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Background: Misclassification of physical activity (PA) levels in children due the use of invalid methods may heighten related adverse health risks. Objective methods for assessing PA are preferable but are not always feasible due to costs and related logistics, and questionnaires may be more suitable for national surveillance purposes. However, their validity and reliability vary in different populations. Purpose: To determine the level of agreement between PA levels measured by accelerometry (ActiGraph Model GT3X-BT) and the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) in 8-year-old children from a black South African population. Methods: Eight-year-old children (8.37��0.73 years) from a larger study were participants. PA was determined using the objective and subjective methods of accelerometer (ActiGraph) and PAQ-C, respectively. Bland���Altman plots were used to assess the level of agreement between ActiGraph and PAQ-C. Results: No significant gender difference in PA score determined by PAQ-C was found. When ActiGraph was used, boys reported significantly (p0.05). The results further reveal that PAQ-C underestimated the PA of the sample population. Conclusion: Poor level of agreement existed between the two methods used to assess PA. PAQ-C underestimated PA levels in a sample of South Africa black children. PAQ-C, when used as a lone method for assessment of PA levels, should be approached with caution and where possible, the use of both objective measures and self-report is recommended. Funding: Research supported by the South African Medical Research Council (MRC) under the Self-Initiated Research Grants Programme. Additionally, funds received from the NRF for rated researchers are acknowledged. Financial support received from North-West University in the establishment of the stable isotope laboratory for the determination of body composition within the PhASRec research entity is greatly appreciated. Additionally, we would like to thank the IAEA for financial support (TC project SAF6020)., The Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, Vol. 14 No. 3 (2021): Proceedings from the 8th International Society for Physical Activity and Health Congress

Background: There is a paucity of data from low- and middle-income countries on sedentary behaviour (SB) patterns during early childhood. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine how device-measured SB in young children differed across geographically, economically, and socio-demographically diverse populations, in an international sample. Methods: This multinational, cross-sectional pilot study included data from 1071 children from 19 countries, collected between 2018 and 2020. SB was measured for three consecutive days using activPAL accelerometers. Sedentary time, sedentary fragmentation, and seated transport duration were calculated using PAL Analysis Algorithms and a custom-made analysis program. Linear mixed models were used to examine the differences in SB variables between sex, country-level income groups, caregiver education levels, urban/rural location, and population density. Results: Children spent 56% (7.4 hrs) of their waking time sedentary, and 42% accrued at least one sedentary bout/day lasting ���60 min. The longest average bout duration was 81.1��45.4 min, and an average of 61.1��50.1 min/day was spent in seated transport. Children from upper-middle-income and high-income countries spent a greater proportion of the day sedentary, accrued more sedentary bouts, had shorter breaks between sedentary bouts, and spent significantly more time in seated transport, than children from low- and lower-middle-income countries. Few differences were found in SB patterns when comparing between urban/rural settings and caregiver education levels within each country-level income group, while multiple significant differences were found when comparing between country-level income groups. Higher population density was correlated with several higher SB measures. Conclusions: These data provide greater understanding of young children's SB patterns globally and the influences of country income urban/rural setting, caregiver education levels, and population density. Country income levels and population density appear to be stronger drivers of the observed differences than sex, rural or urban residential setting, or caregiver educational attainment. Funding: The SUNRISE pilot studies were supported by Early Start, University of Wollongong., The Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, Vol. 14 No. 3 (2021): Proceedings from the 8th International Society for Physical Activity and Health Congress

The Covid pandemic affected society in a manner and scale not experienced for more than a generation The impact persists and will do so for years, and not only on health and well being The pandemic has changed attitudes on how and where we work, disrupted education, exposed the perilous state of health and care services, and widened social inequalities It has also prompted a re assessment of building design and management, to create a healthier environment in which to live, work and learn The role of academics in designing viable vaccines to protect against the more severe effects of Covid is well documented But academic endeavour and insight was, and continues to be, important in other aspects of daily life Strathclyde, like many other institutions, contributed academic expertise through advisory groups and governmental committees in areas such as public health, modelling, vaccines, the built environment, and health impacts on individuals and vulnerable groups This booklet is a collection of the personal thoughts of colleagues across the university who were involved one way or another in studies stimulated by the Covid pandemic The range of topics illustrates the extent of the impact of Covid on society and demonstrates the broad based expertise of Strathclyde academics who made, and continue to make, important contributions to understand the consequences of the pandemic and inform preparations for future crises

Additional file 1. Proportion of children meeting the movement behaviour guidelines per age group.

Additional file 2. Levels of PA, SB and sleep per age group.

Additional file 3. The proportion of children meeting the movement behaviour guidelines split by sex.

INTRODUCTION: 24-hour movement behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep) during the early years are associated with health and developmental outcomes, prompting the WHO to develop Global guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. Prevalence data on 24-hour movement behaviours is lacking, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). This paper describes the development of the SUNRISE International Study of Movement Behaviours in the Early Years protocol, designed to address this gap.METHODS AND ANALYSIS: SUNRISE is the first international cross-sectional study that aims to determine the proportion of 3- and 4-year-old children who meet the WHO Global guidelines. The study will assess if proportions differ by gender, urban/rural location and/or socioeconomic status. Executive function, motor skills and adiposity will be assessed and potential correlates of 24-hour movement behaviours examined. Pilot research from 24 countries (14 LMICs) informed the study design and protocol. Data are collected locally by research staff from partnering institutions who are trained throughout the research process. Piloting of all measures to determine protocol acceptability and feasibility was interrupted by COVID-19 but is nearing completion. At the time of publication 41 countries are participating in the SUNRISE study.ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The SUNRISE protocol has received ethics approved from the University of Wollongong, Australia, and in each country by the applicable ethics committees. Approval is also sought from any relevant government departments or organisations. The results will inform global efforts to prevent childhood obesity and ensure young children reach their health and developmental potential. Findings on the correlates of movement behaviours can guide future interventions to improve the movement behaviours in culturally specific ways. Study findings will be disseminated via publications, conference presentations and may contribute to the development of local guidelines and public health interventions.

It has been documented that levels of sedentary behavior (SB) are related to elevated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, details regarding the association between arterial stiffness (AS) and SB, along with breaking and prolonging of SB, remain unclear among individuals meeting physical activity (PA) guidelines. PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between total amount of SB and fragmentation (FI) of SB per day and AS in individuals who meet the PA guidelines as established by the ACSM. SUBJECTS: A total of 54 (32 females, 22 males) participants with an average age of 43 ± 7 years, meeting physical activity guidelines. METHODS: An ActivPal accelerometer was worn for 7 days to monitor SB. SB is defined as sitting or reclined position ≤1.5 METs during waking hours. FI is defined as the average number of sit-to-stand transitions completed during sedentary periods, when total hours of SB are controlled for. Measurement of pulse wave velocity (PWV) was completed as an estimation of AS. RESULTS: Participants averaged 8.6 ± 1.6 h/day of SB, and 3.7 ± 1.2 sit- stand-transitions/seated hour, and PWV of 7.9 ± 1.4 m/s. SB explained 4.5% of the variance in AS. With covariates of age and gender controlled for, the explained variance of FI by the regression equation was 1.1% and was not a significant predictor. CONCLUSION: SB is a significant predictor of AS, a preclinical marker of CVD. Individuals who meet PA guidelines should make a conscious effort to reduce SB to further reduce their risk of developing premature CVD.