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International audience; In recent years, the effects of migration on economic outcomes have gained significant attention among researchers and policymakers. In the African context, the complex interplay between migration and economic outcomes is of particular importance, as many countries face unique challenges, such as limited resources, ongoing conflicts, and uneven development. This paper explores the impact of immigration, international migrant cash transfers, and emigration on total factor productivity in Africa, and its implications for public policy. We used the World Development Indicators, the Pen World Table from 2000 to 2020, and instrumental variable estimation in an endogenous growth model. The findings indicate that emigrant human capital and remittances have a negative impact on total factor productivity, whereas immigrant human capital positively affects it. These results highlight the importance of well-defined public migration policies that promote brain circulation, attract skilled immigrants, enhance domestic human capital development, and foster regional co-operation.

In order to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss, the European Union (EU) promotes extensive farming. However, identifying such farms across countries and assessing their performance for policy purposes remains challenging. This paper combines a latent class stochastic frontier model (LCSFM) with a novel nested metafrontier approach. The resulting model enables the identification of intensive and extensive farms across countries, estimation of farm efficiency and identification of different technology gaps. Based on Farm Accountancy Data Network data of French, Irish and Austrian dairy farms,we find poorer environmental but better economic performance of intensive farms, compared to extensive farms. The largest productivity differences stem from technology gaps and not from inefficiency. The approach enables a more nuanced analysis of sources of inefficiency to assist policy design for future green payments in the EU., European Review of Agricultural Economics, ISSN:0165-1587, ISSN:1464-3618

National audience; This paper studies an economy where demand spillovers make firms’ production decisions strategic complements. Firms choose their operating leverage trading off higher fixed costs for lower variable costs. Operating leverage governs firms’ exposures to an aggregate labor productivity shock. In equilibrium, firms exhibit excessive operating leverage as they do not internalize that an economy with higher aggregate operating leverage is more likely to fall into a recession following a negative productivity shock. Welfare losses coming from firms’ failure to coordinate production are amplified by suboptimal risk-taking, which magnifies the impact of productivity shocks onto aggregate output.

International audience; This contribution introduces new frontier models to rate mutual funds that can simultaneously handle multiple moments and multiple times. These new models are empirically applied to hedge fund data, since this category of funds is known to be subject to non-normal return distributions. We define a simple buy-and-hold backtesting strategy to test for the impact of multiple moments and multiple times separately and jointly. The empirical results demonstrate that the proposed frontier models perform better than most financial performance measures and existing frontier models in selecting promising funds.

International audience; The agricultural sector is currently confronted with the challenge to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, whilst maintaining or increasing production. Energy-saving technologies are often proposed as a partial solution, but the evidence on their ability to reduce GHG emissions remains mixed. Production economics provides methodological tools to analyse the nexus of agricultural production, energy use and GHG emissions. Convexity is predominantly maintained in agricultural production economics, despite various theoretical and empirical reasons to question it. Employing non-convex and convex frontier frameworks, this contribution evaluates energy productivity change (the ratio of aggregate output change to energy use change) and GHG emission intensity change (the ratio of GHG emission change to polluting input change) using Hicks-Moorsteen productivity formulations. We consider GHG emissions as by-products of the production process by using a multi-equation model. Given our empirical specification, non-convex and convex Hicks-Moorsteen indices can coincide under certain circumstances, which leads to a series of theoretical equivalence results. The empirical application focuses on 1,510 observations of Dutch dairy farms for the period of 2010–2019. The results show a positive association between energy productivity change and GHG emission intensity change, which calls into question the potential of on-farm, energy-efficiency-increasing measures to reduce GHG emission intensity.

I analyze emissions pricing to support the integration of a renewable resource into an electricity mix composed of an emissions-intensive technology. I consider the intermittent nature of the resource such as wind energy and incremental externalities that become severe for high emissions levels. I show that an emissions tax is inefficient when consumers are on flat-rate electricity tariffs and cannot adapt their consumption to varying production. The tax is inefficient even with flexibility in the markets when consumers are on varying tariffs. The renewable resource induces variability in fossil-fueled electricity production and associated marginal damage that does not match a predetermined tax. I study an Emissions Trading Scheme that provides flexibility at the policy level. Emissions permits are traded at varying prices. Since the emissions cap must still be predetermined, I show that it leads to inefficient permits prices that do not match the marginal damages. I also find that the two emissions pricing instruments are not implemented equivalently since the tax differs from the prices of permits.

International audience; Measuring changes in total factor productivity (TFP) is critical for decision-making, especially through the improvement of structural change and competitiveness. In the context of fishing industry, productivity change results from many factors, such as regulations and stock conditions. Understanding changes in productivity and factors affecting those changes are essential to not only fishery management, but also sustainable fishing industry. This paper applies the Färe-Primont index to the assessment of productivity change of oceanic tuna fisheries in Vietnam from 2007 to 2019. The results show that oceanic tuna fisheries in Vietnam have been inefficient and need to further improve its mix and scale efficiencies. The study provides implications for policies to improve economic efficiency of oceanic tuna fisheries in Vietnam, aiming toward sustainable development.

As an important economic measure, the total factor productivity indices can be employed to evaluate the performance of decision-making units over time. These indices are usually based on multiplicative or additive distance functions estimated by either parametric or non parametric approaches. Under a non parametric analytic framework, this paper introduces a multiplicative directional productivity measure: the Directional Hicks-Moorsteen (DHM) indicator. A dynamical combination of multiplicative directional distance functions is introduced and non convex production technologies are assumed to estimate the distance functions. In an empirical illustration, the proposed model is applied to display productivity changes among Chinese provincial public hospitals over the period 2014-2018. The results indicate that a consistent outcome is obtained under the multiplicative technology and the production technology of free disposal hull while more productivity gains are observed under free disposal hull technology.

This paper aims to define an unified framework to analyse pollution-adjusted productivity change. Equivalence conditions for the additive and the multiplicative pollutionadjusted productivity measures (Abad and Ravelojaona, 2022, 2021) are established.

In this paper, environmental productivity variation is analysed through the pollution-adjusted Malmquist and Hicks-Moorsteen productivity indices. These productivity indices are defined as combination of multiplicative pollution-adjusted distance functions. Non convex pollution-generating technology is assumed to estimate the pollution-adjusted Malmquist and Hicks-Moorsteen productivity measures. The main sources of the pollution-adjusted productivity change are displayed. An empirical illustration is provided by considering a sample of 20 Ecuadorian oil companies over the period 2012-2018. The results are estimated through a non parametric analytic framework.

International audience; This paper aims to analyze environmental Total Factor Productivity (TFP) change. Indeed, innovative environmental TFP measures are introduced through convex and non convex environmental production processes. Hence, the impacts of input and output quality change on environmental productivity variation are underscored. In addition, general decomposition of the new ratio- and difference-based environmental TFP measures is proposed. Finally, an empirical example is provided to illustrate these propositions.

International audience; Rice production is central to the Vietnamese economy, not only in terms of contribution to Vietnam's GDP, but also to the food security of its population. However, Vietnam is one of the countries most threatened by climate change in the coming decades, and its rice production in particular. This paper focuses on rice yields and investigates their evolution over time and between provinces over the period 1987-2015, depending on climatic conditions. Special attention is devoted to the impact of heat stress. This impact is measured taking into account the potential adaptation of farmers to these extreme events. To this end, a dynamic production function allowing for spatial and temporal heterogeneity in rice yield responses of to climatic conditions is estimated. Data descriptive analysis shows that the provinces with favorable conditions for rice growth are also those that face the most risk of heat stress. Estimation results show that these provinces adapt to heat stress conditions and that their adaptation eort begins to decrease when heat stress risk becomes too high. Taking adaptation into account then makes it possible to qualify the forecasts made regarding rice yields in the presence of climate change.

International audience; Vietnam has become a lower middle-income country in less than 30 years, and is now facing the middle-income trap risk. Knowledge of changes in total factor productivity (TFP) is an essential element in assessing this risk. An in-depth analysis of the evolution of TFP and its determinants in Vietnam is presented in this paper. TFP evaluation uses a recently proposed multiplicative-complete economically ideal index, namely the Färe–Primont index, to evaluate TFP and to decompose it into its different components: technical change, pure technical, mix and scale efficiencies. TFP is computed at the provincial level over the 2010–2017 period. The results shows that estimated provincial TFP values are, on average, small whatever the considered year, but they have increased with an annual compound growth rate of 3.46%. Technical progress as measured by TFP* appears to be the main driver of TFP growth over the period, with an annual compound growth rate of 3.34%. The expansion of the production set under constant returns-to-scale, from which TFP* is measured, is guided by movements of Ho Chi Minh city. Accordingly, on average, overall productive efficiency stagnated, with an annual compound growth rate of 0.12%. Technical efficiency has also stagnated over the period with its annual compound growth rate -0.62%. The results imply that there has been an increasing gap between provinces in terms of the resource allocation efficiency. This evolution may have negative consequences on sustainable economic development and lead the country into the risk of middle income trap in the future.

National audience; This communication presents the symbolic clustering methods and R packages for interval data with applications to conditional quantile estimates of production costs in agriculture. The interval data clustering tools are used to obtain typologies of European countries on the basis of the conditional quantile distributions of agricultural production cost empirical estimates. used to determine optimal partitions along with various criteria. Statistical tests are demonstrated to find the optimal partition.

As an important economic measure, the total factor productivity indices can be employed to evaluate the performance of decision-making units over time. These indices are usually based on multiplicative or additive distance functions estimated by both parametric and non parametric approaches. Under a non parametric analytic framework, this paper introduces a multiplicative directional productivity measure: the Directional Hicks-Moorstens (DHM) indicator. A dynamical combination of multiplicative directional distance functions is introduced and non convex production technologies are assumed to estimate distance functions. In empirical analysis, the proposed model is applied to investigate productivity changes among Chinese provincial public hospitals over the period 2014-2018. The results indicate that a consistent outcome is obtained under the multiplicative technology and the production technology of free disposal hull while more productivity gains are observed under free disposal hull technology.

We study the impact of firm level choices of ICT, R&D, exporting and importing on the evolution of productivity, its bias towards skilled workers, and the implications for labor demand. We use a novel measure of firm-level technology: firms' employment of workers in occupations related to R&D and ICT adoption, who we call “techies”. We develop a methodology for estimating nested CES production functions at the firm level, which allows us to measure both Hicks-neutral and skill-augmenting technology differences. Using administrative data on French firms we find that techies, exporting and importing raise skill-biased productivity. In contrast, only ICT techies raise Hicks-neutral productivity. On average, higher firm-level skill biased productivity does not affect low-skill employment even as it raises the ratio of skilled to unskilled workers, due to the cost-reducing effect of higher productivity. ICT techies account for large increases in aggregate demand for skill, mostly due to their effect on firm size, less so through within-firm changes. Exporting, importing, and R&D techies have smaller aggregate effects.

International audience; Electricity systems are quitting monopoly for an operation framed by competitive markets. It therefore questions how the operation of nuclear plants capable of load-following is expected to change at the transition stage in a challenging economic environment for nuclear producers given the high penetration of renewables and the increase of nuclear production costs for renovation and safety reasons. To answer this question, we are focusing on a month-by-month management horizon of the nuclear fuel given the technico-economical features of the operation of flexible nuclear plants. The resolution of the month-by-month profit maximization problem contributes to identify potential difficulties and limits of production optimization and provides us with an equilibrium which proves the existence of an optimal production path. This benchmark could serve as a reference providing valuable insight on the resolution of more complex optimisation problems.

International audience; We analyze environmental policy in a model where some consumers (dubbed green) derive warm glow from buying a good of a higher environmental quality, and where green firms differentiate products on their environmental quality to enjoy market power. For any given pollution level, emission taxes turn out to be less cost-effective than an emission standard because taxation always induces a higher wedge between the environmental qualities of products. By stark contrast, consumers prefer taxes to standards when the warm glow intensity is not too large. Also, the ability of green firms to exert market power makes the tax less attractive to green consumers. When the pollution level is endogenized via majority voting, both neutral and green consumers vote in favor of laxer standards and therefore pollution is higher compared to the case of nondifferentiated products. By contrast, the majority chosen tax induces the efficient level of pollution. Green consumerism reduces environmental protection with standards but not with taxes.

International audience; One of the most important problems of creating new and also modernizing and operating the existing industrial equipment is to provide it with technical diagnostic tools. In modern systems, most diagnostic problems are solved by vibration monitoring methods, and they form the basis of this process. For several years already, when creating new responsible equipment, many manufacturers have completed it with monitoring and diagnostic systems, often integrating them functionally with automatic control systems. This paper discusses the methods of servicing industrial equipment, focusing on predictive maintenance, also known as actual maintenance (maintenance according to the actual technical condition).The rationale for the use of wireless systems for data collection and processing is presented. The principles of constructing wireless sensor networks and the data transmission protocols used to collect statistical information on the state of the elements of industrial equipment, depending on the field of application, are analyzed. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the feasibility of using wireless sensor networks as technical diagnostic tools from both economic and technical points of view. The result is the proposed concept of the predictive maintenance system. The paper substantiates the model of optimization of predic-tive repair using wireless sensor networks. This approach is based on minimizing the costs of maintenance of equipment. The presented concept of a system of predictive maintenance on the basis of sensor networks allows real-time analysis of the state of equipment. The approach allows implementing smart management of technologies in companies for ensuring stability of functioning.

International audience; The realization of structural changes in high-technology industries requires an evaluation of the effectiveness of taken decisions. For this purpose, the paper considers the technical and economic feasibility of developing a system of indicators in industrial management, which will allow increasing the competitiveness of products. A set of indicators was developed, based on the formalization of the main characteristics and interrelation of the organizational structure, and an integral estimation of the organizational potential of high-technology enterprises was proposed. The application of such a technique in practice will give a preliminary conclusion about the nature of structural transformations. In developing the methodology, a criterion is proposed for estimating the competitiveness of a high-technology enterprise, which is based on the ratio of its potentials to actual risks. Structurally functional identification of the potentials of the processes of functional systems made it possible to reveal the features of the application of analytical models for determining the accumulated potentials in the production system. This gives the possibility for segmentation of the enterprise's competitiveness and determination of areas with different efficiency of resource consumption.

International audience; This communication uses symbolic data analysis tools to visualize conditional quantile estimation intervals, applying it to the problem of cost allocation in agriculture. After recalling the conceptual framework of the estimation of agricultural production costs, the first part presents the empirical model, the quantile regression approach and the interval data processing techniques used as symbolic data analysis tools. The second part presents the comparative analysis of the econometric results of pig between twelve European Member States, using the principal components analysis and the divisive hierarchical clustering of the estimation intervals, by discussing the relevance of the exploratory graphs obtained for the international comparisons.; Cette communication utilise des outils d'analyse de données symboliques pour visualiser les intervalles d'estimation des quantiles conditionnels, en l'appliquant au problème de l'allocation des coûts dans l'agriculture. Après avoir rappelé le cadre conceptuel de l'estimation des coûts de production agricole, la première partie présente le modèle empirique, l'approche de régression par quantile et les techniques de traitement des données d'intervalle utilisées comme outils d'analyse des données symboliques. La deuxième partie présente l'analyse comparative des résultats économétriques du porc entre douze États membres européens, en utilisant l'analyse en composantes principales et le regroupement hiérarchique des intervalles d'estimation, en discutant de la pertinence des graphiques exploratoires obtenus pour les comparaisons internationales.

This dataset an historical list of wind power projects in Vietnam, updated 2021-01-21. The list contains 473 records, among which 381 refer to active projects. It includes the generation capacity, the project's location at the commune level, its stage classified on the Preliminary / Development / Implementation / Operation / Decommission scale, and wether it is onshore, nearshore or offshore. The sample is comprehensive for Implementation and Operation projects. We cover the total project investment cost for 162 records. We obtained the dataset by reviewing only public sources: national power development plan updates, provincial investment plans decisions ; the press and the professional literature. This dataset can be used for energy system research and modeling, for policy analysis at the provincial and national levels, and to better understand the market conditions. It provides an inspirational example of how fast it is possible to switch to renewable energy on a national scale. Climate change mitigation requires more stories like this one.

Analysts often divide wind power projects into two categories: onshore and offshore. A third category recently emerged: nearshore projects, built on the intertidal flats. We observe a quasi cross-sectional sample of Vietnam's wind power projects, exhaustive regarding projects at the operating and building stages, comprising projects in the three categories. The median investment for onshore wind power projects in Vietnam is 1 680 USD/kW. It is 2 174 USD/kW for nearshore projects. We computed the relative extra investment distribution for intertidal projects compared to onshore projects in our sample. On average, a MW of generation capacity requires about 50% more investment nearshore than onshore. But variation is considerable, the interquartile range 20%-70% represents the extra cost better. It does not follow that electricity from nearshore stations costs more. Annual generation depends on the capacity factor. Projects developers are paying extra for better wind nearshore.

We analyse the impact of both the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 and the European sovereign and banking crisis of 2011-13 on firm-level productivity in France, Italy and Spain. We firstly show that relying on a single break date in 2008 misses both the euro crisis and countries' institutional speci_cities. Secondly, although leverage and financial constraints affect firm-level productivity negatively, high-leverage firms su_er more from financial constraints only in Italy, when they are relatively small or when their debt is of short maturity. These results, which are robust to a series of alternative explanations, call for approaches taking into consideration country-level characteristics of financial institutions and time varying _nancing constraints of the firms, instead of pooling data and adopting a common break date. One size does not fit all when it comes to identifying the impact of financial crises on firm level productivity.

This paper investigates the relationship between taxation and firm performance in developing countries. Taking firm-level data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys (WBES) and tax data from the Government Revenue Dataset (ICTD/UNU-WIDER), our results suggest that tax revenue benefits to firm growth in developing countries, especially in low-income countries and lower-middle income countries. These findings are robust to the inclusion of alternative covariates and specifications, and do not appear to be sample dependent. We also provide evidence that the positive effect of taxation on firm growth falls significantly when corruption is too pervasive, and when the origin of tax revenue origin reduces government accountability. Lastly, our paper finds that the positive effect of domestic revenue on firm performance could channel through the financing of public infrastructures vital to firms operating in lower-income countries.

International audience; Our objective is to extend the latent class stochastic frontier (LCSFM) model to compute productivity change, using the robust transitive productivity Fare-Primont index. The application is to three types of grazing livestock farms in France over the period 2002-2016. The LCSFM identified two classes of farms, intensive farms and extensive farms. Results indicate that productivity change and its components show only small differences between the LCSFM and the pooled model that does not account for heterogeneity. Differences across classes exist, but depend on farm type.; Notre objectif est d'étendre le modèle de frontière stochastique à classe de latence (LCSFM) pour calculer le changement de productivité, en utilisant l'indice de productivité transitif robuste de Fare-Primont. L'application porte sur trois types d'exploitations d'élevage herbivore en France sur la période 2002-2016. Le LCSFM a identifié deux classes d'exploitations, les exploitations intensives et les exploitations extensives. Les résultats indiquent que la variation de la productivité et ses composantes ne présentent que de faibles différences entre le LCSFM et le modèle groupé qui ne tient pas compte de l'hétérogénéité. Les différences entre les classes existent, mais dépendent du type d'exploitation.

We study the productivity level distributions of manufacturing firms in France and Germany, and how these distributions evolved across the Great Recession. We show the presence of a systematic productivity advantage of German firms over French ones in the decade 2003-2013, but the gap has narrowed down after the Great Recession. Convergence is explained by the better growth performance of French firms in the post-recession period, especially of those located in the top percentiles of the productivity distribution. We also highlight the role of sectoral growth, firm size and export intensity in explaining the above convergence. In contrast, the contribution of allocative efficiency was small.

Est proposé ici un complément au modèle néoclassique d’unité de production dans sa partie contraintes techniques. Grâce à la définition de chaque bien produit comme un assemblage de biens intermédiaires et au repositionnement de la fonction de production au niveau d’une production intermédiaire, il lui permet d’atteindre un ensemble de production pluri-outputs formé d’ensembles mono-output eux-mêmes constitués d’ensembles de productions intermédiaires et de mettre ainsi en avant une contrainte d’harmonisation des productions intermédiaires en tant que seconde dimension de l’efficacité technique de la production d’un output. Grâce, en plus, à la définition de chaque production intermédiaire comme une fonction d’un input-travail, d’un input-capital et d’un input énergie et à l’explicitation de cette fonction comme le produit de l’input-travail et de sa productivité du travail, elle-même définie comme une fonction du degré de mécanisation de la production, lui-même défini comme le rapport à l’input-travail d’une variable exprimant le travail du capital, à son tour définie comme une fonction de l’input-travail et de l’input-capital et l’input-énergie, il lui permet d’expliquer complètement la convexité de l’ensemble de production.

Firms often partially fund new projects for preliminary development rather than fully fund them to fruition. This staged development yields early feedback which can improve an individual project through learning and a portfolio of projects by the termination of weaker ideas. Although prior empirical studies have found a positive relationship between staged development and outcomes, these studies were limited to settings that only allowed for learning, i.e. projects were never terminated. To capture the full effect, this paper exploits a form staged development in the television show industry where a new show’s first episode is filmed and evaluated before commissioning the full show. Using Netflix’s entry into television show production as a source of randomization, a negative treatment effect of piloting on show ratings is measured for shows that are more likely to survive piloting. Mechanism evidence suggests piloting worsens shows by impeding their ability to attract actors and lowering planning of the full season. Hence, staged development can have a downside: the lack of commitment to projects can prevent them from getting the resources and effort necessary for success.

International audience; The main concepts of this study are productivity and efficiency, which are very relevant for Latvia and are reflected both in the latest scientific publications, dissertation researches and analytical reviews of the Latvian ministries and representatives of the European Commission in Latvia, as well as in expert reports published in the press. The objective of this article is empirical interpretation and search of the most corresponding to the terminological background method of measuring of the productivity and efficiency of regions, based on a specific example of the regions of Latvia. The results of the previous authors' research showed that the productivity of region is defined as it`s ability to create as many as possible goods or services per unit of time, while the efficiency is the pure economical term that takes into account the amount of the factors of production utilizied in the production process. Productivity / efficiency of a region is not only the sum of the productivity / efficiency of economical units functioning in this region, as contains a certain "delta"-synergy effect (for factors of production), agglomeration effect (for enterprises) or concentration effect (for industries). Always economically backward Latvia's region (Latgale region) is not with the lowest productivity calculated by the GDP per 1 km 2 of a region's territory-by this indicator less successful in Latvia is Vidzeme region. But by the earnings index, calculated taking into account the sectoral structure of employment in a region, exactly the Latgale region as usually occupies the last place in Latvia, and the Riga region-the first one. To calculate the efficiency of Latvia's regions, the authors relied on neoclassical growth models, which take into account the main classical factors of production-labor, land, capital. By the efficiency in Latvia the Riga region leads expectantly, almost 2 times exceeding the efficiency of Pieriga region, and more than 3 times,-the efficiency of Latgale region. But lowest efficiency in Latvia is not in the Latgale region, but once more in Vidzeme region.

In the process of industrialization, relocation of manufacturing industries from urban to rural areas may have important implications for the rural environment and agricultural production. As a demonstration, the aim of this paper is to estimate the impact of wastewater from industrial firms on agricultural yields in rice farming of Jiangsu province, China. Using 2011-2015 panel data from both the China Rural Fixed Point Survey and the China Environmental Statistics Database between 2011 and 2015, we find that industrial wastewater significantly reduces rice yields. The econometric strategy implemented allows us to assume that this result reflects a causal and detrimental biological effect of wastewater on the growing process of the rice. These results highlight the need to better understand the conflicts between industry and agriculture at the local level in a context of rapid industrialization.

International audience; The decision to adopt one or another of the sustainable land management alternatives should not be based solely on their respective benefits in terms of climate change mitigation but also based on the performances of the productive systems used by farm holdings, assessing their environmental impacts through the cost of specific resources used. This communication uses the symbolic clustering tools in order to analyse the conditional quantile estimates of the fertilizer costs of specific productions in agriculture, as a replacement proxy for internal soil erosion costs. After recalling the conceptual framework of the estimation of agricultural production costs, we present the empirical data model, the quantile regression approach and the symbolic clustering tools used to obtain typologies of European countries on the basis of the conditional quantile distributions of fertilizer cost empirical estimates. The comparative analysis of econometric results for main products between European countries illustrates the relevance of the typologies obtained for international comparisons based on their input specific productivity.; La décision d'adopter l'une ou l'autre des alternatives de gestion durable des terres ne devrait pas être fondée uniquement sur leurs avantages respectifs en termes d'atténuation du changement climatique, mais également sur les performances des systèmes de production utilisés par les exploitations agricoles, en évaluant leurs impacts environnementaux à travers le coût des ressources spécifiques utilisées. Cette communication mobilise les outils de la classification symbolique afin d'analyser les estimations quantitatives conditionnelles des coûts des engrais de productions spécifiques en agriculture, en tant que substitut des coûts internes de l'érosion des sols. Après avoir rappelé le cadre conceptuel de l'estimation des coûts de production agricole, nous présentons le modèle de données empiriques, l'approche de régression quantile et les outils de classification symbolique utilisés pour obtenir des typologies de pays européens sur la base des estimations empiriques des distributions quantile conditionnelles des coûts des engrais. L'analyse comparative des résultats économétriques pour les principaux produits entre les pays européens illustre la pertinence des typologies obtenues pour les comparaisons internationales basées sur la productivité spécifique de leurs intrants.

International audience; The decision to adopt one or another of the sustainable land management alternatives should not be based solely on their respective benefits in terms of climate change mitigation but also based on the performances of the productive systems used by farm holdings, assessing their environmental impacts through the cost of specific resources used. This communication uses the symbolic clustering tools in order to analyse the conditional quantile estimates of the fertilizer costs of specific productions in agriculture, as a replacement proxy for internal soil erosion costs. After recalling the conceptual framework of the estimation of agricultural production costs, we present the empirical data model, the quantile regression approach and the symbolic clustering tools used to obtain typologies of European countries on the basis of the conditional quantile distributions of fertilizer cost empirical estimates. The comparative analysis of econometric results for main products between European countries illustrates the relevance of the typologies obtained for international comparisons based on their input specific productivity.; La décision d'adopter l'une ou l'autre des alternatives de gestion durable des terres ne devrait pas être fondée uniquement sur leurs avantages respectifs en termes d'atténuation du changement climatique, mais également sur les performances des systèmes de production utilisés par les exploitations agricoles, en évaluant leurs impacts environnementaux à travers le coût des ressources spécifiques utilisées. Cette communication mobilise les outils de la classification symbolique afin d'analyser les estimations quantitatives conditionnelles des coûts des engrais de productions spécifiques en agriculture, en tant que substitut des coûts internes de l'érosion des sols. Après avoir rappelé le cadre conceptuel de l'estimation des coûts de production agricole, nous présentons le modèle de données empiriques, l'approche de régression quantile et les outils de classification symbolique utilisés pour obtenir des typologies de pays européens sur la base des estimations empiriques des distributions quantile conditionnelles des coûts des engrais. L'analyse comparative des résultats économétriques pour les principaux produits entre les pays européens illustre la pertinence des typologies obtenues pour les comparaisons internationales basées sur la productivité spécifique de leurs intrants.

National audience; The presence of consumers able to respond to changes in wholesale electricity prices facilitates the penetration of renewable intermittent sources of energy such as wind or sun power. We investigate how adapting demand to intermittent electricity supply by making consumers price-responsive - thanks to smart meters and home automation appliances - impacts the energy mix. We show that it almost always reduces carbon emissions. Furthermore, when consumers are not too risk-averse, demand response is socially beneficial because the loss from exposing consumers to volatile prices is more than offset by lower production and environmental costs. However, the gain is decreasing when the proportion of reactive consumers increases. Therefore, depending on the costs of the necessary smart hardware, it may be non-optimal to equip the whole population.

This paper investigates the degree of total factor productivity convergence for the German electricity and gas firms. We use different approaches to compute the productivity level and several old and new panel unit root tests from the second generation to check the existence of a convergence process. For robustness purpose we compare the convergence between small and medium-sized enterprises and large companies. Our findings show the existence of the convergence process in terms of total factor productivity, result confirmed by all categories of tests we use. Therefore, an innovation transfer is recorded between German electricity and gas firms, transfer that is slightly higher for small and medium-sized enterprises. JEL codes: D24, O33

International audience; We challenge the accepted wisdom of a global secular decline in the labor share. We document three issues: (i) starting periods for the empirical analysis; (ii) accounting for self-employment; and (iii) accounting for residential real estate income. An empirical analysis is carried out on the Euro Area (EA) and ten developed countries. When the three issues are set aside, the orientation of the labor share in the business sector appears not to be a general downward or upward one.

One of the reasons for the persistent low agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa isthe lack of adoption of protable agricultural technologies. Yet, what is protable in a controlledexperimental setting may not be protable in a real-world setting. Estimating the returns to asingle input is, in fact, challenging as farmers may respond to adoption by re-optimizing the useof other inputs. This paper explores farmers behavioral response to a positive random shockon future productivity by disentangling inputs returns from farmers' response. Using a uniquehousehold panel dataset collected in rural Uganda, I proxy a future productivity shock with thebirth of a female calf against that of a male calf. Calves have no technical returns, but femalecalves will become cows producing milk, providing a stable source of income, while bulls andoxen are of little use in this context. The main OLS and difference-in-differences results showthe existence of a crowd-in effect. Farmers react to the birth of a female calf by increasinginputs' expenditures. They invest more on their cattle's health, increase hired labor and aremore willing to pay for cattle-related investments but not for other activities. This increase ininvestments leads to an increase in milk production and revenues that lasts over time. Furtherresults show that economies of scale associated with the number of female animals seem toexplain this behavioral response.; L'une des raisons de la faible productivité agricole persistante en Afrique Sub-saharienne estle manque d'adoption de technologies agricoles rentables. Cependant, ce qui est rentable dansun cadre expérimental contrôlé peut ne pas l'être une fois appliqué sur le terrain. En fait, ilest difficile d'estimer les retours d'une seule technologie, car les agriculteurs peuvent réagir àl'adoption en re-optimisant l'utilisation d'autres facteurs de production. Cet article explore laréponse comportementale des agriculteurs a un choc aléatoire positif sur la productivité futureen dissociant les retours des facteurs de production à la réponse des agriculteurs. En utilisantdes données de panel de ménages uniques collectées dans des zones rurales ougandaises, je mesure un choc sur la productivité future par la naissance d'un veau femelle par rapport àcelle d'un veau m^ale. Les veaux n'ont pas de rendements techniques, mais les veaux femellesdeviendront des vaches productrices de lait, offrant une source de revenu stable, tandis queles taureaux et les boeufs sont très peu rentables dans ce contexte. Les principaux résultatsobtenus par des estimateurs MCO et de Double Différences montrent l'existence d'un eetde crowd-in. Les agriculteurs réagissent à la naissance d'un veau femelle en augmentant lesinvestissements productifs. Ils investissent davantage dans la santé de leurs animaux, augmententla main-d'oeuvre embauchée et ont une disposition à payer plus élevée pour des dépenses liéesau bétail, mais pas pour d'autres activités. Cette augmentation des investissements entraîne uneaugmentation de la production de lait et des revenus qui dure dans le temps. D'autres résultatsmontrent que les économies d'échelle associées au nombre d'animaux femelles semblent expliquercette réaction comportementale.

We challenge the accepted wisdom of a global secular decline in the labor share. A simple theoretical model is proposed to highlight the main factors of change in the labor share. We document three issues in the existing literature : (i) starting periods for the empirical analysis ; (ii) accounting for self‑employment ; and (iii) accounting for residential real estate income. An empirical analysis is carried out since the post‑war period for France and the United States, and since the 1990s for ten developed countries and on a six‑country “euro area”. How the three questions above are addressed is crucial to the diagnosis. When the biases that may arise with the three issues mentioned above are eliminated, the labor share in the market sector does not show a general downward or upward trend. The choice of period has a huge impact, as does the treatment of real estate services, whose inclusion or not in the value added can result in significantly different trends., Cette Gilbert, Koehl Lorraine, Philippon Thomas. The Labor Share in the Long Term: A Decline?. In: Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics, n°510-512, Special Issue 50th Anniversary. pp. 35-51.

International audience; This paper addresses the empirical question of whether productivity can help explain the economic growth dynamics in Algeria over the period from 1984 to 2015. The first aim of this article is to measure the productivity for both the economy as a whole and for different sectors. Then, original estimates of the capital stock are made using the permanent inventory method, which enables the evolutions of the total factor productivity to be inferred. On the basis of these estimates, it is shown that, while the Algerian economy as a whole performed fairly well in terms of economic growth, this was more the result of an increase in production factors, i.e., labor force, than of labor productivity growth, which was very limited. This partly reflects the weak performance of the hydrocarbons sector, which has experienced a decline in labor productivity since the early 2000s, while other sectors such as agriculture have experienced strong productivity gains.; Cet article aborde la question empirique de savoir si la productivité peut aider à expliquer la dynamique de la croissance économique en Algérie sur la période 1984-2015. Le premier objectif de cet article est de mesurer la productivité à la fois pour l’économie dans son ensemble et pour différents secteurs. Ensuite, des estimations initiales du stock de capital sont effectuées à l’aide de la méthode de l’inventaire permanent, ce qui a permis de déduire les évolutions de la productivité totale des facteurs. Sur la base de ces estimations, il est montré que si l’économie algérienne dans son ensemble a enregistré une assez bonne performance en termes de croissance économique, cette performance résulte davantage d’une augmentation des facteurs de production, à savoir la main-d’œuvre, que de la croissance de la productivité du travail, qui était, elle, très limitée. Cela reflète en partie la faible performance du secteur des hydrocarbures, qui a connu une baisse de la productivité du travail depuis le début des années 2000, tandis que d’autres secteurs tels que l’agriculture ont enregistré de forts gains de productivité.

International audience; The purpose of this paper is to analyse the key factors behind the adoption of new automobile modular platforms from the perspectives of product design, manufacturing network and production systems.Design/methodology/approachAn in-depth and qualitative cross-case analysis of European manufacturing networks was performed based on the modular platforms of seven automobile manufacturers.FindingsThe adoption of modular platforms has changed automobile product architecture helping automobile manufacturers to improve their manufacturing network outputs. The results show that operational flexibility and scope and scale economies at manufacturing network level depend on the platform design – degree of modularity – and the manufacturer’s product and manufacturing network conditions. This new product architecture allows for the new production systems to be efficient in terms of flexibility and versatility without overinvestment.Originality/valueThe main contribution to the research literature is the combination of traditional product architecture with the manufacturing network approach to analyse the influence of product design on production systems, especially regarding the adoption of new automobile modular platforms.

The aim of this study is to examine farm household-level impacts of weather extreme events on Vietnamese rice technical efficiency. Vietnam is considered among the most vulnerable countries to climate change, and the Vietnamese economy is highly dependent on rice production that is strongly affected by climate change. A stochastic frontier analysis is applied with census panel data and weather data from 2010 to 2014 to estimate these impacts while controlling for both adaptation strategy and household characteristics. Also, this study combines these estimated marginal effects with future climate scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5) to project the potential impact of hot temperatures in 2050 on rice technical efficiency. We find that weather shocks measured by the occurrence of floods, typhoons and droughts negatively affect technical efficiency. Also, additional days with a temperature above 31°C dampen technical efficiency and the negative effect is increasing with temperature. For instance, a one day increase in the bin [33°C-34°C] ([35°C and more]) lessen technical efficiency between 6.84 (2.82) and 8.05 (3.42) percentage points during the dry (wet) season.

Total Factor Productivity: How to more accurately assess "our ignorance"?This article deals with the topic of growth accountability and is applied to the French economy. Retrospective exercise (but possibly a prospective one), it seeks to know what the weight of the determinants of growth had been. In its usual version, this framework has many merits but does not allow to aspire to an exhaustive quantitative determination of the sources of economic growth. This is all the more true since the hypotheses which are, nevertheless, empirically plausible, which we develop successively and then consider cumulatively, are not included. The weight of these sources is then mechanically found in the “Residue of Solow”, measuring "our ignorance" and thus not considering the true levers of growth. This contribution is of an economic, methodological and statistical nature and will focus on 2015 selected as an illustration. The usual framework thus enriched and evaluated (and replicable spatiotemporally including prospectively), provides a model of refined analysis and accounting of short-term economic growth, revealing the obtaining of growth contributions that are different from those which would have been obtained with the standard exercise of growth accounting., Productivité globale des facteurs : comment évaluer plus précisément « notre ignorance » ?Cet article traite du thème de la comptabilité de la croissance économique appliquée à la France. Exercice rétrospectif (pouvant revêtir une dimension prospective), celui-ci cherche à savoir quels auront été les poids des déterminants de la croissance. Dans sa version usuelle, ce cadre a de nombreux mérites mais ne permet pas toutefois d’aspirer à une détermination quantitative exhaustive des sources de la croissance. Cela est d’autant plus vrai que des hypothèses pourtant empiriquement plausibles que nous développons successivement puis cumulativement n’y sont pas considérées. Le poids de ces sources se retrouve alors fatalement dans le « Résidu de Solow », mesurant « notre ignorance », mésestimant ainsi les véritables leviers de croissance. Cette contribution d’ordre économique, méthodologique et statistique portera sur l’année 2015 à titre illustratif. Le cadre comptable usuel ainsi complété, évalué et réplicable spatio-temporellement y compris prospectivement, fournit un modèle d’analyse et de comptabilité raffinée de la croissance économique révélant l’obtention de contributions factorielles et de résidus de croissance différents de ceux qu’aurait fourni la pratique courante de la comptabilité de la croissance.

International audience A large portion of the productivity differentials among locations is related to density. Firms located in denser areas are more productive (Combes et al., 2012a, Econometrica). We show in this article that resource misallocation is lower in denser areas and argue that misallocation plays an important role in explaining the observed productivity premium of large cities. Using a methodology proposed by Petrin and Sivadasan (2013, Review of Economics and Statistics), we firstly assess the degree of resource misallocation among firms within sectors for each of the 348 French Employment Areas (commuting zones). Based on firm-level productivity estimates, we identify in the gap between the values of the marginal product and marginal input price the degree of input allocation at the firm level. Over the whole period 1994–2007, the average gap at firm level is 9.5 thousand euros. Secondly, we show that firm misallocation is lower in denser employment zones, suggesting that matching mechanisms on the labor market contribute to the productivity premium of agglomerated locations.

International audience; This paper revisits the issue of accurately decomposing productivity growth to the impact of public infrastructure at firm level for Mexican industry whether the underlying functional form is a profit or a cost function. Our framework decomposes productivity growth into different components, and in particular the contribution of public infrastructure. We also propose a novel limited information local likelihood (LILL) estimation method that adequately deals with the issue of the endogeneity and model misspecification. The reported evidence shows that public infrastructure enhances productivity growth through profit gains and cost savings in all ten two-digit Mexican industries, though some variability across time exists, notably in the nineties and the 2000s when a shortage of infrastructure is observed.

International audience; This paper extends to production theory some notions of compensated and equivalent variation analyzed in Luenberger (Econ Theory 7:445-462, 1996) in a consumer context. Along this line the Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen productivity indicator introduced in Briec and Kerstens (Econ Theory 23:925-939, 2004) is derived from these concepts for multi-output production technologies. The dual properties of this productivity indicator are analyzed and an aggregate indicator is introduced inspired from the resource function proposed in Luenberger (1996). A connection to a suitable Slutsky matrix is established.

International audience; Disease perception and adequate management practices are two essential issues faced by farmers, especially in the current context of climate change which may potentially increase disease risk. We investigated the diversity of water yam cropping systems in Guadeloupe through interviews, how producers and international yam research scientists perceived anthracnose, and how this perception correlated with farmers’ risk management strategies. We found that disease perception by farmers is very close to perception by international yam experts, as both have the same perception of the hierarchy of factors translating into disease. Three different yam production strategies coexist at a local scale, where agronomic practices and socio-economic profiles are distinct and consistent with attitude toward anthracnose risk management. Six factors were perceived as decreasing the disease: associated crop species; crop rotation; staking; weeding; crop monitoring and varietal admixture. Yam producers raising crops more intensively were risk prone, while others usually sought practices to manage disease appearance and spread. Both cumulative risk and past anthracnose epidemic experiences translated into heavier reliance on chemicals. These results have practical implications for designing best yam crop management systems and control of yam anthracnose.

For each production or utility function, we can define the corresponding elasticities of substitution functions; but is the reverse true? This paper shows that yes, and that this link is fruitful. By inverting the system of partial differential equations defining the elasticities of substitution functions, we uncover an analytical formula which encompasses all production and utility functions that are admissible in Arrow-Debreu equilibria. We highlight the "Constant Elasticities of Substitution Matrix" (CESM) class of functions which, unlike the CES functions, does not assume uniform substitutability among all pairs of goods. A shortcoming of our method is that it permits only to control for local concavity while it is difficult to control for global concavity.

The objective of the article is to assess productivity change in French agriculture during 2002-2015; namely, total factor productivity (TFP) change and its components – technological change and efficiency change. For this, we use the Färe-Primont index which verifies the multiplicatively completeness property and is also transitive, allowing for multi-temporal and -lateral comparisons. We investigate the extent of heterogeneity within each type of farming sub-sample in terms of TFP change, with the help of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI). In addition, to compare the technologies among the five types of farming considered, we extend our analysis to the meta-frontier framework. Results indicate that during 2002-2015, all farms experienced TFP progress. The smallest average increase was experienced by the dairy farms and the largest by the field crop farms and the beef farms. The latter had the strongest technological progress but a deterioration in efficiency, while the opposite was found for field crop farms. The analysis of HHI reveals that sheep or goat farms are the most homogenous in terms of the direction of TFP change experienced over the period 2002-2015. The meta-frontier analysis shows that field crop farms’ technology is the most productive of all the types of farming., L'objectif de l'article est d'évaluer l'évolution de la productivité dans l'agriculture française de 2002 à 2015; à savoir le changement de la productivité totale des facteurs de production (TFP) et ses composantes - changement technologique et changement d'efficacité. Pour cela, nous utilisons l'indice Färe-Primont qui est multiplicativement complet et est également transitif, permettant des comparaisons multi-temporelles et latérales. Nous étudions l'ampleur de l'hétérogénéité au sein de chaque type de sous-échantillon agricole en termes de changement de la TFP, à l'aide de l'indice Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI). En outre, pour comparer les technologies entre les cinq types d’agriculture considérés, nous étendons notre analyse au cadre des méta-frontières. Les résultats indiquent que durant la période 2002-2015, toutes les exploitations ont connu des gains de la TFP. La plus faible augmentation moyenne a été enregistrée par les exploitations laitières et la plus importante par les exploitations de grandes cultures et les fermes bovines. Ces dernières ont enregistré les progrès technologiques les plus importants, mais leur efficacité s'est détériorée, tandis que le contraire a été constaté pour les grandes cultures. L'analyse de l'HHI révèle que les élevages de moutons ou de chèvres sont les plus homogènes en termes de changement de la TFP au cours de la période 2002-2015. L'analyse des méta-frontières montre que la technologie des exploitations de grandes cultures est la plus productive de tous les types d'agriculture

We compute the optimal subsidy level for fuelwood consumption that makes it possible to achieve the French biomass energy consumption target. For this purpose, we model the competition and trade-offs between the consumption of fuelwood for heat (FW-H) and the consumption of fuelwood for electricity (FW-E). To do so, we couple a forest sector model with an electricity simulation model, and we test different scenarios combining FW-H and FW-E that account for contrasting potential increases in the carbon price and the potential reduction in the number of nuclear plants. We assess the implications of these scenarios on (1) the budgetary costs for the government, (2) industrial wood producers' profits, (3) cost savings in the power sector for the different scenarios tested, and (4) the carbon balance. We show that the scenario with the highest carbon price and the lowest number of nuclear plants is the least expensive from a budgetary perspective. Indeed, when associated with a high carbon price, co-firing may increase FW-E demand with a lower subsidy level, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of reaching the target. However, in this case, FW-E crowds out part of FW-H, which may cause political and economic issues. From a carbon balance perspective, an FW-H-only scenario performs better than any other scenario that combines FW-H and FW-E due to the relatively low emissions factors of alternative technologies for electricity generation and, in particular, nuclear energy.