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The article focuses on the history of the region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais, a region of the North of France, in terms of its rural history from the end of the Middle Ages to the 20th century. The article provides historiographical elements and various farming and rural profiles. The authors emphasize the presence in history of both slow mutations, notably technical and industrial, and surprising events. Several books discussing this theme are mentioned in the article. Debates on the industrialization process in the North of France in the 1970s are examined.