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The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of different water and nitrogen interaction on yield and processing quality of high-quality wheat with strong gluten Shiluan 02-1, and to provide theoretical basis for how to achieve the goal of synergistically improving grain yield and processing quality through reasonable irrigation and optimal nitrogen application rate in the production of strong gluten wheat. From 2017 to 2020, the two factors split zone experiment of watering times and nitrogen application amount was set under field conditions. The main-plot factor was watering times [spring watering one time (W1, jointing water) and spring watering two times (W2, jointing water + flowering water)]; and the split-plot factor was nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatment in six levels (N0: 0, N1: 60, N2: 120, N3: 180, N4: 240, and N5: 300 kg hm-2). The study showed that: When N application rate was 0--300 kg hm-2, the yield of spring irrigating one time and spring irrigating two times increased first and then decreased with the increase of N application rate, and the N application amount corresponding to the maximum grain yield was 240 kg hm-2 in the different precipitation years. When N application rate was 120--300 kg hm-2, the yield of spring irrigating two times was significantly higher than that of spring irrigating one time. Water and N interaction had the greatest effect on the number of grains per unit area, followed by 1000-grain weight, which had the least effect on grain number per spike. When N application rate was 0--300 kg hm-2, the average value of wet gluten content, sedimentation value, water absorption rate, dough stability time, tensile energy, and maximum tensile resistance of winter wheat treated with spring irrigating two times were higher than those treated with spring irrigating one time in 2017 and 2018 (wet year). However, in 2018--2019 and 2019--2020 (drought year), it was opposite: spring irrigating one time was higher than spring irrigating two times. The wet gluten content and sedimentation value of wheat in spring irrigating one time and spring irrigating two times increased first and then decreased or gradually increased with the increase of N application rate in different precipitation years, the N application rate corresponding to the maximum of the two quality indicators was 240 kg hm-2 or 300 kg hm-2. The stabilization time, tensile energy, and maximum tensile resistance increased first and then decreased with the increase of N application rate, and reached the maximum value when N application rate was 240 kg hm-2. The grain yield and processing quality of high-quality wheat with strong gluten Shiluan 02-1 were the best when it was watered twice in spring and N was applied at 240 kg hm-2 in different precipitation years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Calcium carbonate nanoparticles were generated beneath the Langmuir monolayer of bovine serum albumin (BSA) via templated mineralization. The BSA monolayer and calcium carbonate nanoparticles were characterized based on the measurement of surface pressure–area (π–A) isotherms and area–time curve, and analyses of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well. The interaction mechanisms between BSA and calcium carbonate and the role of amorphous calcium carbonate (abridged as ACC) and lattice match in controlling the morphologies and microstructures of the target Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals were discussed, and a model was suggested to illustrate the formation of CaCO3 crystals in the presence of the BSA monolayer. Results indicated that the calcium carbonate nanoparticles were formed through a multi-step process in the presence of the BSA monolayer. Both the amorphous calcium carbonate and lattice match played important roles in terms of the controlled biomineralization and organic matrix-mediated synthesis of CaCO3 nanoparticles. The transformation of amorphous calcium carbonate phase to calcite crystal phase could provide direct evidences to the multistep crystallization process in biomineralization. And the present approach could be used to guide the synthesis of advanced inorganic nanomaterials via simulated biomineralization under mild conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]