strengthened policy scenario (SPS). Results show that the emission reduction of coal-saving technology and comprehensive energy-saving technology in 2030 is 102 million tons CO2 (MtCO2) and 129 MtCO2, respectively, in the PS, and 116 MtCO2 and 130 MtCO2, respectively, in the SPS. Compared with these types of technology, electricity-saving technology is maintained at the level of the BAU. Linkage technology is developed in the latter period of the SPS. The emission reduction of linkage technology in the SPS in 2030 will be 4.1 MtCO2. During the period of 2015–2020, priority should be given to the development of thin slab continuous casting technology in comprehensive energy-saving technology and the development of blast furnace thick phase high efficiency coal injection technology in coal-saving technology. During the period 2020–2030, priority should be given to the development of thick layer sintering technology, hot delivery & hot charging technology of continuous casting slab, online treatment technology in comprehensive energy-saving technology and low temperature rolling technology, converter ‘negative energy steelmaking’ technology, and double preheating technology for hot stove of blast furnace in coal-saving technology.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious complications during pregnancy, with a global incidence of 2%–8%. It is one of the important causes of the incidence and death of pregnant women and parturients. The main clinical manifestations are hypertension (systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >90 mmHg), proteinuria (>0.3 g/24 h) can be accompanied by renal dysfunction, thrombocytopenia, liver dysfunction, pulmonary edema and other multi-system and multiple organ involvement. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, obesity, PE family history, multiple pregnancy, maternal old age are the risk factors of PE. At present, the pathogenesis of PE is not completely clear, but more and more evidences suggest that the abnormal level of angiogenic factors and coagulation dysfunction are the main causes of the disease. The research progress in recent years has been reviewed in present paper in the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of PE, so as to provide a reference for clinical use. DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2019.05.11

The transport sector has been one of the largest source of carbon emission and urban air pollutants. The research on the coordinated development of pollutant and carbon emission reduction in transport industry is helpful to the realization of urban pollutant prevention and carbon emission reduction, especially in big cities. Thus, a multi-period bottom-up vehicle development mathematical model is proposed to analyze the technology development path, emission path and energy structure adjustment path, and the synergistic benefits of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction under a expected air pollution emission standard. Four pollutants, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM), generated from the vehicle are considered in this model. Then, the proposed model is used to analyze the related vehicle structure and energy consumption under the expected emission standards for Beijing during 2020 and 2035. The technology development path, emission path and energy structure adjustment path are examined, and the synergistic benefits of CO2 emission reduction are also studied. Some important implication are found as follows: (1) Even with the goal of environmental pollution control only, new energy vehicles will have an explosive growth period, starting from about 2025. (2) Strict air pollution emission policies do not always lead to the rapid development of new energy vehicles before 2025. (3) The four main pollutants show different levels of synergistic effect among which CO on HC and NOx on PM are obvious, respectively. (4) Even under the control of the air pollution policy, the synergistic effect to CO2 emission reduction is also obvious. Compared to the baseline case, the reduction benefit from the MILD and STRICT environmental policies are 30 and 70 million yuan, respectively.

To investigate the effect and mechanism of miR-124-3p-targeing regulating ABCA2 on chronic myelogenous leukemia cell K562-R.CML cells with miR-124-3p-overexpression and ABCA2-over-expression as well as subcutaneoustrans planted tumor nude mice were used as study objects. And the CML cells were divided into four groups: K562-R blank control, miR-124-3p mimic control, ABCA2-overexpression and mimic+PC ABCA2. The effects of miR-124-3p and ABCA2 on CML cells were analyzed. The levels of proliferation-, apoptosis- and autophagy- related protein were determined by Western blot. qRT-PCR was employed to detect the levels of miR-124-3p and ABCA2 in K562-R cells. The relationship between miR-124-3p and ABCA2 was validated by luciferase reporter system assays and bioinformatics. Hoechst/immunohistochemical staining and CCK-8 assay were performed to investigate the function involved.miR-124-3p highly expressed in K562-S cells and lowly expressed in K562-R cells, however, ABCA2 lowly expressed in K562-S cells and highly expressed in K562-R cells. Over-expression of miR-124-3p significantly decreased ABCA2 level and cell growth, but increased autophagy and apoptosis in K562-R cells (P＜0.01). When ABCA2 was over-expressed, the K562-R cell growth was promoted and autophagy and apoptosis were inhibited (P＜0.01). The miR-124-3p promoted cell autophagy and apoptosis but inhibited cell growth in nude mice transplant tumor model (P＜0.01).miR-124-3p can target ABCA2 to inhibit the growth of CML cells and promote the cell autophagy and apoptosis of CML cells.miR-124-3p靶向ABCA2增强慢性白血病细胞K562-R对伊马替尼的敏感性.探讨miR-124-3p靶向ABCA2对CML细胞株耐药性及细胞活性的影响.过表达miR-124-3p和ABCA2的CML细胞株K562-R及裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型用于本研究。设置K562-R空白对照组、miR-124-3p mimic对照组、ABCA2过表达组和mimic+pc ABCA2组，研究miR-124-3p和ABCA2对K562-R细胞的影响。Western Blot检测体系中增殖、凋亡和自噬相关分子表达；qRT-PCR检测体系中miR-124-3p和ABCA2的表达；荧光素酶系统及生物信息学软件预测miR-124-3p和ABCA2之间靶向关系。CCK-8染色检测细胞增殖，Hoechst染色检测细胞凋亡，免疫组织化学检测细胞凋亡和增殖相关分子.miR-124-3p在K562耐药细胞（K562-R）中低表达，在K562敏感细胞（K562-S）中高表达；ABCA2在K562-R中高表达，在K562-S中低表达（P＜0.01）；生物信息学和荧光素酶报告系统检测显示，miR-124-3p靶向调节ABCA2表达。miR-124-3p过表达能有效抑制K562-R细胞增殖，促进细胞凋亡和自噬发生（P＜0.01）；而ABCA2过表达则促进K562-R细胞增殖，明显抑制凋亡和自噬发生（P＜0.01）；进一步通过裸鼠体内皮下移植瘤模型表明，miR-124-3p可以有效抑制K562-R细胞增殖，促进细胞凋亡和自噬（P＜0.01）.miR-124-3p可以通过靶向ABCA2来有效抑制白血病耐药细胞株K562-R的增殖，促进细胞凋亡和自噬.

The wideband radar transmitting the linear frequency modulation signal often processes its echoes by the stretched processing. This paper deals with the range-spread target detection in white compl...

This study proposes a robust control model for a production management problem related to dynamic pricing and green investment. Contaminants produced during the production process contribute to the accumulation of pollution stochastically. We derive optimal robust controls and identify conditions under which some concerns about model misspecification are discussed. We observe that optimal price and investment control decrease in the degree of robustness. We also examine the cost of robustness and the relevant importance of contributions in the overall value function. The theoretical results are applied to a calibrated model regarding production management. Finally, we compare robust choices with those in the benchmark stochastic model. Numerical simulations show that robust decision-making can indeed adjust investment decisions based on the level of uncertainty.

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is now an important global issue. The promotion and application of low-carbon technologies is one important method of achieving greenhouse gas reduction. The core problem is identifying the types of technology to introduce, when and to what degree, while satisfying the related sustainable goals. This study proposes a frame of development path design for low-carbon technology. Contrary to existing methods, our innovation lies in the introduction of multiple uncertainties in the technology adoption process. We consider four main types of technical risks, and provide corresponding quantitative descriptions. Our framework describes a class of technology development path problems as dynamic programming problems with different random constraints. Using existing numerical simulation methods, we obtain solutions of the original problem at a certain level of confidence, and discuss important issues, such as the learned robust features, and the relevant sensitivity of the model in a given solution space. Related results confirm the effectiveness of our model. Notably, our analysis framework can be generalized to solve similar problems, especially, in the characterization of technical risks.

This study analyzed the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction potential and cost of urban road transportation policies from a boarder perspective including tank-to-wheel (TTW) and well-to-wheel (WTW) assessments, with Chongqing in China taken as the case city. Three policies and two mixed policies, including improving the fuel economy of passenger cars, promoting electric vehicles (EVs), and promoting natural gas vehicles (NGVs), are analyzed in this study. The two groups of mixed policies are developed to analyze the interaction between the policies. The results indicate that all the policies will reduce TTW and WTW fuel consumption and GHG emissions from 2016 to 2035. During this period, promoting an NGV policy will have the smallest marginal abatement cost (MAC) but the smallest GHG reduction potential, and promoting an EV policy will have the largest MAC but the largest GHG reduction potential from TTW. However, considering the GHG emissions from upstream energy consumption, the GHG emission reduction from promoting the EV policy is reduced and that of improving the fuel economy via the motor vehicle policy will increase significantly, resulting in a larger MAC from WTW than from TTW. With the mixed policies, hedging effects impact fuel savings, GHG emission reductions, and MACs. We put forward some policy suggestions to provide a reference for the formulation and adjustment of China's urban road transportation policies to cost-effectively mitigate GHG emissions in the future.

Climate change has become a global concern, and the development of a green economy has attracted wide attention. Understanding the driving factors and growth potential of provincial-level carbon productivity is crucial for China’s green economic development in the new normal phase. In this study, the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) is adopted to systematically investigate the driving factors of provincial carbon productivity and explore the growth potential of provinces’ carbon productivity based on the clustering analysis. The results show that: (1) China’s provincial carbon productivity presents an increasing trend in 2001–2017, but the differences in carbon productivity among provinces are widening. (2) Economic activity and industrial structure are key to push up regional carbon productivity in China, while energy intensity is the main factor pulling it down. (3) The potential for carbon productivity improvement varies greatly among provinces in the four groups. Specifically, in groups 1 and 2, the developed provinces have little potential for improving carbon productivity, while the developing provinces in group 4 are just the opposite. These findings can enlighten policymakers that the development of a green economy should focus on optimizing and upgrading industrial structure and reducing energy intensity, and provincial heterogeneity must be considered when formulating green economic development policies.

Outdated capacity and substantial potential for energy conservation are the two main features of energy-intensive sectors in developing countries. Such countries also seek to implement market-based options to further control domestic carbon emissions as well as to promote the withdrawal of outdated capacity and upgrade production level. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of the emission trading scheme (ETS) for China's iron and steel industry. The diverse array of normal and outdated capacities was modeled in a two-country, three-good partial equilibrium model. Simulation results show that the abatement potential can be underestimated if the energy-saving effects that result from emission abatement are not considered. In the scenario analysis, we demonstrated that the free allocation of allowances can cause a competitiveness distortion among domestic normal and outdated capacities. Given the government's intention to promote outdated capacity withdrawal and production-level upgrading, an output-based allocation approach is strongly suggested for China's iron and steel sector.