Search

International audience; The tourism sector has voluntarily undertaken several initiatives to boost customer confidence in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, in the hotel industry, three different strategies have been implemented: sending no COVID-19 safety signal; sending a moderate signal through a charter; or sending a strong signal through a label. This study aims to identify the main drivers of the hotels’ choice among these strategies and to analyze the influence of their choice on price setting. We estimate a system of three equations (hotel pricing, star rating, COVID-19 safety signal) on a sample of 418 rated hotels in the Hauts-de-France region. Results support three main findings: 1) star rating positively correlates with COVID-19 certification; 2) COVID-19 certification has a strongly negative impact on hotel prices; 3) star rating moderates positively the effect of COVID-19 certification on prices. Furthermore, error terms between the star rating level and COVID-19 certification equations are strongly correlated. Hence unobserved common factors play a role in the adoption of these quality signals. Our findings are consistent with the idea that managers implementing safety signaling strategies are more worried about recovery speed after lockdowns.

Purpose: Sentiment analysis is built from the information provided through text (reviews) to help understand the social sentiment toward their brand, product, or service. The main purpose of this paper is to draw an overview of the topics and the use of the sentiment analysis approach in tourism research. Methods: The study is a bibliometric analysis (VOSviewer), with a systematic and integrative review. The search occurred in March 2021 (Scopus) applying the search terms "sentiment analysis" and "tourism" in the title, abstract, or keywords, resulting in a final sample of 111 papers. Results: This analysis pointed out that China (35) and the United States (24) are the leading countries studying sentiment analysis with tourism. The first paper using sentiment analysis was published in 2012; there is a growing interest in this topic, presenting qualitative and quantitative approaches. The main results present four clusters to understand this subject. Cluster 1 discusses sentiment analysis and its application in tourism research, searching how online reviews can impact decision-making. Cluster 2 examines the resources used to make sentiment analysis, such as social media. Cluster 3 argues about methodological approaches in sentiment analysis and tourism, such as deep learning and sentiment classification, to understand the user-generated content. Cluster 4 highlights questions relating to the internet and tourism. Implications: The use of sentiment analysis in tourism research shows that government and entrepreneurship can draw and enhance communication strategies, reduce cost, and time, and mainly contribute to the decision-making process and understand consumer behavior., SUBMITTED: FEB 2021, 1st REVISION SUBMITTED: JUN 2021, 2nd REVISION SUBMITTED: AUG 2021, ACCEPTED: SEP 2021, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 18 OCT 2021

Purpose: This study addresses the digital transformation in tourism, accelerated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. By linking the front- and backstage activities, a model of the tourism value system is sketched with the aim to assist the shift toward digital value creation in the case of the German tourism sector by asking, What are the challenges for the digital transformation of tourism service providers, and how can it be promoted along with the tourism value system? Methods: Recognizing the processual challenges of digitalization, this contribution builds upon a mixed-methods approach. First, a quantitative online survey (n = 372) was conducted by the German Competence Center for Tourism at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results were discussed in a workshop with 40 experts from the tourism industry in September 2020, where the COVID-19 pandemic was referred to. Results: The focus of tourism service providers is predominantly the digitalization of guest communication, whereas corporate strategies on digitalization are widely not available. Key findings of the survey indicate that competitiveness in digitalization will depend on the appropriate infrastructure, clear strategies, and organizational integration. Implications: The study affirms the increased speed of digital transformation against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic and reveals the need for greater focus on internal processes. In addition, an orchestrated linking of the service providers in a digital ecosystem that is supported by national efforts is proposed., SUBMITTED: MAR 2021, REVISION SUBMITTED: JUL 2021, ACCEPTED: AUG 2021, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 18 OCT 2021

International audience; Most studies concerning dominant designs focus on ‘collective’ or ‘competitive’ strategies that companies deploy to impose their choices on the market. The objective of this research is to assess the extent to which ‘coopetitive’ strategies may lead to a dominant design. We analyzed the development of a dominant design over an 84-year period through a historical study in the field of pinball machines. Our study focuses on the five main manufacturers of pinball machines and analyzes data from 1930 to 2014. We demonstrate that companies undergo three phases that involve the progressive development of coopetitive relationships with different impacts on the generation of innovation. Because manufacturers differentiated their offerings, innovated and simultaneously imitated others, increased competition resulted. Simultaneously, external threats and the need to collectively respond to clients and partners prompted the manufacturers to cooperate with one another. Thus, our research provides a better understanding of how specific horizontal coopetitive relationships among manufacturers of the same type of products impact the development of a dominant design at the industry level. This case study suggests that as a theoretical framework, coopetition introduces new insights into the comprehension of relational dynamics during the development of dominant designs. Our observations also confirm or invalidate conclusions drawn in previous works related to coopetition strategies. In particular, this case is interesting as although the appropriability regime was weak, companies still developed coopetitive relationships, contradicting previous studies.

International audience; Book of extended abstracts (proceedings) of TOURMAN 2021 Conference "Restarting tourism, travel and hospitality: The day after".

The paper proposes a dominance criterion that assesses whether a seasonal outcome of a sports league is more imbalanced than another. This criterion, known as downward seasonal balance (DSB), is proposed as a strategy to measure competitive imbalance when the Lorenz criterion is inconclusive. The DSB criterion places at least as much emphasis on competitive imbalance between leading competitors as on imbalance occurring among the non-leading competitors. DSB is a novel third-order stochastic dominance defined on finite sets of evenly spaced seasonal points (seasonal grids). An empirical application provides comparisons of seasonal outcomes of the five most competitive soccer leagues in Europe.

The idea that competitive balance increases the utility of fans, and therefore their spending and the revenue of professional clubs, lies at the heart of sports economics in general and the economics of football in particular. This notion of competitive balance is often invoked to explain the decisions of professional leagues to change the rules of competitions or the distribution of TV rights. However, the empirical literature shows that the relationship between competitive balance and fan demand is far from obvious. In this paper, we examine the idea of competitive balance as perceived by football fans. In the case of Ligue 1, it is mainly explained by medium‑ and long‑term uncertainty, while in the case of the Champions League it is more a matter of long‑term suspense. But uncertainty over the outcome is far from being the only factor explaining the demand for football since around 30% of fans report that they would always be willing to attend or watch games even in the hypothetical case that there is no suspense left., Arrondel Luc, Duhautois Richard. Are French Football Fans Sensitive to Outcome Uncertainty?. In: Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics, n°513, 2019. pp. 5-26.

Purpose: Visitor satisfaction has become of significant importance and is a substantial asset in a museum’s strategic development plan. The present study elaborates on the issues of service quality, visitor satisfaction and future behavior intantions taking into consideration distinct museum settings in Greece. Methods: A survey though a self-administered questionnaire based on the dimensions of SERVPERF among 632 visitors in two distinct in terms of atmosphere, exhibits and activities museums, the Archaeological Museum and the Museum for Science and Technology in Thessaloniki provides empirical evidence. Results: The results indicate that the five dimensions of SERVPERF can successfully determine the degree of visitors’ satisfaction and predict future behavior. Future behavior is often subject to visitors’ place of residence. The type of museum is also a significant factor affecting satisfaction and future behavior. on and loyalty. Implications: Findings are somewhat consistent with prior studies in museums and support the significance of service quality on satisfaction. The correlation analysis for both museums shows that there is a moderate positive correlation between all SERVPERF dimensions with future behavior. Path analysis with structural equation modeling revealed a statistically significant positive effect only of tangibles for Science and Technology Museum and reliability for the Archaeological museum on visitors’ satisfaction.

Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries worldwide and in general, the Internet continues to gain importance in the tourism sector. The study focuses on exploration of knowledge of online booking systems and on the views of local students-users concerning the booking rate based on these online systems. Another perspective of this project is to investigate the decision-making process (emotion-focused) that they follow in order to choose a tourist destination via online booking systems. For the purposes of this study, three scales were administered E-WOM and Accommodation Scale, Emotion-Based Decision-Making Scale and Trait Emotional Intelligence Scale. Then, survey data were collected, preprocessed and analyzed based on Data Mining techniques evaluating the results. More specifically, classification and association algorithms were utilized to manage to describe hidden patterns. E-Tourism will continue to be oriented towards the consumers and the technology that surrounds them, providing dynamic communication in electronic business., SUBMITTED: JULY 2018, REVISION SUBMITTED: JANUARY 2019, ACCEPTED: NOVEMBER 2019, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 30 JANUARY 2020

The study reported in this paper explores consumers’ experiences with technology-assisted service encounters by investigating the applicability of Mick and Fournier’s paradoxes of technology adoption to the social media as distribution channel in tourism scenario. In-depth interviews were conducted to explore consumers’ experiences when using social media distribution services and the results were compared to those of Mick and Fournier. The findings are similar, suggesting that when consumers adopt online technology like social media, they can simultaneously develop positive and negative attitudes. The findings of this study also suggest that the nature of some of the paradoxes experienced by consumers may depend on the industry (tourism in this study) and the technology (social media in this study) being investigated., SUBMITTED: JULY 2018, REVISION SUBMITTED: MAY 2019, ACCEPTED: JULY 2019, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 30 JANUARY 2020. JEL Classification: L83, M1, O14, Z33., {"references":["Aggarwal P., Chaj M. and Wilemon D. (1998) Barriers to the adoption of really-new products and the role of surrogate buyers. Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 15(4), 432-451.","Barczak G., Ellen P.S. and Pilling B.K. (1997) Developing typologies of consumer motives for use of technologically based banking services. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 38(1), 131-139.","Bateson J.E.G. (1985) Self-Service customer: An exploratory study. Journal of Retailing, Vol. 61(3), 49-76.","Bedard F. (2000) Tomorrow's Travel Agency. In Fesenmaier D.R., Klein S. and Buhalis D. (Eds.) Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2000 (58-67). Wien: Springer-Verlag.","Bitner M.J., Brown S.W. and Meuter M.L. (2000) Technology infusion in service encounters. Academy of Marketing Science Journal, Vol. 28(1), 138-149.","Chami, M. & Kaminyoge, G. (2019). Closed house of wonders museum: Implications to the tourism of Zanzibar Stone Town, UNESCO World Heritage Site. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 5(1), 31–36. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2641253.","Chatzigeorgiou, C. (2017). Modelling the impact of social media influencers on behavioural intentions of millennials: The case of tourism in rural areas in Greece. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 3(2), 25–29. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1209125","Chatzigeorgiou, C. & Christou, E. (2016). Destination branding and visitor brand loyalty: Evidence from mature tourism destinations in Greece. Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 102-123.","Chatzigeorgiou, C. & Simeli, I. (2017). Perception of service quality in agrotourism accommodations: Impact on guest loyalty and re-visit intentions. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 3(1), 33–41. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.401375.","Chatzigeorgiou, C., Christou, E. & Simeli, I. (2019) Confidence and loyalty for agrotourism brands: The Lesvos paradigm. Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 151-166.","Christou, E. (2002). Examining the impact of tourism destination image and reputation on visitor loyalty likelihood. Tourism Today, 2(1), 34-46.","Christou, E. (2003) On-line buyers' trust in a brand and the relationship with brand loyalty: the case of virtual travel agents. Tourism Today, Vol. 3, No.1, pp.95-106.","Christou, E. (2005). Promotional Pricing in the Electronic Commerce of Holiday Packages: A Model of Purchase Behavior. In Frew, A. J. (Ed.) Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2005: Proceedings of the ENTER International Conference in Innsbruck Austria. (pp. 463–473.) Wien, New York: Springer Computer Science doi: 10.1007/3-211-27283-6_42.","Christou, E. (2006) A qualitative analysis of consumer attitudes on adoption of online travel services. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 54 (4), 323-332.","Christou, E. (2010). Relationship Marketing Practices for Retention of Corporate Customers in Hospitality Contract Catering. Tourism & Hospitality Management, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp.1-10. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2066590","Christou, E. (2011). Exploring the impact of visitor satisfaction on loyalty towards a specific destination. Acta Turistica, Vol.23, No.1, pp.1-25.","Christou, E. (2013). Exploring brand confusion through hotel adverts. Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, Vol.8, No.3, pp.151-163.","Christou, E. (2015). Branding social media in the travel industry. Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 175, pp 607-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.12","Christou, E., Avdimiotis, S., Kassianidis, P., & Sigala, M. (2004). Examining the Factors Influencing the Adoption of Web-Based Ticketing: Etix and its Adopters. Information and communication technologies in tourism 2004, the 11th ENTER International Conference in Cairo, Egypt, 2004, pp. 129-138.","Christou, E. and Kassianidis, P. (2002a) Consumer's perceptions and adoption of online buying for travel products. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, Vol. 12(4), 93-108.","Christou, E. & Kassianidis, P. (2002b). Examining the Adoption of E-shopping for Travel Services: Determinants of Consumers' Perceptions. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2002. A. Wober, A. Frew, and M. Hitz., (eds.), Springer-Verlag, Wien.","Christou, E. & Nella, A. (2010). A review of wine tourism research from 1995 to 2010: Analysis of 110 contributions. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism, 8(1), 112-123.","Christou, E. and Nella, A. (2012). Web 2.0 and networks in wine tourism: The case studies of greatwinecapitals.com and wineandhospitalitynetwork.com. In Social Media in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality: Theory, Practice and Cases. M. Sigala, E. Christou and Gretzel, U. (Eds). Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing, pp.11-24.","Dabholkar P.A. (1994) Incorporating choice into an attitudinal framework: Analysing models of mental comparison processes. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 21(2), 100-116.","Dabholkar P.A. (1996) Consumer evaluations of new technology-based self-service options: An investigation to alternative models of service quality. International Journal of Research In Marketing, Vol. 13(2), 29-51.","Denzin N. and Lincoln Y.S. (1994) Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.","Dover P.A. (1988) The effect of technology selection on consumer adoption on in-home computerised banking. International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 6(2), 3-17.","Fjermestad J. and Romano N. (2003) Electronic customer relationship management: revisiting the general principles of usability and resistance – an integrative implementation framework. Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 9(3), 572 -591.","Fontana A. and Frey J.H. (1994) Interviewing: The Art of Science. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.","Forman A.M. and Sriram V. (1991) The depersonalisation of retailing: Its impact on the lonely customer. Journal of Retailing, Vol. 67(2), 226-243.","Fotiadis, A. & Williams, R.B. (2018). \"TiCoSa\" a 3d matrix conceptual model to investigate visitors' perceptions in an athletic event. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 4(2), 32–36. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1490450.","Frambach R., Barkema H., and Wedel M. (1998) Adoption of a service innovation in the business market: testing variables. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 41(1), 161-174.","Gilbert D. and Powell-Perry G. (2003) Exploring developments in web-based relationship marketing within the hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, Vol. 10(3/4), 5-24.","Go F., J. Van Rekom and Teunissen W. (1999) Improving the position of business travel agencies: coping with the information challenge. Information Technology & Tourism, Vol. 2(1), 32-41.","Gretzel, U., Sigala, M. and Christou, E. (2012). Social Media Change the Name of the Game in the Tourism and Hospitality Industries, The European Financial Review, 20 October, available at: http://www.europeanfinancialreview.com/?p=1340.","Gronroos C. (1984) A service quality model and its marketing implications. European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 18(4) 327-342.","Gronroos C. (1998) Marketing services: The case of a missing product. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Vol. 13(4/5), 461-477.","Huang T. and Law R. (2003) Modelling and Comparing Internet Marketing. In Frew A. (Ed.) Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2003 (77-86). Wien: Springer-Verlag.","Huberman A. and Miles M.B. (1994) Qualitative Data Management and Analysis Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.","Kidder L.H., Judd C.M. and Smith E.R. (1986) Research Methods in Social Relations. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.","Legoherel P., Fischer-Lokou J., and Gueguen N. (2000) Selling tourism on the Internet: analysis of the balance of power between seller and consumer during information exchange and negotiation. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, Vol. 9(3), 49-64.","Lehtinen U. and Lehtinen J.R. (1982) Service Quality: A Study of Quality Dimension. Helsinki, Finland: Helsinki Service Management Institute.","Long M. and Mellon C. (2004) Exploring the determinants of retail service quality on the Internet. Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 18(1), 78 – 90.","Marcusen C.H. (2001) Internet sales of travel and tourism services in the European market 1998-2000 - a method of tracking trends by focusing on major on-line marketers. Information Technology & Tourism, Vol. 4(1), 23-31.","Mavragani, E., Nikolaidou, P. & Theodoraki, E. (2019). Traveler segmentation through Social Media for intercultural marketing purposes: The case of Halkidiki. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 5(1), 15–23. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2641011.","Mick G.D. and Fournier S. (1998) Paradoxes of technology: consumer cognizances emotions and coping strategies. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 25(3), 123-142.","Miles M.B. and Huberman A.M. (1984) Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods. London: Sage Publications.","Minichiello V., Aroni R., Timewell E. and Alexander L. (1995) In-Depth Interviewing. Melbourne: Longman.","Misirlis, M., Lekakos, G. & Vlachopoulou, M. (2018). Associating Facebook Measurable Activities with Personality Traits: A Fuzzy Sets Approach. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 4(2), 10–16. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1490360","Murphy, D. (2019). Increasing clicks through advanced targeting: Applying the third-party seal model to airline advertising. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 5(1), 24–30. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2641244.","Nair, R. & George, B.P. (2016). E-learning adoption in hospitality education: An analysis with special focus on Singapore. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 2(1), 3–13. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.376329.","Parasuraman A., Zeithaml V.A. and Berry L.L. (1988) SERVQUAL; A multiple item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, Vol. 64(1), 24-45.","Pirnar, I., Kurtural, S. & Tutuncuoglu, M. (2019). Festivals and destination marketing: An application from Izmir City. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 5(1), 9–14. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2640987.","Revilla Hernández, M., Santana Talavera, A. & Parra López, E. (2016). Effects of co-creation in a tourism destination brand image through twitter. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 2(2), 3–10. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.376341.","Rowley J. (2002) Reflections on customer knowledge management in e-business. Quantitative Market Research: An International Journal, Vol. 5(2), 268 – 280.","Sarantakos S. (1998) Social Research. South Yarra: Macmillan Education.","Nella, A. & Christou, E. (2014) Linking Service Quality at the Cellar Door with Brand Equity Building, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 23:7, 699-721, DOI: 10.1080/19368623.2014.891959.","Schneider B. and Bowen D.E. (1985) Employee and customer perceptions of service in banks: Replication and extension. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 70(3), 423-433.","Schneider L.G. and I.S. Currim (2001) Consumer purchase behaviors associated with active and passive deal proneness. International Journal of Research in Marketing Vol. 18(2), 205-222.","Sigala M. (2003) Competing in the virtual marketspace: a strategic model for developing e-commerce in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Information Technology, Vol. 3(1), 43-60.","Sigala, M. & Christou, E. (2002). The transformative power of e-commerce on hotel brands. Proceedings of the Annual European Council for Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Education (Euro-CHRIE) Conference, Cross-cultural Challenges in the Tourism Industry, Barcelona, Spain.","Sigala, M. & Christou, E. (2003). Enhancing and Complementing the Instruction of Tourism and Hospitality Courses Through the Use of On-line Educational Tools, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 15:1, 6-15, DOI: 10.1080/10963758.2003.10696755","Sigala, M. & Christou, E. (2006) Investigating the impact of e-customer relationship management on hotels' website service quality. ECIS 2006 Proceedings. http://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2006/118.","Sigala, M., & Christou, E. (2014). Social computing in travel, tourism and hospitality. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 771-772. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.11.003.","Spyridou, A. (2017). Perceived Service Quality and Customer Revisiting Intention: The Case of \"all you can eat\" Asian Restaurants in Southern Taiwan. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 3(2), 30–38. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1209129.","Stangor C. (1998) Research Methods for the Behavioural Sciences. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Publications.","Strauss A. and Corbin J. (1990) Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. London: Sage Publications.","Swanson C.E., Kopecky K.J. and Tucker A. (1997) Technology adoption over the lifecycle and the aggregate technological process. Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 63(4), 872-887.","Vlasic, D., Poldrugovac, K. & Jankovic, S. (2019). The Competitive pricing in marina business: Exploring relative price position and price fluctuation. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 5(1), 3–8. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2640935.","Weitzman E.A. and Miles M.B. (1995) Computer Programs for Qualitative Data Analysis: A Software Resource Book. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.","Wiefels P. (1997) Change marketing tactics as buyer attitudes shift. Marketing News, Vol. 31(12), 10-12.","Wilkie W.C. (1994) Consumer Behaviour. New York: John Wiley and Sons.","Williams L. and Tan K. (1998) Information technology adoption models to predict AE1 software implementation. Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 19(l), 5-16.","Yang Z. and Jun M. (2002) Consumer perception of e-service quality: from Internet purchaser and non-purchaser perspectives, Journal of Business Strategies, Vol. 19(1), 19-41.","Yang Z. and Fang X. (2004) Online service quality dimensions and their relations with satisfaction. International Journal of Service Industry Management, Vol. 15(3), 302-326.","Zafiropoulos, K., Vrana, V. & Antoniadis, K. (2015). Use of twitter and Facebook by top European museums. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 1(1), 16–24. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.376326.","Zeithaml V. (2002) Service quality in e-channels. Managing Service Quality, Vol. 12(3), 135-138.","Zeithaml V.A., Parasuraman A. and Berry L.L. (1990) Delivering Quality Services. New York: The Free Press."]}

This paper explores the effects of online customer ratings on debt capacity. Using a large sample of Parisian restaurants, we find a positive and economically significant relation between customer ratings and bank debt. We use the locally exogenous variation in customer ratings resulting from the rounding of scores in regression discontinuity tests to establish causality. Customer ratings affect financial policy through a reduction in cash flow risk and higher resilience to demand shocks. Restaurants with good ratings use their extra debt capacity to invest in tangible assets. Finally, favorable online ratings relax credit constraints mostly for moderately constrained restaurants.

International audience; Most of research on destination governance focuses on reporting the results of single case studies, whose findings are often related to the particularities of the specific destinations considered. As a result, there is little (empirical) consistency in underlying principles and dimensions of destination governance. To overcome this gap, this paper presents a combined (re-)analysis of multiple qualitative case studies and empirically develops destination governance dimensions from a practitioner point of view. Findings show that theoretical conceptualisation of destination governance and practical foci differ in some respects: In contrast to governance theory, practitioners refer more to context, process and change.

We construct a search model where sellers post prices and produce goods of unknown quality. A match between a buyer and a seller reveals the quality of the seller. We look at the pricing decisions of the sellers in this environment. We then introduce a rating system whereby buyers reveal the seller's type by giving them a “star” if they are a high quality seller. We show that new sellers charge a low price to attract buyers and if they receive a star they post a high price. Furthermore, high quality sellers sell with a higher probability than new sellers. We show that welfare is higher with a ratings system. Using data on Airbnb rentals to compare the pricing decisions of Superhosts (elite rentals) to non-Superhosts we show that Superhosts: 1) charge higher prices, 2) have a higher occupancy rate and 3) higher revenue than non-Super hosts.

International audience; Even if local policymakers increasingly claim that tourism is one of the key factors of future economic development for the French small island La Réunion, international tourist arrivals are observed to be locked in a stagnation phase since the beginning of the 2000s. Starting from this stylised fact, this article aims to study if this phenomenon results from major external events hurting this economy regularly. Next, by using univariate unit root procedures with structural breaks, we test for evidence of permanent or transitory effects of external shocks on international tourist inflows (total, by source markets, and by category) over the period 1981-2015. Finally, the empirical analysis allow us to reject the null of a unit root. Then, stagnation of tourism arrivals to La Réunion is not due to exogenous shocks but probably results from endogenous impediments within the domestic tourism industry and unsuitable public policies.

Competitive pricing is considered to be a very important part of revenue management, a management instrument that enables selling right products and services to the customers at the prices that will produce highest revenues. Marina business is supposed to be a business whose products or services are perishable (similar to hotels, airlines, campsites, hostels etc.) and tracking prices of competitors is very important part of managing its business. The purpose of this paper is to address the problem of relative price position and relative price fluctuation performance in marina business and seeks to complement existing research in the domain of strategic price positioning. The research results reveal that marinas who set their prices higher than their competition achieve lower level of berth occupancy and at the same time succeed higher RevPAB. Marinas with lower prices than their competitors achieve higher level of berth occupancy and lower RevPAB., SUBMITTED: JUNE 2018, REVISION SUBMITTED: NOVEMBER 2018, ACCEPTED: FEBRUARY 2019, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 15 APRIL 2019

Most of the articles in the literature based on hedonic analysis focus on the private characteristics provided by accommodations. And if the area where is located the hotel is taken into account with the identification of public good, it is exclusively on the positive side. The use of Geolocalized Data Information (GIS) with a hedonic analysis permits to measure both negative and positive effects on prices. The aim of this article is to provide an indirect assessment of the detrimental impact of industrial legacy on the tourism attractiveness of a region by studying its effect on hotel rates. The hedonic method has been used to decompose hotel prices in Nord-Pas de Calais, an old industrial region in north of France, into the implicit prices of a set of attributes, both private and public, including the repellent public attributes inherited from the industrial past of that region.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand Gen Zers’ tourism experiences and more specifically, through their tourist practices and their use of social networks. It also explores how Gen Zers apprehends the concept of sustainable tourism. Design/methodology/approach The authors used a qualitative research approach. The study protocol was conducted in two phases. First, the authors did six semi-directive interviews of young people born between 1995 and 2002. For the second stage of the research, the authors chose the narrative research technique by asking 34 students born between 1995 and 1997 to write a micro story from their travel experience. Findings Although it is often presented as a narcissistic generation, seeking to put forward their “selves”, for example by posting selfies, this study reveals that Generation Z seems to show a great modesty during their tourist experiences. The results also show that sustainable tourism is not a key concept for the young people interviewed. Research limitations/implications Thus, it would be useful to carry out more interviews and to extend the fields of analysis. While certain rules have been respected in the selection of young respondents, the sample does not necessarily reflect all the dimensions characterizing this complex young generation. Social implications We know that Generation Y has been exposed to social networks, often without a filter. The results show that Generation Z is much more suspicious and vigilant with regard to social networks and their use. Originality/value This research used an innovative method. It shows how multidimensional this generation is and opens up many ways of research.

International audience; A l'issue d'une formation en STAPS (Sciences et techniques des activités physiques et sportives), les femmes valorisent-elles de la même manière que leurs homologues masculins leurs diplômes sur le marché du travail sportif ? Les parcours de formation et d'insertion professionnelle des étudiantes de cette filière apparaissent à première vue "à la hauteur" de ceux des étudiants, mais au prix d'une sur-dotation scolaire, sociale (par les mères) et d'un "travail anticipé et invisible". Toutefois, sans être pénalisées, ces jeunes femmes qui ont investi une filière universitaire liée aux métiers du sport, un espace historiquement masculin, ne semblent pas vraiment profiter de cette "inversion du genre".

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]DTAM [Axe_IRSTEA]DTAM1-REPRO; Tourism has the potential to make a major contribution to the development of rural areas. However, empirical evidence suggests that its economic impact is limited, because rural visitors are thought to engage in few recreational activities and are seen as low spenders. This study gives new insights into the domestic demand in areas of France described as “rural”, with data extracted from the national database provided by the French “tourism demand survey”. The results of the “activity-based segmentation” of visitors' stays in three rural regions show that during the summer season, visits to friends or relatives, which involve little expenditure and no specific activities, continue to take place. However, more expensive stays are the most common. They involve activities aimed at experiencing the outdoors or enjoying local sights, based on natural and cultural amenities that are mainly located in regional natural parks. The main forms of accommodation are campsites and rural cottages. Gastronomic tourism has also emerged as an activity that attracts higher spending visitors. These findings are discussed in relation to the results of segmentation studies in other European countries. Their academic and management implications also are presented.

The aim of this paper is to introduce the application of the multicriteria methodology AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) on the valuation of football players. This is a pioneering work in this field. The importance of the topic is very relevant, given the size of football's economy. The main advantages of this novel valuation methodology are that it can be used even though the number of comparables is scarce and that all the process is trazable and transparent. In this paper, following the description of the valuation methodology, a real-life application is presented., El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la aplicación de la metodología multicriterio AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) a la valoración de futbolistas. Se trata de un trabajo pionero en el sector del fútbol, de indudable importancia económica. Las principales ventajas de esta novedosa metodología valorativa consisten en que se puede utilizar aun en entornos con escasos comparables y que permite la trazabilidad del proceso con total transparencia. En este trabajo, tras la presentación de la metodología valorativa, se muestra un ejemplo de aplicación real.

International audience; In two seminal articles, Menezes, Geiss, and Tressler (1980) and Menezes and Wang (2005) have defined the concepts of increases in downside and in outer risk. Such notions are useful to give intrinsic characterizations of the notions of prudence and temperance. In this article, we explore a new application about higher-order risk preferences: the measurement of competitive imbalance in sports leagues. We show that desirable properties for the measurement of imbalance are the inclination to any increase in downside risk in the context of closed leagues, and the aversion to any increase in outer risk in the context of open leagues.

International audience; The aim of this article is to investigate the explanatory variables of the number of Facebook fans and Twitter followers for professional sports clubs based on the financial value literature. Such explanatory variables are related to local market conditions and on-field and off-field performance. Based upon a sample of North American major league clubs and the most valuable European soccer clubs as evaluated by Forbes over the 2011–2013 period (423 observations), our results indicate a range of variables with a significant positive impact on the number of social media fans: population, no competing team in the market, current sports performance, historical sports performance, facility age, attendance, operating income, expenses/league mean, and being an English football club. An improved understanding of the effectiveness of clubs’ social media presence is important for contemporary sport managers in terms of enhancing supporter communication, involvement, and accountability, as well as maximizing clubs’ revenue generation possibilities. Our findings could help sport managers to realize their clubs’ social media potential in pursuit of these objectives, specifically to understand which variables are under-exploited and why some clubs over-perform, which will allow managers to prioritize decisions to increase their number of social media fans and financial value.

Within the concept of sustainable development, tourism has a key role to play since it has a significant contribution to the economic recovery of Romania. Raising the tourism product to the level of outlined by the standards and preferences of foreign tourists supposes to start and to promote actions that include, on the one hand, education and creation of an appropriate mentality for the current type of development, and on the other hand, focusing on sustainable development in tourist receiving areas. Departing from these aspects, this paper aims to establish how to design tourism products in order to respect the sustainability principles., Rezumat: În cadrul conceptului de dezvoltare durabilă, turismul trebuie să joace un rol un rol-cheie, deoarece are o contribuție semnificativă la redresarea economică a România. Creșterea produsului turistic la nivelul prezentat de standardele și preferințele turiștilor străini presupune să se înceapă și să se promoveze acțiuni care includ, pe de o parte, educația și crearea unei mentalități adecvate pentru tipul actual de dezvoltare, iar pe de altă parte sa cada accenult pe dezvoltarea durabilă în zonele turistice. Pornind de la aceste aspecte, această lucrare își propune să stabilească modul în care să proiecteze produse turistice, în scopul de a respecta principiile de durabilitate.

International audience; Since 1990s environmental protection and awareness became major issues. Consumers are more and more aware of environmental issues and conscious of existing pollution caused by mass tourism. Consequently a new segment of demand desiring sustainable tourism products have appeared, enhancing service providers to offer this type of products. This paper analyzes the evolution of service provider's offer adapting to demand preferences modification. Using a theoretical framework, it explains how environmental quality standards become general norms in tourism industry. By analyzing cases of monopoly and duopoly, it considers different possible frameworks and strategic choices that may be implemented by the incumbent. Though, it explains the role of supply in the emergence of new environmental norms.

International audience; Since its creation in 1903, the Tour de France has remained the biggest of all professional cycling events. This chapter aims to present three aspects of the economic history of the Tour de France and what they tell us about the economic history of sport. First, the Tour has always been owned by private newspaper and media companies. This is why I analyze the level and composition of these companies’ turnover, their business strategies and the reasons for their overall success. Second, Tour riders have always been professionals. This is why I analyze riders’ incomes and prize money and their distribution, which shows clear “winner-takes-all” aspects. Third, the demand for sport shows by Tour spectators reveals broad trends in Europe’s economic history since the early 20th century: the diffusion of bicycles, newspapers and mass consumption, the increase in leisure time, and the advent of the mass media.

International audience; The continuous monitoring of market trends is one of the most important roles that marketing scientists and practitioners should fulfill. Tourism is significantly affected by major demographic, cultural and economic trends. In the last few years there is considerable debate on the radical demographic changes taking place around the globe and one of the main issues arousing in many developed and developing countries is this of ageing population.

Consulter la version en anglais : MPRA - Munich Personal RePEc Archive.Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/73844/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/73844/1/MPRA_paper_73844.pdfMPRA Paper No. 73844, posted 21 Sep 2016.; International audience; Research question: This article investigates the determinants of attendance at French football Ligue 1 matches over the 2008-2011 period, with a focus on the effect of competitive intensity. This is measured by dummies that are functions of the point difference for the home team in relation to the different sporting prizes: title, qualification in UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) club competitions, relegation. The objective is to answer the following question: do all sporting prizes have a significant positive impact on attendance? Research methods: We specified and estimated a standard attendance equation including 35 explanatory variables of which 9 are related to sporting prizes. The estimations are based on a Tobit model with individual cut-off points to allow for truncation of attendance at the upper bound given by stadia capacity (i.e. sold-out games). 1135 observations are included. Results and findings: Our results show that all sporting prizes have a significant positive impact on attendance. In particular, there is a significant impact of prizes for potential qualification in the UEFA Europa League which are dependent on the outcome of domestic cups (known only in the last part of season). Implications: This research contributes to the optimisation of competition format and knowledge on competitive intensity and determinants of attendance. It provides an argument in favour of current sporting prizes for managers in the main European national football leagues.This article investigates the determinants of attendance at French football Ligue 1 matches over the 2008–2011 period, with a focus on the effect of competitive intensity. This is measured by dummies that are functions of the point difference for the home team in relation to the different sporting prizes: title, qualification in UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) club competitions, relegation. The objective is to answer the following question: do all sporting prizes have a significant positive impact on attendance? We specified and estimated a standard attendance equation including 35 explanatory variables of which 9 are related to sporting prizes. The estimations are based on a Tobit model with individual cut-off points to allow for truncation of attendance at the upper bound given by stadia capacity (i. e. sold-out games). 1135 observations are included. Our results show that all sporting prizes have a significant positive impact on attendance. In particular, there is a significant impact of prs for potential qualification in the UEFA Europa League which are dependent on the outcome of domestic cups (known only in the last part of season). This research contributes to the optimization of competition format and knowledge on competitive intensity and determinants of attendance. It provides an argument in favor of current sporting prizes for managers in the main European national football leagues.; В статье исследуются факторы, опре-делявшие посещаемость матчей Фран-цузской футбольной лиги 1 в 2008–2011 годах. Основное внимание уделено воздействию, которое оказывала на нее интенсивность соперничества. Составлено стандартное уравнение посещаемости и произведена статистическая оценка его параметров с помощью тобит-модели с индивидуальными точками цензуриро-вания. В соответствии с полученными результатами значимое положительное воздействие на посещаемость матчей оказывают все спортивные призы. В част-ности, имеет место значимое воздействие призов, связанных с потенциальной ква-лификацией в Лигу Европы УЕФА, которая зависит от исхода внутренних кубковых соревнований (результаты которых стано-вятся известны только в заключительной части сезона).

Why did cycling become professional as early as the late nineteenth century, while other sports (such as rugby) and other sport events (such as the Olympic Games) remained amateur until the 1980s? Why are the organizers of the most important bicycle races private companies, while in other sports such as soccer the main event organizer is a nonprofit organization? To what extent have bicycle races changed since the late nineteenth century? And how does cycling reflect long-term economic changes? The history of professional road cycling helps answer these questions and understand many related phenomena. This chapter provides a long-term, historical perspective on (1) professional road cycling’s economic agents, i.e., the public, race organizers, team sponsors and riders, and the relationships amongst them; (2) cycling’s governing body, the International Cycling Union; and (3) professional cycling’s final product, i.e., the show of bicycle races. More precisely, the chapter mostly focuses on the history of male professional road cycling in Western Europe since the late nineteenth century. It is founded on both an analysis of quantitative time series on the Grand Tours (and, to some extent, the classics) and a review of the existing literature on the history of professional cycling, whether economic history, institutional history, cultural history, or sport history.

International audience; This article analyzes the steps of the expansion of tourism in Cuba, from its origins to the current period (first part). The second part reviews the main characteristics of this sector today, through an international comparison within Latin America and the Caribbean, and presents its singularities, structures and recent evolutions. The difficulties of the Cuban touristic sector, as well as the challenges in terms of development for the years to come are examined in the third part.

We present a simple static way of optimizing the prices of bottles of wine for restaurants with a given cellar. In contrast to classical assortment pricing models, we posit that the cellar (i.e., inventory) is given and is not taken as a variable entering the optimization program. In our model, the optimal price is driven mainly by a rating parameter after the effect of initial cost is removed. This parameter plays the role of a dominant characteristic in hedonic models, even though the levels of stocks may also be determinant when they are very low. We provide a numerical sensitivity analysis of prices to various parameters and study a realistic large-scale example based on two wine lists with 50 bottles each. Finally, several extensions are discussed. (JEL Classifications: C61, L11, L83)

An important facet of globalization is the international fragmentation of production. This phenomenon, also called international division of production processes, outsourcing, vertical specialization, and so on, has been studied for goods and many services but has so far been ignored for tourism. This article attempts to rectify that by providing theoretical and empirical evidence of various aspects of the international division of tourism production. In the modeling section, the traditional Ricardian paradigm of international trade theory is deliberately chosen to explain how the international splitting up of value-added chains in the tourism industry can occur across countries. The authors then conduct an empirical study of a sample of 38 countries to measure these countries’ comparative advantages in two segments of the tourism product system. Data from 1980-2004 indicate that tourism production is globally fragmented and that the scale of such fragmented production is quite substantial. Using more disaggregated data for 15 EU countries, the authors find evidence of a high level of fragmented tourism production as well.

International audience; L'objet du chapitre est d'éclairer les caractéristiques du développement territorial tiré par le tourisme en nous appuyant sur l'exemple de Deauville. Au préalable nous proposerons une modélisation de l'économie en station touristique qui repose sur le processus de clustérisation des activités. Nous entendons par clustérisation le processus d'agglomération d'activités et de secteurs d'activités disjoints mais complémentaires, ancré à un territoire. dans ce processus la coordination des parties prenantes repose à la fois sur la proximité organisationnelle, sur la flexibilité et l'adaptabilité des ressources, sur des activités et des compétences caractéristiques d'un territoire et sur la proximité géographique.

International audience; This article focuses on the determinants of tourism in French overseas departments and collectivities. An initial estimate of a panel model of annual data for Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Reunion Island, French Poly-nesia, and New Caledonia (NC), over the period 1990-2012, shows that a 1% appreciation of the euro against the dollar reduces the number of tourists by 0.47%. The results also confirm the negative impact of distance/transport costs and the chikungunya crisis. Conversely, stronger growth in France or the United States and a higher level of wealth in the collectives promote tourism. A more detailed panel analysis, with monthly data for NC over the period 1995-2014, reveals that a 1% appreciation of the euro reduces tourism flows by 0.12%, and higher inflation in NC also penalizes tourism. However, distance and the economic situation of the country of origin do not significantly influence tourism flows to NC.; Cet article met l’accent sur les déterminants du tourisme dans les départements et les collectivités d’outre-mer Français. Une première estimation d’un modèle de données de panel annuelles pour la Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Ile de la Réunion, la Polynésie Française et la Nouvelle Calédonie (NC), sur la période 1990-2012, montre qu’une appréciation de 1% de l’euro face au dollar réduit le nombre de touristes de 0,47%. Les résultats confirment aussi l’impact négatif des frais de la distance (coût de transport) et de la crise du Chikungunya. A l’inverse, une croissance plus forte en France ou aux Etats-Unis et un niveau plus élevé dans les collectivités d’outre-mer ont tendance à promouvoir le tourisme. Une analyse plus détaillée en panel, avec des données mensuelles pour la NC sur la période 1995-2014, révèle qu’une appréciation de 1% de l’euro face au dollar réduit les flux touristiques de 0,12%, et une inflation plus élevée en Nouvelle Calédonie pénalise également le tourisme. Cependant, la distance et la situation économique du pays d’origine n’influencent pas significativement les flux touristiques vers la NC.

The aim of this paper is to introduce the application of the multicriteria methodology AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) on the valuation of football players. This is a pioneering work in this field. The importance of the topic is very relevant, given the size of football's economy. The main advantages of this novel valuation methodology are that it can be used even though the number of comparables is scarce and that all the process is trazable and transparent. In this paper, following the description of the valuation methodology, a real-life application is presented., El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la aplicación de la metodología multicriterio AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) a la valoración de futbolistas. Se trata de un trabajo pionero en el sector del fútbol, de indudable importancia económica. Las principales ventajas de esta novedosa metodología valorativa consisten en que se puede utilizar aun en entornos con escasos comparables y que permite la trazabilidad del proceso con total transparencia. En este trabajo, tras la presentación de la metodología valorativa, se muestra un ejemplo de aplicación real.

International audience; This article focuses on the determinants of tourism in French overseas departments and collectivities. An initial estimate of a panel model of annual data for Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Reunion Island, French Poly-nesia, and New Caledonia (NC), over the period 1990-2012, shows that a 1% appreciation of the euro against the dollar reduces the number of tourists by 0.47%. The results also confirm the negative impact of distance/transport costs and the chikungunya crisis. Conversely, stronger growth in France or the United States and a higher level of wealth in the collectives promote tourism. A more detailed panel analysis, with monthly data for NC over the period 1995-2014, reveals that a 1% appreciation of the euro reduces tourism flows by 0.12%, and higher inflation in NC also penalizes tourism. However, distance and the economic situation of the country of origin do not significantly influence tourism flows to NC.; Cet article met l’accent sur les déterminants du tourisme dans les départements et les collectivités d’outre-mer Français. Une première estimation d’un modèle de données de panel annuelles pour la Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Ile de la Réunion, la Polynésie Française et la Nouvelle Calédonie (NC), sur la période 1990-2012, montre qu’une appréciation de 1% de l’euro face au dollar réduit le nombre de touristes de 0,47%. Les résultats confirment aussi l’impact négatif des frais de la distance (coût de transport) et de la crise du Chikungunya. A l’inverse, une croissance plus forte en France ou aux Etats-Unis et un niveau plus élevé dans les collectivités d’outre-mer ont tendance à promouvoir le tourisme. Une analyse plus détaillée en panel, avec des données mensuelles pour la NC sur la période 1995-2014, révèle qu’une appréciation de 1% de l’euro face au dollar réduit les flux touristiques de 0,12%, et une inflation plus élevée en Nouvelle Calédonie pénalise également le tourisme. Cependant, la distance et la situation économique du pays d’origine n’influencent pas significativement les flux touristiques vers la NC.

International audience; Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) represent a significant share of firms in industrialised countries. However, little work is available concerning small businesses (SB) that have less than 50 employees (according to the majority of official definitions). ICT are considered a contributing factor in the renewal of competitiveness, in particular by reducing constraints that bear on SMEs. In this context, one can ask under what conditions the implementation of a website may change the strategic positioning of small accommodation businesses in the tourism sector.

National audience; Cet article se propose de vérifier si les petites économies insulaires en développement souffrent d’une plus forte vulnérabilité, comme le suggèrent leurs spécificités, en comparaison des autres économies en développement. Pour cela, nous nous appuyons sur l'Indice de Vulnérabilité Economique (IVE) développé par le Comité des Politiques de Développement des Nations Unies, en y apportant deux modifications importantes. D'une part, la vulnérabilité liée à la dépendance touristique est introduite à travers l'intégration de deux variables, une variable de choc touristique et une autre d'exposition à ce choc. D'autre part, nous substituons à la méthode traditionnelle des poids ad hoc permettant d’agréger les composantes de l’IVE un système de pondération déterminé de manière endogène. Pour cela, nous appliquons l’approche multicritères à poids spécifiques dérivée de la méthode d’enveloppement de données DEA. Les nouvelles valeurs de l’IVE obtenues ainsi pour 2011 sur un ensemble de pays en développement nous incitent à nuancer la conclusion largement établie dans la littérature. Si l'ajout des variables touristiques impacte de manière négative les résultats obtenus par les petites économies insulaires, l'ampleur de leur vulnérabilité structurelle apparaît moindre avec l'introduction du système de poids endogènes.

Consultable à cette adresse : http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=166573; International audience; The purpose of this study was to examine the classification of non-governmental sports organisations (sports NGOs) based on their financial data. Empirical taxonomy with Ward's hierarchical clustering technique based on the variables acquired from financial statements of all 6,130 sports NGOs in Slovenia was used to cluster organisations into three financial design types: grassroots sports organisations, semi-professional sports NGOs, and professional sports NGOs. Clusters varied in magnitude and structure of Financial items. The findings suggest that the business of grassroots sports organisations is very simple, while with semi-professional and professional sports NGOs it is more complex, and consequently such organisations are confronted with cash flow and even solvency problems. Total average revenues of grassroots sports organisations (€6,304) are approximately one tenth the size of the semi-professional sports NGOs and 192 times smaller than professional sports NGOs. As for the structure of revenues, professional sports NGOs have a larger proportion of sales revenues and much lower membership fees, donations, and other revenues. Semiprofessional sports NGOs differ from grassroots sport in a slightly higher proportion of sales revenues and donations. As regards the structure of expenses, professional sports NGOs had a 5.6 times higher proportion of labour costs in comparison with grassroots sports and 1.4 times higher compared to semi-professional sports NGOs. Such a taxonomy could present an appropriate basis for investigating the true dimension of the impact of global economic crisis on sports NGOs in a small European sports economy.

The issue of Competitive Balance is a central issue in the literature on the economics of professional sports. The basic idea is that the managers of professional sports leagues must maintain a certain level of competitive balance in their league if they want it to remain attractive (Rottenberg (1956), El Hodiri & Quirk (1971), Fort & Quirk (1995), Vrooman (1995), Kesenne (2000), ...). An important part of literature is also devoted to the mechanisms to restore a satisfactory level of competitive balance: salary caps, luxury taxes, draft rules, gate revenue sharing... Although some authors challenge the idea that a decrease in competitive balance necessarily leads to a weakening of fan interest (Szymanski (2001)), all agree on the need to measure adequately the balance. As mentioned by Zymbalist (2002), the most commonly used index is the standard deviation of win percentage. But other indexes can be used as the ratio of the actual to the idealized standard deviation of win percentages, the Gini coefficient of win percentages, the Hirshman-Herfindahl index of competitive balance, the Concentration Ratio, the ratio of the top to bottom win percentages, the index of dissimilarity...

International audience

It is well known that non-cognitive skills are an important determinant of success in life. However, their returns are not simple to measure and, as a result, relatively few studies have dealt with this empirical question. We consider sports participation while at school as one way of improving or signalling the individual's non-cognitive skills endowment. We use four waves of Add Health data to study how sports participation by schoolchildren translates into labour-market success. We specifically test the hypotheses that participation in different types of sports at school leads to, ceteris paribus, very different types of jobs and labour-market insertion in general when adult. We take seriously the issue of endogeneity of sporting activities in order to tease out a causal relationship between childhood sporting activity and adult labour market success. As such, we contribute to the literature on the returns to non-cognitive skills., L'importance du rôle des compétences non cognitives dans la réussite est largement admis. Pourtant, leurs rendements étant compliqués à évaluer, peu d'études traitent empiriquement de cette question. Dans cet article, nous considérons la pratique sportive des adolescents comme un moyen d'accroître ou de signaler leur dotation en compétences non-cognitives. Nous utilisons les quatre vagues des données Add Health afin d'observer comment la pratique sportive des adolescents influe sur leur réussite sur le marché du travail. Nous testons précisément l'hypothèse selon laquelle la participation à différents types de sports à l'adolescence conduit à "ceteris paribus" des types d'emplois très différents à l'âge adulte. Le problème d'endogénéité de la pratique sportive est rigoureusement pris en compte afin de pouvoir démontrer l'existence d'une relation de causalité. Ainsi, cet article contribue à la littérature portant sur le rendement des compétences non-cognitives.

ISBN : 978-1-84980-447-9

The development of sports economics has exploded in recent years, and this well-researched and relevant book explores some of the most critical themes. Contemporary Issues in Sports Economics examines topics that have previously received little attention in the literature, such as the determinants and social impacts of sports participation including the link to crime levels. The distinguished authors also discuss some of the less investigated aspects of professional team sports, including: • sports betting, financing and governance; • the impact of low scoring matches on competitive balance and fan appeal in European football; and • the effect on player transfers of a luxury tax on club payrolls in Major League Baseball.

La genèse de l'économie du sport entre socio-économie, économie politique et mainstream economics, sa séparation du management du sport, son enseignement, son institutionnalisation, l'extension de son champ de recherche, les domaines de recherche encore négligés par l'économie du sport, les concepts spécifiques à l'économie du sport.

Avec la mondialisation économique du sport, l'audience de l'événement sportif est soumise à incertitude et à une attractivité peu prédictible. L'une et l'autre peuvent être réduites par des régulations : régulation des ligues sportives professionnelles, régulation par changement des règles sportives, régulation financière des compétitions sportives. Le marché du travail des talents sportifs est en revanche dérégulé.

Recent developments in the activity of European football clubs raise questions about features which seem to bring them close to big transnational firms. Whether it is a matter of players and coaches, mostly expatriates, or the clubs' financial assets, often held by foreigners, their production factors are increasingly international. Thanks to the retransmission of matches and media coverage, the services offered by football clubs cross national borders and their financing and management are increasingly global. These phenomena have led to some abuses (transfers of underage players, corruption, money laundering) which can be compared to the dubious practices of some large transnational firms., Les développements récents de l'activité des clubs de football européens conduisent à s'interroger sur ce qui semble désormais les rapprocher des grandes firmes transnationales. Qu'il s'agisse des joueurs et des entraîneurs, expatriés pour la plupart, ou des actifs financiers des clubs, souvent détenus par des propriétaires étrangers, les facteurs de production qui sont les leurs ont en effet en commun une internationalisation croissante. Grâce aux retransmissions des matchs et à leur médiatisation, l'offre de services d'un club de football s'étend au-delà des frontières nationales et son financement ainsi que sa gestion deviennent de plus en plus globaux. Ces phénomènes s'accompagnent parfois néanmoins de dérives (transferts de joueurs mineurs, corruption, blanchiment d'argent sale) à mettre en parallèle avec les pratiques contestables de certaines grandes firmes transnationales.

Face à la mondialisation économique du sport, l'auteur a choisi de croiser l'économie du sport avec l'économie internationale, une approche encore inédite aujourd'hui. Il analyse les déterminants économiques des performances sportives (olympiques) mondiales, la spécialisation des nations dans le commerce mondial de biens sportifs, l'investissement direct étranger des firmes multinationales dans l'industrie d'articles de sport, les transferts internationaux de joueurs et les dérives financières du sport mondial. La mondialisation donne lieu aussi à une économie comparative internationale, entre les modèles économiques des sports professionnels nord-américains et européens, et entre les différentes sources de financement du sport dans les pays de l'Union européenne.