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Spiralothelphusa andhra sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A02119B0-F118-48B2-BEF3-AC6A21B1D3E1 Figs 7L, N, 9���13 Carapace broader than long (CW/CL=1.3), deep (CH /CL=0.6���0.7); dorsal surface strongly convex in frontal view; epigastric cristae well-developed, sharp, distinctly anterior to postorbital cristae; postorbital cristae sharp, almost straight to distinctly curved; external orbital angle triangular; epibranchial tooth distinct, sharp, above level of postorbital cristae; branchial regions gently inflated; cervical grooves shallow, narrow, discontinuous, not reaching to level of postorbital cristae; suborbital margin concave, discontinuous with supraorbital margin; frontal median triangle complete, as broad as frontal margin, lateral margins not joining dorsal margin; frontal margin medially gently concave in dorsal view; epistomal medial lobe with distinct, blunt tooth (Figs 9A���C, 11A, C, 12A, 13). Eyes relatively large as compared to orbital space (Fig. 9B). Third maxilliped exopod with well-developed flagellum (Fig. 9C). Chelipeds generally smooth, subequal or unequal; chela with elongated dactylus and palm; carpus with long, narrow, sharp inner distal major tooth and very low sub-basal granule; merus lacking subterminal spine (Figs 9A, D, 11A, C, 13). Ambulatory legs moderately stout, shorter than chelipeds (Figs 9A, D, 11A, C, 13). Male S1 and S2 almost fused; male S2/S3 visible as shallow medial depression, not reaching lateral margins; male S3/S4 only visible as deep submedial depressions (Figs 9D, 10A, 11D). Male sternopleonal cavity reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Figs 9D, 10A, 11D). Male pleon narrowly triangular, with strongly concave lateral margins; somite 6 trapezoidal, relatively broader (proximal width circa 1.7 times medial length), with concave lateral margins (Figs 7N, 9D, 10B). Male telson slightly longer than pleonal somite 6, with almost straight lateral margins and broad apex (Figs 7N, 9D, 10B, 11D). G1 relatively slender, with tip gently hooked downwards; terminal segment and distal portion of subterminal segment longitudinally strongly twisted full turn, clockwise in left G1 and anticlockwise in right G1; twisted portion long, circa 0.6 times length of non-twisted portion; non-twisted portion with outer margin regularly, relatively more strongly curved, distinctly notched towards base (Figs 7L, 10C, D, 11B, E). G2 circa 1.0���1.1 times length of G1; distal segment long, circa 0.5 times length of basal segment (Fig. 10E). Etymology The species name, used here as a Latin noun in apposition, is after the Andhra Pradesh State of India. Material examined Holotype INDIA ��� Andhra Pradesh State ��� ♂ adult (CW 37.8 mm, CL 30.2 mm, CH 19.7 mm, FW 11.9 mm); Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District, Penna River, near Sangam Dam; 14.579�� N, 79.487�� E; alt. 56 m; 15 Dec. 2018; Boni Amin Laskar et al. leg.; GenBank: MN225969; ZSI-FBRC INV/2256. Paratypes INDIA ��� Andhra Pradesh State ��� 1 ♂, subadult (CW 15.1 mm, CL 11.5 mm, CH 7.5 mm, FW 5.2 mm); Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District, Penna River, near Jonnawada; 14.477�� N, 79.863�� E; alt. 19 m; 17 Dec. 2018; Boni Amin Laskar et al. leg.; GenBank: MN225972; ZSI-FBRC INV/2257 ��� 1 ♀, subadult (CW 13.3 mm, CL 10.7 mm, CH 6.8 mm, FW 4.3 mm); Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District, Penna River, near Nagarapamma Temple, Kolagatla; 14.596�� N, 79. 687�� E; alt. 40 m; 15 Dec. 2018; Boni Amin Laskar et al. leg.; GenBank: MN225970; ZSI-FBRC INV/2258 ��� 1 ♂, subadult (CW 20.4 mm, CL 15.8 mm, CH 10.4 mm, FW 7.1 mm); Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District, Penna River, near Apparaopalem-Perumallapadu Bridge; 14.557�� N, 79.625�� E; alt. 46 m; 16 Dec. 2018; Boni Amin Laskar et al. leg.; GenBank: MN605600; ZSI-FBRC INV/2480. Description of male holotype Carapace broader than long (CW/CL= 1.3), deep (CH /CL=0.7); dorsal surface strongly convex in frontal view, smooth except for epigastric cristae, postorbital cristae and posterolateral surfaces; anterolateral margins gently convex, cristate, shorter than posterolateral margins; posterolateral margins medially concave; epigastric cristae well-developed, sharp, distinctly anterior to postorbital cristae; postorbital cristae sharp, almost straight, each sloping posteriorly towards anterolateral margin; external orbital angle triangular, with outer margin circa 2 times length of inner margin; epibranchial tooth distinct, sharp, above level of postorbital cristae; postorbital region concave; branchial regions gently inflated; cervical grooves shallow, narrow, discontinuous, not reaching to level of postorbital cristae; mesogastric groove deep, narrow, short, bifurcated posteriorly; H-shaped groove distinct; subhepatic region rugose; suborbital region rugose; pterygostomial region smooth except for few anteriorly located tubercles; supraorbital margin cristate, smooth, medially straight; suborbital margin concave, cristate, with very low tubercles, discontinuous with supraorbital margin; frontal median triangle complete, as broad as frontal margin, lateral margins not joining dorsal margin; front gently sloping downwards, subtrapezoidal; frontal margin smooth, cristate, broad (FW/CW=0.3), medially gently concave in dorsal view; epistomal medial lobe with distinct, blunt tooth (Figs 9A���C, 13). Eyes relatively large as compared to orbital space; eyestalk short, narrow, laterally concave; cornea large, pigmented (Fig. 9B). Antennules long, folded in longitudinally broad fossae; antennae distally deformed but still long, equal in length to eyestalk (Fig. 9B, C). Mandibular palp 2-segmented; terminal segment bilobed. First, second maxillipeds each with long flagellum on exopod (Fig. 9C). Third maxillipeds cover most of buccal cavity when closed; ischium subrectangular, longer than broad, with deep, oblique submedial groove; merus subrectangular, broader than long, sunken; exopod moderately stout, distally narrow, longer than ischium, reaching proximal half of merus, with well-developed flagellum (Fig. 9B���D). Cheliped generally smooth, almost equal. Chela with 15���18 blunt teeth on each finger, small gap when fingers closed; dactylus curved, slender, elongated; palm smooth, elongated; carpus slightly rugose on upper surface, gently inflated, with long, narrow, sharp inner distal major tooth and very low sub-basal granule; merus rugose, lacking subterminal spine (Figs 9A, D, 13). Ambulatory legs moderately stout, shorter than chelipeds, P3 longest, glabrous; merus (P2���P5) lacking subdistal spine; dactylus (P2���P5) gently recurved, subequal in length to propodus, with few distinct, sharp chitinous spines on margins (Figs 9A, D, 13). Thoracic sternites smooth, glabrous, punctate; S1 and S2 almost fused; S2/S3 visible as shallow medial depression, not reaching lateral margins; S3/S4 only visible as deep submedial depressions; S4/S5, S5/ S6, S6/S7 deep, narrow, medially interrupted; S7/S8 shallow, narrow, with medial transverse ridge, interrupting longitudinal groove (Figs 9D, 10A). Pleonal locking mechanism with prominent tubercle on submedial part of S5 (Fig. 10A). Sternopleonal cavity deep, long, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Figs 9D, 10A). Pleon narrowly triangular, with strongly concave lateral margins; somites 1, 2 narrower than somite 3; somite 3 broadest, with strongly convex lateral margins; somites 4, 5 trapezoidal, with straight lateral margins; somite 6 trapezoidal, broader than long (proximal width circa 1.7 times medial length), distinctly longer than preceding somites, with concave lateral margins (Figs 7N, 9D, 10B). Telson slightly longer than pleonal somite 6, longer than broad (medial length circa 1.2 times proximal width), with almost straight lateral margins and broad apex (Figs 7N, 9D, 10B). G1 relatively slender, with tip gently hooked downwards, not reaching S5/S6; terminal segment and distal portion of subterminal segment longitudinally strongly twisted full turn, clockwise in left G1 and anticlockwise in right G1; twisted portion long, circa 0.6 times length of non-twisted portion; nontwisted portion with outer margin regularly but strongly curved, distinctly notched towards base; groove for G2 lateral (Figs 7L, 10A, C���D). G2 circa 1.0 times length of G1; distal segment long, circa 0.5 times length of basal segment (Fig. 10E). Remarks Spiralothelphusa andhra sp. nov. is unique among congeners due to the strongly concave (distinctly notched) outer margin of the G1 near the base (Figs 7L, 10C���D, 11B, E). In the G1 structure, S. andhra sp. nov. is most similar to S. wuellerstorfi in that both species possess a G1 with strongly, longitudinally twisted terminal segment and distal portion of the subterminal segment (fully turned clockwise in the left G1 and anticlockwise in the right G1), and the tip of the G 1 in them is gently hooked downwards (Figs 4B���C, 6A���C, 7B, K���L, 10C���D, 11B, E). Spiralothelphusa andhra sp. nov., however, is separated from S. wuellerstorfi by the almost straight lateral margins of the male telson (Figs 7N, 9D, 10B, 11D) (vs male telson with the concave lateral margins; Figs 3C, 7M), and the regularly, relatively more strongly curved outer margin of the G1 non-twisted portion, which is distinctly notched towards base (Figs 7L, 10C���D, 11B, E) (vs G1 non-twisted portion with sharply, relatively less strongly curved outer margin, which is straight towards base; Figs 4B���C, 6A���C, 7B, K). The male paratypes (ZSI-FBRC INV/2257, 2480) of S. andhra sp. nov. are subadults but share most of the features of the carapace (Fig. 11A, C���D) with the male holotype. Their G1s possess the characteristically strongly concave outer margin towards the base (Fig. 11B, E). The following notable differences, however, are observed between the male paratypes and the male holotype. The postorbital cristae are distinctly curved in the larger male paratype (ZSI-FBRC INV/2480), i.e., each postorbital crista slopes posteriorly towards the postorbital region and then anteriorly towards the anterolateral margin (Fig. 11A) (vs almost straight postorbital cristae, each sloping posteriorly towards the anterolateral margin in the male holotype; Figs 9A, 13). This intraspecific variation raises doubt on the consistency or reliability of the shape of the postorbital cristae as one of the key characters for separating the species of Spiralothelphusa as used by Pati & Sudha Devi (2015). The smaller male paratype (ZSI- FBRC INV/2257) has a relatively broader telson, i.e., the medial length of the telson is almost equal to its proximal width (Fig. 11D) (vs relatively longer telson, with the medial length measuring about 1.2 times the proximal width in the male holotype; Figs 7N, 9D, 10B). The only female paratype (ZSI-FBRC INV/2258) of S. andhra sp. nov. is a subadult, which is similar to the male holotype in most of the non-sexual character states (Fig. 12A). Its pleonal somites and telson are subtriangular, which cover the thoracic sternum except for S1���S3 and lateral parts when closed (Fig. 12B). The pleonal somite 1 is the shortest; pleonal somites 2���5 are progressively longer; pleonal somite 6 is the longest, broader than long, as long as the telson, with the gently convex lateral margins (Fig. 12B). The telson is subtriangular, broader than long, with almost straight lateral margins (Fig. 12B). The vulvae on S 6 in the subadult female paratype are positioned apart from each other (VD/SW =circa 0.3), each opens ventrally, subovate, large (occupying circa 0.5 times length of S6), positioned some distance from S5/S6, and surrounded by a raised, broad rim (Fig. 12C). Colour in life Carapace, chelipeds and ambulatory legs all are brown with numerous purplish-brown spots on the dorsal surface (Fig. 13). Their ventral surfaces are paler and spotless. Ecological notes Spiralothelphusa andhra sp. nov. was found among partly submerged long grasses (mostly Typha angustata Bory & Chaub., and Saccharum spontaneum Linnaeus) in the Penna river between the Somasila Reservoir and Nellore town of the Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh (Fig. 14A���B). Crabs were collected underneath pebbles in shallow water (depth Spiralothelphusa andhra sp. nov. is known only from the lower reaches of the Penna River Basin in the Andhra Pradesh State, South India (Fig. 8). Illustrated key to the species of Spiralothelphusa Bott, 1968 1. G1 with longitudinally less strongly twisted (half turn) terminal segment and distal portion of subterminal segment (Fig. 7A).......................................................................................................... 2 ��� G1 with longitudinally more strongly twisted (full turn) terminal segment and distal portion of subterminal segment (Fig. 7B).......................................................................................................... 5 2. G1 tip gently curved upwards (Fig. 7C); G1 non-twisted portion with gently curved outer margin (Fig. 7C)...................................................................... Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma (Herbst, 1794) ��� G1 tip almost straight to gently hooked downwards (Fig. 7D���F); G1 non-twisted portion with strongly or sharply curved outer margin (Fig. 7D���F)........................................................................ 3 3. Male telson with gently concave lateral margins (Fig. 7G); G1 non-twisted portion with sharply curved outer margin (Fig. 7D).......................................... Spiralothelphusa senex (Fabricius, 1798) ��� Male telson with straight lateral margins (Fig. 7H���I); G1 non-twisted portion with regularly curved outer margin (Fig. 7E���F)................................................................................................................... 4 4. Male pleonal somite 6 relatively narrower, proximal width circa 1.3 times medial length (Fig. 7H); male telson equal in length to male pleonal somite 6 (Fig. 7H); G1 non-twisted portion with relatively less strongly convex outer margin (Fig. 7E)........................... Spiralothelphusa fernandoi Ng, 1994 ��� Male pleonal somite 6 relatively broader, proximal width circa 1.6 times medial length (Fig. 7I); male telson slightly longer than male pleonal somite 6 (Fig. 7I); G1 non-twisted portion with relatively more strongly convex, hump-like outer margin (Fig. 7F).......................................................................................................................................... Spiralothelphusa gibberosa Pati & Sudha Devi, 2015 5. G1 relatively stout, with tip strongly curved upwards (Fig. 7J)................................................................................................................................................. Spiralothelphusa parvula (Fernando, 1961) ��� G1 relatively slender, with tip gently hooked downwards (Fig. 7K���L)............................................ 6 6. Male telson with concave lateral margins (Fig. 7M); G1 non-twisted portion with outer margin sharply, relatively less strongly curved and straight towards base (Fig. 7K).......................................................................................................................... Spiralothelphusa wuellerstorfi (Heller, 1862) ��� Male telson with almost straight lateral margins (Fig. 7N); G1 non-twisted portion with outer margin regularly, relatively more strongly curved and distinctly notched towards base (Fig. 7L)........................................................................................................................ Spiralothelphusa andhra sp. nov. Illustrated key to the species of Spiralothelphusa Bott, 1968 1. G1 with longitudinally less strongly twisted (half turn) terminal segment and distal portion of subterminal segment (Fig. 7A).......................................................................................................... 2 ��� G1 with longitudinally more strongly twisted (full turn) terminal segment and distal portion of subterminal segment (Fig. 7B).......................................................................................................... 5 2. G1 tip gently curved upwards (Fig. 7C); G1 non-twisted portion with gently curved outer margin (Fig. 7C)...................................................................... Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma (Herbst, 1794) ��� G1 tip almost straight to gently hooked downwards (Fig. 7D���F); G1 non-twisted portion with strongly or sharply curved outer margin (Fig. 7D���F)........................................................................ 3 3. Male telson with gently concave lateral margins (Fig. 7G); G1 non-twisted portion with sharply curved outer margin (Fig. 7D).......................................... Spiralothelphusa senex (Fabricius, 1798) ��� Male telson with straight lateral margins (Fig. 7H���I); G1 non-twisted portion with regularly curved outer margin (Fig. 7E���F)................................................................................................................... 4 4. Male pleonal somite 6 relatively narrower, proximal width circa 1.3 times medial length (Fig. 7H); male telson equal in length to male pleonal somite 6 (Fig. 7H); G1 non-twisted portion with relatively less strongly convex outer margin (Fig. 7E)........................... Spiralothelphusa fernandoi Ng, 1994 ��� Male pleonal somite 6 relatively broader, proximal width circa 1.6 times medial length (Fig. 7I); male telson slightly longer than male pleonal somite 6 (Fig. 7I); G1 non-twisted portion with relatively more strongly convex, hump-like outer margin (Fig. 7F).......................................................................................................................................... Spiralothelphusa gibberosa Pati & Sudha Devi, 2015 5. G1 relatively stout, with tip strongly curved upwards (Fig. 7J)................................................................................................................................................. Spiralothelphusa parvula (Fernando, 1961) ��� G1 relatively slender, with tip gently hooked downwards (Fig. 7K���L)............................................ 6 6. Male telson with concave lateral margins (Fig. 7M); G1 non-twisted portion with outer margin sharply, relatively less strongly curved and straight towards base (Fig. 7K).......................................................................................................................... Spiralothelphusa wuellerstorfi (Heller, 1862) ��� Male telson with almost straight lateral margins (Fig. 7N); G1 non-twisted portion with outer margin regularly, relatively more strongly curved and distinctly notched towards base (Fig. 7L)........................................................................................................................ Spiralothelphusa andhra sp. nov., Published as part of Pati, Sameer K., Mandal, Sudipta & Jaiswal, Deepa, 2022, Description of a new species of Spiralothelphusa Bott, 1968, and redescription of Spiralothelphusa wuellerstorfi (Heller, 1862) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae), pp. 1-29 in European Journal of Taxonomy 798 on pages 18-24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.798.1629, http://zenodo.org/record/6299793, {"references":["Pati S. K. & Sudha Devi A. R. 2015. Spiralothelphusa gibberosa, a new freshwater crab (Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae) from Thrissur district, Kerala, India. Zootaxa 3963 (3): 416 - 424. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3963.3.5","Bott R. 1968. Parathelphusiden aus Hinterindien (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parathelphusidae). Senckenbergiana biologica 49 (5): 403 - 422.","Ng P. K. L. 1994. A note on the freshwater crabs of the genus Spiralothelphusa Bott, 1968 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Parathelphusidae), with description of a new species from Sri Lanka. Journal of South Asian natural History 1 (1): 27 - 30.","Heller C. 1862. Neue Crustaceen, gesammelt wahrend der Weltumseglung der k. k. Fregatte Novara. Zweiter vorlaufiger Bericht. Verhandllungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 12: 519 - 528."]}

Spiralothelphusa wuellerstorfi (Heller, 1862) Figs 3���6, 7B, K, M Thelphusa w��llerstorfi Heller, 1862: 520. Paratelphusa innominata Fernando, 1960: 210, figs 6f, 12b, 13c, d, 14, 15 (part). Thelphusa leschenaudii ��� Heller 1865: 32 (not Thelpheusa leschenaudii H. Milne Edwards, 1837). Telphusa leschenaultii ��� Wood-Mason 1871: 202 (part) (not Thelpheusa leschenaudii H. Milne Edwards, 1837). Telphusa leschenaulti ��� Henderson 1893: 382 (part). ��� Ortmann 1893: 489. ��� B��rger 1894: 2 (not Thelpheusa leschenaudii H. Milne Edwards, 1837). Potamon aurantium ��� Ortmann 1897: 302 (part) (not Cancer aurantius Herbst, 1799). Potamon w��llerstorfi ��� De Man 1898: 438 (list). Potamon (Potamon) hydrodromus ��� Rathbun 1904: 287, not pl. 12 fig. 3 (part) (not Cancer hydrodroma Herbst, 1794). Spiralothelphusa wuellerstorfi ��� Bott 1968: 404, figs 3���4, 26; 1970: 97, pl. 18 figs 12���14, pl. 29 fig. 68. ��� Ng & Tay 2001: 190, figs 23a���k, 24a���b, h���l, 25a, b (part). ��� Beenaerts et al. 2010: 188, 190, tables S1, S4 (listed only in phylogenetic tree and supplementary files). ��� Pati & Sudha Devi 2015: 416 (part). Diagnosis Carapace broader than long (CW/CL=1.3), deep (CH /CL=0.7���0.8); dorsal surface strongly convex in frontal view; epigastric cristae well-developed, sharp, distinctly anterior to postorbital cristae; postorbital cristae sharp, distinctly curved; external orbital angle triangular; epibranchial tooth distinct, blunt to slightly sharp, above level of postorbital cristae; branchial regions gently inflated; cervical grooves shallow, narrow, discontinuous, not reaching to level of postorbital cristae; suborbital margin concave, discontinuous with supraorbital margin; frontal median triangle complete, as broad as frontal margin, lateral margins joining dorsal margin; frontal margin medially concave in dorsal view; epistomal medial lobe with distinct, blunt tooth (Figs 3A���B, 5A���B). Eyes relatively small as compared to orbital space (Figs 3B, 5B). Third maxilliped exopod with well-developed flagellum. Chelipeds smooth, subequal or unequal; chela with elongated dactylus and palm; carpus with long, narrow, sharp inner distal major tooth and very low sub-basal granule; merus lacking subterminal spine (Figs 3A���C, 5A���C). Ambulatory legs moderately stout, shorter than chelipeds (Figs 3A, C, 5A, C). Male S1 and S2 separated by deep groove; male S2/S3 visible as shallow medial depression, not reaching lateral margins; male S3/S4 only visible as shallow lateral depressions (Figs 3C, 4A). Male sternopleonal cavity reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Figs 3C, 4A). Male pleon narrowly triangular, with concave lateral margins; somite 6 trapezoidal, relatively broader (proximal width circa 1.6 times medial length), with gently concave lateral margins (Figs 3C, 7M). Male telson slightly longer than pleonal somite 6, with concave lateral margins and narrow apex (Figs 3C, 7M). G1 relatively slender, with tip gently hooked downwards; terminal segment and distal portion of subterminal segment longitudinally strongly twisted full turn, clockwise in left G1 and anticlockwise in right G1; twisted portion long, circa 0.5 times length of non-twisted portion; non-twisted portion with outer margin sharply, relatively less strongly curved, straight towards base (Figs 4B���C, 6A���C, 7K). G2 circa 1.0���1.1 times length of G1; distal segment long, circa 0.5 times length of basal segment (Fig. 4D). Female pleonal somites and telson in adult broadly ovate (Fig. 5C). Vulvae in adult on S6 positioned apart from each other (VD/SW=circa 0.3), each ventrally opened, subovate, large (occupying circa 0.6 times length of S6), positioned close to S5/S6 (Fig. 5D). Material examined Lectotype (designated herein) INDIA ��� 1♂, adult(CW 37.4 mm, CL 28.5mm,CH 19.6 mm, FW 12.7 mm);���Nicobaren���[sic];1857���1859; Novara exped.; NHMW CR 27063 (formerly NHMW CR 24937, labelled as ��� Thelphusa Leschenaudii M. Edw., Nicobaren, Frfld. ���). Paralectotypes INDIA ��� 1 ♀, adult (CW 37.8 mm, CL 28.6 mm, CH 21.6 mm, FW 12.4 mm); same collection data as for lectotype; NHMW CR 27064 (formerly NHMW CR 24937, labelled as ��� Thelphusa Leschenaudii M. Edw., Nicobaren, Frfld. ���) ��� 4 ♂♂ (32.3 �� 24.5 mm; 31.2 �� 24.4 mm; 30.1 �� 23.5 mm; 26.8 �� 21.3 mm), 4 ♀♀ (23.9 �� 18.0 mm; 23.8 �� 19.5 mm; 23.7 �� 18.8 mm; 23.6 �� 18.6 mm); same collection data as for lectotype; NHMW CR 1613 ��� 2 ♂♂ (35.8 �� 27.9 mm, gonopods removed; 28.2 �� 22.6 mm); same collection data as for lectotype; NHMW CR 24936 ��� 3 ♀♀ (37.8 �� 29.2 mm; 34.5 �� 27.5 mm; 32.3 �� 25.3 mm); same collection data as for lectotype; NHMW CR 24937 ��� 9 subadults (26.0 �� 20.2 mm; 25.6 �� 18.9 mm; 20.6 �� 16.1 mm; 18.8 �� 14.6 mm; 18.8 �� 14.4 mm; 18.6 �� 13.9 mm; 17.6 �� 13.2 mm; 17.3 �� 12.8 mm; 15.4 �� 11.6 mm); same collection data as for lectotype; NHMW CR 24938. SRI LANKA ��� 1 ♂ (28.0 �� 23.0 mm, gonopods removed), 1 ♀ (28.2 �� 21.5 mm), 3 subadults (15.1 �� 11.2 mm; 13.8 �� 10.7 mm; 12.3 �� 10.1 mm); ���Ceylon��� [sic]; 1857���1859; Novara exped.; NHMW CR 24939. FRENCH POLYNESIA ��� 2 ♂♂ (36.3 �� 28.4 mm; 33.0 �� 23.9 mm); ���Taiti��� [sic]; 1857���1859; Novara exped.; NHMW CR 24940 ��� 4 ♂♂ (32.5 �� 25.1 mm, right gonopods removed; 32.3 �� 24.4 mm; 31.3 �� 23.5 mm, right gonopods removed; 30.5 �� 23.6 mm), 3 ♀♀ (36.7 �� 28.3 mm; 35.9 �� 28.2 mm; 34.9 �� 27.3 mm); ��� Taiti ��� [sic]; 1857���1859; Novara exped.; NHMW CR 24941 ��� 3 ♂♂ (36.5 �� 27.3 mm; 35.2 �� 27.3 mm; 34.1 �� 26.0 mm), 2 ♀♀ (37.1 �� 29.0 mm; 33.9 �� 27.1 mm); ���Taiti��� [sic]; 1857���1859; Novara exped.; NHMW CR 24942. Additional material INDIA ��� Tamil Nadu State ��� 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Chennai District, Puzhal Lake, near Pammathukulam; 13.159�� N, 80.159�� E; alt. 15 m; 19 Sep. 2020; H. Sruthi leg.; ZSI- WRC C.1995 ��� 9 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; Kanchipuram District, Valathottam, near Kanchipuram; 12.784�� N, 79.704�� E; alt. 79 m; 16 Nov. 2019; P. Kalaimagal et al. leg.; ZSI-WRC C.1960 ��� 1 ♂; Kanchipuram District, paddy fields in front of Madras Crocodile Bank, Mamallapuram [= Mahabalipuram]; 12.745�� N, 80.220�� E; alt. 1 m; 7 Dec. 1997; M.M. Bahir leg.; ZRC 2003.0243 (formerly WHT 10749). Description of male lectotype Carpace broader than long (CW/CL=1.3), deep (CH /CL= 0.7); dorsal surface strongly convex in frontal view, smooth except for epigastric cristae, postorbital cristae and posterolateral surfaces; anterolateral margins gently convex, cristate, shorter than posterolateral margins; posterolateral margins medially concave; epigastric cristae well-developed, sharp, distinctly anterior to postorbital cristae; postorbital cristae sharp, distinctly curved, each sloping posteriorly towards postorbital region, then anteriorly towards anterolateral margin; external orbital angle triangular, with outer margin circa 2 times length of inner margin; epibranchial tooth distinct, blunt, above level of postorbital cristae; postorbital region concave; branchial regions gently inflated; cervical grooves shallow, narrow, discontinuous, not reaching to level of postorbital cristae; mesogastric groove deep, narrow, short, bifurcated posteriorly; H-shaped groove distinct; subhepatic region rugose; suborbital region almost smooth; pterygostomial region smooth; supraorbital margin cristate, smooth, medially straight; suborbital margin concave, cristate with low granules, discontinuous with supraorbital margin; frontal median triangle complete, as broad as frontal margin, lateral margins joining dorsal margin; front gently sloping downwards, subtrapezoidal; frontal margin smooth, cristate, broad (FW/CW= 0.3), medially concave in dorsal view; epistomal medial lobe with distinct, blunt tooth (Fig. 3A���B). Eyes relatively small as compared to orbital space; eyestalk short, narrow, laterally concave; cornea moderately large, pigmented (Fig. 3B). Antennules long, folded in longitudinally broad fossae; antennae very long, reaching beyond eyestalk (Fig. 3B). Mandibular palp 2-segmented; terminal segment bilobed. First, second maxillipeds each with long flagellum on exopod. Third maxillipeds cover most of buccal cavity when closed; ischium subrectangular, longer than broad, with deep, oblique submedial groove; merus subrectangular, broader than long, sunken; exopod moderately stout, distally narrow, longer than ischium, reaching proximal half of merus, with well-developed flagellum (Fig. 3B). Chelipeds smooth, unequal, left chela larger. Major chela with blunt teeth on each finger, very small gape when fingers closed; dactylus curved, slender, elongated; palm smooth, elongated; carpus generally smooth, gently inflated, with long, narrow, blunt (eroded) inner distal major tooth and very low subbasal granule; merus generally smooth, lacking subterminal spine (Fig. 3A���C). Ambulatory legs moderately stout, shorter than chelipeds, P3 longest, glabrous; merus (P2���P5) lacking subdistal spine; dactylus (P2���P5) gently recurved, subequal in length to propodus, with few distinct, sharp chitinous spines on margins (Fig. 3A, C). Thoracic sternites smooth, glabrous, sparsely punctate; S1 and S2 separated by deep groove; S2/S3 visible as shallow medial depression, not reaching lateral margins; S3/S4 only visible as shallow lateral depressions; S4/S5, S5/S6, S6/S7 deep, narrow, medially interrupted; S7/S8 shallow, narrow, with medial transverse ridge, interrupting longitudinal groove (Figs 3C, 4A). Pleonal locking mechanism with prominent tubercle on submedial part of S5 (Fig. 4A). Sternopleonal cavity deep, long, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Figs 3C, 4A). Pleon narrowly triangular, with concave lateral margins; somites 1, 2 narrower than somite 3; somite 3 broadest, with strongly convex lateral margins; somites 4, 5 trapezoidal, with straight lateral margins; somite 6 trapezoidal, broader than long (proximal width circa 1.6 times medial length), distinctly longer than preceding somites, with gently concave lateral margins (Figs 3C, 7M). Telson slightly longer than pleonal somite 6, slightly longer than broad (medial length circa 1.1 times proximal width), with concave lateral margins and narrow apex (Figs 3C, 7M). G1 relatively slender, with tip gently hooked downwards, not reaching S5/S6; terminal segment and distal portion of subterminal segment longitudinally strongly twisted full turn, clockwise in left G1 and anticlockwise in right G1; twisted portion long, circa 0.5 times length of non-twisted portion; non-twisted portion with outer margin sharply curved, straight towards base; groove for G2 lateral (Figs 4A���C, 7K). G2 circa 1.1 times length of G1; distal segment long, circa 0.5 times length of basal segment (Fig. 4D). Remarks Bott (1968) listed the lectotype (male) and seven paralectotypes (four males and three females) for S. wuellerstorfi from NHMW, with locality as ���Taiti���, most probably the Nicobar Islands. Neither the specific catalogue number nor the size of the lectotype was mentioned by Bott (1968). Bott also never illustrated the lectotype the lectotype male designated by him. Instead, he provided the figures of a male specimen from ��� Nikobaren ��� located in the Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (SMF 4406) (see Bott 1968: figs 3���4, 26; 1970: pl. 18 figs 12���14, pl. 29 fig. 68). NHMW possesses three lots (NHMW CR 24940���24942) from ���Taiti���, and the lectotype is supposedly designated from the lot NHMW CR 24941 that actually contains four males and three females. Peter Dworschak, the former curator of the Crustacea collections of NHMW, confirmed that the lectotype designated by Bott (1968) was not marked specifically among the paralectotypes, and the right gonopods have been removed from two males but kept in the same vial. Without accurate information on catalogue number and size of the specimen, and in the absence of any illustration, the particular lectotype is now difficult to trace among several paralectotypes of the depository, even from the most likely lot NHMW CR 24941 (Peter Dworschak, personal communication). Bott (1968), therefore, did not unambiguously select a particular syntype to act as the unique name-bearing type of S. wuellerstorfi as required by Article 74.5 of the International Code of the Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). A new lectotype should be now designated to avoid further confusion and to stabilize the taxonomy of the species. NHMW possesses 43 syntypes (17 males, 14 females, and 12 juveniles). Among these syntypes, the largest male is from the lot NHMW CR 24937 that contains this lone male and four females. This largest and intact adult male (37.4 �� 28.5 mm) (NHMW CR 24937) from ���Nicobaren��� is hereby designated as the lectotype, with a new catalogue number (NHMW CR 27063), for the nomenclatural stability of S. wuellerstorfi. The presently designated lectotype is described and illustrated (Figs 3A���C, 4A���D, 7K, M). One of the female paralectotypes from the lot NHMW CR 24937 (now with a new catalogue number, NHMW CR 27064) is also illustrated here (Fig. 5A���D). The female paralectotype (NHMW CR 27064) of S. wuellerstorfi examined in this study is an adult and possesses most of the non-sexual character states (Fig. 5A���C) as those in the male lectotype designated herein. Its epibranchial tooth, however, is relatively sharper (Fig. 5A) than that of the male lectotype (Fig. 3A). The female paralectotype (NHMW CR 27064) has almost equal-sized chelipeds, each with a sharp inner distal major tooth on the carpus (Fig. 5A���C), whereas the male lectotype possesses unequal chelipeds, each with an eroded inner distal major tooth on the carpus that appears blunt (Fig. 3A���C). The pleonal somites and telson of the female paralectotype (NHMW CR 27064) are broadly ovate, which cover the thoracic sternum except for the lateral edges when closed. The pleonal somite 1 is the shortest; pleonal somites 2���5 are progressively longer; pleonal somite 6 is the longest, much broader than long, slightly longer than the telson, with the convex lateral margins (Fig. 5C). The telson is triangular, much broader than long, with almost straight lateral margins (Fig. 5C). The vulvae on S6 of the female paralectotype (NHMW CR 27064) are positioned apart from each other (VD/SW = circa 0.3), each opens ventrally, subovate, large (occupying circa 0.6 times the length of S6), positioned close to S5/S6, and surrounded by a raised, broad rim (Fig. 5D). The paratype male (MNHN BP 183) of S. wuellerstorfi from Nicobar illustrated in Ng & Tay (2001: fig. 24h���l), which should now be regarded as the paralectotype, is identical with the lectotype male (NHMW CR 27063) in the G1 structure. The male specimen from Sri Lanka (MNHN BP 11437; formerly labelled as ��� Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma ���; probably determined by Rathbun) also has a similar G1 (see Ng & Tay, 2001: 24 a���b) as in the lectotype male (NHMW CR 27063) of S. wuellerstorfi (Figs 4B, 7K). Ng & Tay (2001), however, doubted the locality data of this MNHN specimen from Sri Lanka. Spiralothelphusa wuellerstorfi was originally collected during the Novara expedition between 1857��� 1859 from four distant localities, viz., Ceylon [= present-day Sri Lanka], Nicobaren [= present-day Nicobar Islands of India], Madras [= present-day Chennai of Tamil Nadu State], and Taiti [= Tahiti of French Polynesia] (Heller 1862). The locality labels from the Novara expedition were obviously wrong (Peter Dworschak, personal communication). All the species of Spiralothelphusa are restricted to mainland India and Sri Lanka (Ng & Tay 2001; Pati & Sudha Devi 2015). In fact, no primary freshwater crab belonging to Gecarcinucidae is so far known from the Nicobar Islands of India (cf. Pati & Thackeray 2018). While documenting the brachyuran crabs of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Dev Roy & Nandi (2012) commented that there was no report of S. wuellerstorfi since Heller (1862, 1865). A recent expedition (during 2018) to the Nicobar Islands by the Zoological Survey of India also could not locate S. wuellerstorfi or any other gecarcinucid species (K.A. Subramanian, personal communication). The records of S. wuellerstorfi from Nicobar and Tahiti are thus incorrect. All the Sri Lankan species of freshwater crabs appear to be endemic (Bahir et al. 2005). Moreover, no species of Spiralothelphusa from Sri Lanka has a G1 like that of S. wuellerstorfi. Spiralothelphusa wuellerstorfi is, therefore, less likely to occur in Sri Lanka. It might be originated from ���Madras���, or possibly somewhere in the Tamil Nadu State, near the present-day Chennai. Scherzer (1861) while narrating the Novara expedition mentioned that the tanks (or artificial basins) in the Vellore region of Tamil Nadu supply irrigation water for rice fields, which could be the preferred habitat of S. wuellerstorfi. Unfortunately, no type material of S. wuellerstorfi from ���Madras��� could be located in NHMW (Peter Dworschak, personal communication). It seems none of the original localities of S. wuellerstorfi is correct. Other known localities of S. wuellerstorfi are the Malabar Coast [= present-day the northern part of the Kerala State in the south-western coast of India] (H. Milne Edwards 1853; A. Milne-Edwards 1869; Wood-Mason 1871; Henderson 1893; Ortmann 1893, 1897; Rathbun 1904; Ng & Tay 2001; Rajesh et al. 2017), the Mulugu District of the Telangana State (Pati & Mandal 2021), and the Tadoba National Park of the Maharashtra State (Pati & Sharma 2014 sensu Pati & Sudha Devi 2015). These localities are also incorrect since the G1s of the available specimens or illustrated specimens (see Pati & Sharma 2014: fig. 11d���e; Ng & Tay 2001: 24 c���f are completely different from the lectotype (NHMW CR 27063) designated herein for S. wuellerstorfi. In fact, these specimens do not have a resemblance with the known species of Spiralothelphusa in the G1 structure. Beenaerts et al. (2010) included a specimen (WHT 10793) of S. wuellerstorfi from Mamallapuram [= Mahabalipuram] of the Kanchipuram District of Tamil Nadu in their phylogenetic analysis. The specimen of S. wuellerstorfi mentioned by Beenaerts et al. (2010) could not be traced in the most likely depository (ZRC). An adult male (ZRC 2003.0243; formerly WHT 10749) from the same locality (see additional material section), however, possesses an identical G1, Published as part of Pati, Sameer K., Mandal, Sudipta & Jaiswal, Deepa, 2022, Description of a new species of Spiralothelphusa Bott, 1968, and redescription of Spiralothelphusa wuellerstorfi (Heller, 1862) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae), pp. 1-29 in European Journal of Taxonomy 798 on pages 6-18, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.798.1629, http://zenodo.org/record/6299793, {"references":["Heller C. 1862. Neue Crustaceen, gesammelt wahrend der Weltumseglung der k. k. Fregatte Novara. Zweiter vorlaufiger Bericht. Verhandllungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 12: 519 - 528.","Fernando C. H. 1960. The Ceylonese Freshwater Crabs (Potamonidae). Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Science) 3 (2): 191 - 222.","Heller C. 1865. Crustaceen. In: Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. III. Abtheilung: 1 - 280. Kaiserlich-Konigliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, in Commission bei Karl Gerold's Sohn, Vienna.","Wood-Mason J. 1871. Contribution to Indian Carcinology. - On Indian and Malayan Telphusidae, Part-I. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Part II (Physical Science) 40 (No. 3): 201 - 207.","Henderson J. R. 1893. A contribution to Indian carcinology. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Series 2 5 (10): 325 - 458.","Ortmann A. E. 1893. Die Decapoden-Krebse des Strassburger Museums, mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der von Herrn Dr. Doderlein bei Japan und bei den Liu-Kiu-Inseln gesammelten und zur Zeit im Strassburger Museum aufbewahrten Formen. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere 7 (3): 411 - 494.","Burger O. 1894. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gattung Telphusa. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere 8 (1): 1 - 7.","Ortmann A. E. 1897. Carcinologische Studien. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere 10 (3): 258 - 372.","De Man J. G. 1898. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmanica e regioni vicine. LXXXI. - Note sur quelques especes des genres Parathelphusa H. M. E. et Potamon Sav., recueillies par M. Leonardo Fea pendant son voyage en Birmanie. Annali del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Genova, Series 2 19 (39): 384 - 440.","Rathbun M. J. 1904. Les crabes d'eau douce (Potamonidae). Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'histoire naturelle, Paris, Serie 4 6: 225 - 312.","Bott R. 1968. Parathelphusiden aus Hinterindien (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parathelphusidae). Senckenbergiana biologica 49 (5): 403 - 422.","Ng P. K. L. & Tay F. W. M. 2001. The freshwater crabs of Sri Lanka (Decapoda: Brachyura: Parathelphusidae). Zeylanica 6 (2): 113 - 199.","Beenaerts N., Pethiyagoda R., Ng P. K. L., Yeo D. C. J., Bex G. J., Bahir M. M. & Artois T. 2010. Phylogenetic diversity of Sri Lankan freshwater crabs and its implications for conservation. Molecular Ecology 19 (1): 183 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2009.04439. x","Pati S. K. & Sudha Devi A. R. 2015. Spiralothelphusa gibberosa, a new freshwater crab (Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae) from Thrissur district, Kerala, India. Zootaxa 3963 (3): 416 - 424. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3963.3.5","ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, The Natural History Museum, London.","Pati S. K. & Thackeray T. 2018. The freshwater crab genera Ghatiana Pati & Sharma, Gubernatoriana Bott, and Inglethelphusa Bott (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae) revisited, with descriptions of a new genus and eleven new species. Zootaxa 4440 (1): 1 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4440.1.1","Dev Roy M. K. & Nandi N. C. 2012. Brachyuran crabs (Crustacea). In: The Director (ed.) Fauna of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, State Fauna Series 19 (Part 1): 185 - 236. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India.","Scherzer K. 1861. Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara, (Commodore B. Von Wullerstorf-Urbair,) Undertaken by Order of the Imperial Government, in the Years of 1857, 1858, & 1859, under the Immediate Auspices of His I. and R. Highness the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian Navy. Vol. 1. Saunders, Otley & Co., London.","Milne Edwards H. 1853. Memoire sur la famille des Ocypodiens. Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie, Serie 3 20: 163 - 228.","Milne-Edwards A. 1869. Revision du genre Thelphuse et description de quelques especes nouvelles. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'histoire naturelle de Paris 5: 161 - 191.","Rajesh L., Raj S., Pati S. K. & Kumar A. B. 2017. The freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura) of Kerala, India. Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries 5: 132 - 153.","Pati S. K. & Mandal S. 2021. Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura (Freshwater Crabs). In: Chandra K., Jaiswal D., Raghunathan C., Jadhav S. S. & Karuthapandi M. (eds) Current Status of Faunal Diversity in Telangana: 113 - 118. The Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India.","Pati S. K. & Sharma R. M. 2014. Freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae) in the collection of the Western Regional Centre, Pune. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper 363: 1 - 44.","Ng P. K. L. 1994. A note on the freshwater crabs of the genus Spiralothelphusa Bott, 1968 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Parathelphusidae), with description of a new species from Sri Lanka. Journal of South Asian natural History 1 (1): 27 - 30.","Ng P. K. L., Guinot D. & Davie P. J. F. 2008. Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 17: 1 - 286.","Bahir M. M. & Yeo D. C. J. 2005. A revision of the genus Oziotelphusa Muller, 1887 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parathelphusidae), with descriptions of eight new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 12: 77 - 120.","Pati S. K. & Vargila F. 2019. A new species of the freshwater crab genus Oziotelphusa Muller, 1887 from Tamil Nadu, India (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Gecarcinucidae). Spixiana 42 (2): 203 - 216.","Cumberlidge N. 1997. The African and Madagascan freshwater crabs in the Museum of Natural History, Vienna (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamoidea). 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Genus Spiralothelphusa Bott, 1968 Type species Cancer hydrodroma Herbst, 1794, by original designation; gender feminine. Spiralothelphusa wuellerstorfi (Heller, 1862) Figs 3���6, 7B, K, M Thelphusa w��llerstorfi Heller, 1862: 520. Paratelphusa innominata Fernando, 1960: 210, figs 6f, 12b, 13c, d, 14, 15 (part). Thelphusa leschenaudii ��� Heller 1865: 32 (not Thelpheusa leschenaudii H. Milne Edwards, 1837). Telphusa leschenaultii ��� Wood-Mason 1871: 202 (part) (not Thelpheusa leschenaudii H. Milne Edwards, 1837). Telphusa leschenaulti ��� Henderson 1893: 382 (part). ��� Ortmann 1893: 489. ��� B��rger 1894: 2 (not Thelpheusa leschenaudii H. Milne Edwards, 1837). Potamon aurantium ��� Ortmann 1897: 302 (part) (not Cancer aurantius Herbst, 1799). Potamon w��llerstorfi ��� De Man 1898: 438 (list). Potamon (Potamon) hydrodromus ��� Rathbun 1904: 287, not pl. 12 fig. 3 (part) (not Cancer hydrodroma Herbst, 1794). Spiralothelphusa wuellerstorfi ��� Bott 1968: 404, figs 3���4, 26; 1970: 97, pl. 18 figs 12���14, pl. 29 fig. 68. ��� Ng & Tay 2001: 190, figs 23a���k, 24a���b, h���l, 25a, b (part). ��� Beenaerts et al. 2010: 188, 190, tables S1, S4 (listed only in phylogenetic tree and supplementary files). ��� Pati & Sudha Devi 2015: 416 (part). Diagnosis Carapace broader than long (CW/CL=1.3), deep (CH /CL=0.7���0.8); dorsal surface strongly convex in frontal view; epigastric cristae well-developed, sharp, distinctly anterior to postorbital cristae; postorbital cristae sharp, distinctly curved; external orbital angle triangular; epibranchial tooth distinct, blunt to slightly sharp, above level of postorbital cristae; branchial regions gently inflated; cervical grooves shallow, narrow, discontinuous, not reaching to level of postorbital cristae; suborbital margin concave, discontinuous with supraorbital margin; frontal median triangle complete, as broad as frontal margin, lateral margins joining dorsal margin; frontal margin medially concave in dorsal view; epistomal medial lobe with distinct, blunt tooth (Figs 3A���B, 5A���B). Eyes relatively small as compared to orbital space (Figs 3B, 5B). Third maxilliped exopod with well-developed flagellum. Chelipeds smooth, subequal or unequal; chela with elongated dactylus and palm; carpus with long, narrow, sharp inner distal major tooth and very low sub-basal granule; merus lacking subterminal spine (Figs 3A���C, 5A���C). Ambulatory legs moderately stout, shorter than chelipeds (Figs 3A, C, 5A, C). Male S1 and S2 separated by deep groove; male S2/S3 visible as shallow medial depression, not reaching lateral margins; male S3/S4 only visible as shallow lateral depressions (Figs 3C, 4A). Male sternopleonal cavity reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Figs 3C, 4A). Male pleon narrowly triangular, with concave lateral margins; somite 6 trapezoidal, relatively broader (proximal width circa 1.6 times medial length), with gently concave lateral margins (Figs 3C, 7M). Male telson slightly longer than pleonal somite 6, with concave lateral margins and narrow apex (Figs 3C, 7M). G1 relatively slender, with tip gently hooked downwards; terminal segment and distal portion of subterminal segment longitudinally strongly twisted full turn, clockwise in left G1 and anticlockwise in right G1; twisted portion long, circa 0.5 times length of non-twisted portion; non-twisted portion with outer margin sharply, relatively less strongly curved, straight towards base (Figs 4B���C, 6A���C, 7K). G2 circa 1.0���1.1 times length of G1; distal segment long, circa 0.5 times length of basal segment (Fig. 4D). Female pleonal somites and telson in adult broadly ovate (Fig. 5C). Vulvae in adult on S6 positioned apart from each other (VD/SW=circa 0.3), each ventrally opened, subovate, large (occupying circa 0.6 times length of S6), positioned close to S5/S6 (Fig. 5D). Material examined Lectotype (designated herein) INDIA ��� 1♂, adult(CW 37.4 mm, CL 28.5mm,CH 19.6 mm, FW 12.7 mm);���Nicobaren���[sic];1857���1859; Novara exped.; NHMW CR 27063 (formerly NHMW CR 24937, labelled as ��� Thelphusa Leschenaudii M. Edw., Nicobaren, Frfld. ���). Paralectotypes INDIA ��� 1 ♀, adult (CW 37.8 mm, CL 28.6 mm, CH 21.6 mm, FW 12.4 mm); same collection data as for lectotype; NHMW CR 27064 (formerly NHMW CR 24937, labelled as ��� Thelphusa Leschenaudii M. Edw., Nicobaren, Frfld. ���) ��� 4 ♂♂ (32.3 �� 24.5 mm; 31.2 �� 24.4 mm; 30.1 �� 23.5 mm; 26.8 �� 21.3 mm), 4 ♀♀ (23.9 �� 18.0 mm; 23.8 �� 19.5 mm; 23.7 �� 18.8 mm; 23.6 �� 18.6 mm); same collection data as for lectotype; NHMW CR 1613 ��� 2 ♂♂ (35.8 �� 27.9 mm, gonopods removed; 28.2 �� 22.6 mm); same collection data as for lectotype; NHMW CR 24936 ��� 3 ♀♀ (37.8 �� 29.2 mm; 34.5 �� 27.5 mm; 32.3 �� 25.3 mm); same collection data as for lectotype; NHMW CR 24937 ��� 9 subadults (26.0 �� 20.2 mm; 25.6 �� 18.9 mm; 20.6 �� 16.1 mm; 18.8 �� 14.6 mm; 18.8 �� 14.4 mm; 18.6 �� 13.9 mm; 17.6 �� 13.2 mm; 17.3 �� 12.8 mm; 15.4 �� 11.6 mm); same collection data as for lectotype; NHMW CR 24938. SRI LANKA ��� 1 ♂ (28.0 �� 23.0 mm, gonopods removed), 1 ♀ (28.2 �� 21.5 mm), 3 subadults (15.1 �� 11.2 mm; 13.8 �� 10.7 mm; 12.3 �� 10.1 mm); ���Ceylon��� [sic]; 1857���1859; Novara exped.; NHMW CR 24939. FRENCH POLYNESIA ��� 2 ♂♂ (36.3 �� 28.4 mm; 33.0 �� 23.9 mm); ���Taiti��� [sic]; 1857���1859; Novara exped.; NHMW CR 24940 ��� 4 ♂♂ (32.5 �� 25.1 mm, right gonopods removed; 32.3 �� 24.4 mm; 31.3 �� 23.5 mm, right gonopods removed; 30.5 �� 23.6 mm), 3 ♀♀ (36.7 �� 28.3 mm; 35.9 �� 28.2 mm; 34.9 �� 27.3 mm); ��� Taiti ��� [sic]; 1857���1859; Novara exped.; NHMW CR 24941 ��� 3 ♂♂ (36.5 �� 27.3 mm; 35.2 �� 27.3 mm; 34.1 �� 26.0 mm), 2 ♀♀ (37.1 �� 29.0 mm; 33.9 �� 27.1 mm); ���Taiti��� [sic]; 1857���1859; Novara exped.; NHMW CR 24942. Additional material INDIA ��� Tamil Nadu State ��� 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Chennai District, Puzhal Lake, near Pammathukulam; 13.159�� N, 80.159�� E; alt. 15 m; 19 Sep. 2020; H. Sruthi leg.; ZSI- WRC C.1995 ��� 9 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; Kanchipuram District, Valathottam, near Kanchipuram; 12.784�� N, 79.704�� E; alt. 79 m; 16 Nov. 2019; P. Kalaimagal et al. leg.; ZSI-WRC C.1960 ��� 1 ♂; Kanchipuram District, paddy fields in front of Madras Crocodile Bank, Mamallapuram [= Mahabalipuram]; 12.745�� N, 80.220�� E; alt. 1 m; 7 Dec. 1997; M.M. Bahir leg.; ZRC 2003.0243 (formerly WHT 10749). Description of male lectotype Carpace broader than long (CW/CL=1.3), deep (CH /CL= 0.7); dorsal surface strongly convex in frontal view, smooth except for epigastric cristae, postorbital cristae and posterolateral surfaces; anterolateral margins gently convex, cristate, shorter than posterolateral margins; posterolateral margins medially concave; epigastric cristae well-developed, sharp, distinctly anterior to postorbital cristae; postorbital cristae sharp, distinctly curved, each sloping posteriorly towards postorbital region, then anteriorly towards anterolateral margin; external orbital angle triangular, with outer margin circa 2 times length of inner margin; epibranchial tooth distinct, blunt, above level of postorbital cristae; postorbital region concave; branchial regions gently inflated; cervical grooves shallow, narrow, discontinuous, not reaching to level of postorbital cristae; mesogastric groove deep, narrow, short, bifurcated posteriorly; H-shaped groove distinct; subhepatic region rugose; suborbital region almost smooth; pterygostomial region smooth; supraorbital margin cristate, smooth, medially straight; suborbital margin concave, cristate with low granules, discontinuous with supraorbital margin; frontal median triangle complete, as broad as frontal margin, lateral margins joining dorsal margin; front gently sloping downwards, subtrapezoidal; frontal margin smooth, cristate, broad (FW/CW= 0.3), medially concave in dorsal view; epistomal medial lobe with distinct, blunt tooth (Fig. 3A���B). Eyes relatively small as compared to orbital space; eyestalk short, narrow, laterally concave; cornea moderately large, pigmented (Fig. 3B). Antennules long, folded in longitudinally broad fossae; antennae very long, reaching beyond eyestalk (Fig. 3B). Mandibular palp 2-segmented; terminal segment bilobed. First, second maxillipeds each with long flagellum on exopod. Third maxillipeds cover most of buccal cavity when closed; ischium subrectangular, longer than broad, with deep, oblique submedial groove; merus subrectangular, broader than long, sunken; exopod moderately stout, distally narrow, longer than ischium, reaching proximal half of merus, with well-developed flagellum (Fig. 3B). Chelipeds smooth, unequal, left chela larger. Major chela with blunt teeth on each finger, very small gape when fingers closed; dactylus curved, slender, elongated; palm smooth, elongated; carpus generally smooth, gently inflated, with long, narrow, blunt (eroded) inner distal major tooth and very low subbasal granule; merus generally smooth, lacking subterminal spine (Fig. 3A���C). Ambulatory legs moderately stout, shorter than chelipeds, P3 longest, glabrous; merus (P2���P5) lacking subdistal spine; dactylus (P2���P5) gently recurved, subequal in length to propodus, with few distinct, sharp chitinous spines on margins (Fig. 3A, C). Thoracic sternites smooth, glabrous, sparsely punctate; S1 and S2 separated by deep groove; S2/S3 visible as shallow medial depression, not reaching lateral margins; S3/S4 only visible as shallow lateral depressions; S4/S5, S5/S6, S6/S7 deep, narrow, medially interrupted; S7/S8 shallow, narrow, with medial transverse ridge, interrupting longitudinal groove (Figs 3C, 4A). Pleonal locking mechanism with prominent tubercle on submedial part of S5 (Fig. 4A). Sternopleonal cavity deep, long, reaching to imaginary line joining anterior part of cheliped coxae (Figs 3C, 4A). Pleon narrowly triangular, with concave lateral margins; somites 1, 2 narrower than somite 3; somite 3 broadest, with strongly convex lateral margins; somites 4, 5 trapezoidal, with straight lateral margins; somite 6 trapezoidal, broader than long (proximal width circa 1.6 times medial length), distinctly longer than preceding somites, with gently concave lateral margins (Figs 3C, 7M). Telson slightly longer than pleonal somite 6, slightly longer than broad (medial length circa 1.1 times proximal width), with concave lateral margins and narrow apex (Figs 3C, 7M). G1 relatively slender, with tip gently hooked downwards, not reaching S5/S6; terminal segment and distal portion of subterminal segment longitudinally strongly twisted full turn, clockwise in left G1 and anticlockwise in right G1; twisted portion long, circa 0.5 times length of non-twisted portion; non-twisted portion with outer margin sharply curved, straight towards base; groove for G2 lateral (Figs 4A���C, 7K). G2 circa 1.1 times length of G1; distal segment long, circa 0.5 times length of basal segment (Fig. 4D). Remarks Bott (1968) listed the lectotype (male) and seven paralectotypes (four males and three females) for S. wuellerstorfi from NHMW, with locality as ���Taiti���, most probably the Nicobar Islands. Neither the specific catalogue number nor the size of the lectotype was mentioned by Bott (1968). Bott also never illustrated the lectotype the lectotype male designated by him. Instead, he provided the figures of a male specimen from ��� Nikobaren ��� located in the Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (SMF 4406) (see Bott 1968: figs 3���4, 26; 1970: pl. 18 figs 12���14, pl. 29 fig. 68). NHMW possesses three lots (NHMW CR 24940���24942) from ���Taiti���, and the lectotype is supposedly designated from the lot NHMW CR 24941 that actually contains four males and three females. Peter Dworschak, the former curator of the Crustacea collections of NHMW, confirmed that the lectotype designated by Bott (1968) was not marked specifically among the paralectotypes, and the right gonopods have been removed from two males but kept in the same vial. Without accurate information on catalogue number and size of the specimen, and in the absence of any illustration, the particular lectotype is now difficult to trace among several paralectotypes of the depository, even from the most likely lot NHMW CR 24941 (Peter Dworschak, personal communication). Bott (1968), therefore, did not unambiguously select a particular syntype to act as the unique name-bearing type of S. wuellerstorfi as required by Article 74.5 of the International Code of the Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). A new lectotype should be now designated to avoid further confusion and to stabilize the taxonomy of the species. NHMW possesses 43 syntypes (17 males, 14 females, and 12 juveniles). Among these syntypes, the largest male is from the lot NHMW CR 24937 that contains this lone male and four females. This largest and intact adult male (37.4 �� 28.5 mm) (NHMW CR 24937) from ���Nicobaren��� is hereby designated as the lectotype, with a new catalogue number (NHMW CR 27063), for the nomenclatural stability of S. wuellerstorfi. The presently designated lectotype is described and illustrated (Figs 3A���C, 4A���D, 7K, M). One of the female paralectotypes from the lot NHMW CR 24937 (now with a new catalogue number, NHMW CR 27064) is also illustrated here (Fig. 5A���D). The female paralectotype (NHMW CR 27064) of S. wuellerstorfi examined in this study is an adult and possesses most of the non-sexual character states (Fig. 5A���C) as those in the male lectotype designated herein. Its epibranchial tooth, however, is relatively sharper (Fig. 5A) than that of the male lectotype (Fig. 3A). The female paralectotype (NHMW CR 27064) has almost equal-sized chelipeds, each with a sharp inner distal major tooth on the carpus (Fig. 5A���C), whereas the male lectotype possesses unequal chelipeds, each with an eroded inner distal major tooth on the carpus that appears blunt (Fig. 3A���C). The pleonal somites and telson of the female paralectotype (NHMW CR 27064) are broadly ovate, which cover the thoracic sternum except for the lateral edges when closed. The pleonal somite 1 is the shortest; pleonal somites 2���5 are progressively longer; pleonal somite 6 is the longest, much broader than long, slightly longer than the telson, with the convex lateral margins (Fig. 5C). The telson is triangular, much broader than long, with almost straight lateral margins (Fig. 5C). The vulvae on S6 of the female paralectotype (NHMW CR 27064) are positioned apart from each other (VD/SW = circa 0.3), each opens ventrally, subovate, large (occupying circa 0.6 times the length of S6), positioned close to S5/S6, and surrounded by a raised, broad rim (Fig. 5D). The paratype male (MNHN BP 183) of S. wuellerstorfi from Nicobar illustrated in Ng & Tay (2001: fig. 24h���l), which should now be regarded as the paralectotype, is identical with the lectotype male (NHMW CR 27063) in the G1 structure. The male specimen from Sri Lanka (MNHN BP 11437; formerly labelled as ��� Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma ���; probably determined by Rathbun) also has a similar G1 (see Ng & Tay, 2001: 24 a���b) as in the lectotype male (NHMW CR 27063) of S. wuellerstorfi (Figs 4B, 7K). Ng & Tay (2001), however, doubted the locality data of this MNHN specimen from Sri Lanka. Spiralothelphusa wuellerstorfi was originally collected during the Novara expedition between 1857��� 1859 from four distant localities, viz., Ceylon [= present-day Sri Lanka], Nicobaren [= present-day Nicobar Islands of India], Madras [= present-day Chennai of Tamil Nadu State], and Taiti [= Tahiti of French Polynesia] (Heller 1862). The locality labels from the Novara expedition were obviously wrong (Peter Dworschak, personal communication). All the species of Spiralothelphusa are restricted to mainland India and Sri Lanka (Ng & Tay 2001; Pati & Sudha Devi 2015). In fact, no primary freshwater crab belonging to Gecarcinucidae is so far known from the Nicobar Islands of India (cf. Pati & Thackeray 2018). While documenting the brachyuran crabs of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Dev Roy & Nandi (2012) commented that there was no report of S. wuellerstorfi since Heller (1862, 1865). A recent expedition (during 2018) to the Nicobar Islands by the Zoological Survey of India also could not locate S. wuellerstorfi or any other gecarcinucid species (K.A. Subramanian, personal communication). The records of S. wuellerstorfi from Nicobar and Tahiti are thus incorrect. All the Sri Lankan species of freshwater crabs appear to be endemic (Bahir et al. 2005). Moreover, no species of Spiralothelphusa from Sri Lanka has a G1 like that of S. wuellerstorfi. Spiralothelphusa wuellerstorfi is, therefore, less likely to occur in Sri Lanka. It might be originated from ���Madras���, or possibly somewhere in the Tamil Nadu State, near the present-day Chennai. Scherzer (1861) while narrating the Novara expedition mentioned that the tanks (or artificial basins) in the Vellore region of Tamil Nadu supply irrigation water for rice fields, which could be the preferred habitat of S. wuellerstorfi. Unfortunately, no type material of S. wuellerstorfi from ���Madras��� could be located in NHMW (Peter Dworschak, personal communication). It seems none of the original localities of S. wuellerstorfi is correct. Other known localities of S. wuellerstorfi are the Malabar Coast [= present-day the northern part of the Kerala State in the south-western coast of India] (H. Milne Edwards 1853; A. Milne-Edwards 1869; Wood-Mason 1871; Henderson 1893; Ortmann 1893, 1897; Rathbun 1904; Ng & Tay 2001; Rajesh et al. 2017), the Mulugu District of the Telangana State (Pati & Mandal 2021), and the Tadoba National Park of the Maharashtra State (Pati & Sharma 2014 sensu Pati & Sudha Devi 2015). These localities are also incorrect since the G1s of the available specimens or illustrated specimens (see Pati & Sharma 2014: fig. 11d���e; Ng & Tay 2001: 24 c���f are completely different from the lectotype (NHMW CR 27063) designated herein for S. wuellerstorfi. In fact, these specimens do not have a resemblance with the known species of Spiralothelphusa in the G1 structure. Beenaerts et al. (2010) included a specimen (WHT 10793) of S. wuellerstorfi from Mamallapuram [= Mahabalipuram] of the Kanchipuram District of Tamil Nadu in their phylogenetic analysis. The specimen of S. wuellerstorfi mentioned by Beenaerts et al. (2010) could not be traced in the most likely depos, Published as part of Pati, Sameer K., Mandal, Sudipta & Jaiswal, Deepa, 2022, Description of a new species of Spiralothelphusa Bott, 1968, and redescription of Spiralothelphusa wuellerstorfi (Heller, 1862) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae), pp. 1-29 in European Journal of Taxonomy 798 on pages 6-18, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.798.1629, http://zenodo.org/record/6299793, {"references":["Bott R. 1968. Parathelphusiden aus Hinterindien (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parathelphusidae). Senckenbergiana biologica 49 (5): 403 - 422.","Heller C. 1862. Neue Crustaceen, gesammelt wahrend der Weltumseglung der k. k. Fregatte Novara. Zweiter vorlaufiger Bericht. Verhandllungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 12: 519 - 528.","Fernando C. H. 1960. The Ceylonese Freshwater Crabs (Potamonidae). Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Science) 3 (2): 191 - 222.","Heller C. 1865. Crustaceen. In: Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. III. Abtheilung: 1 - 280. Kaiserlich-Konigliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, in Commission bei Karl Gerold's Sohn, Vienna.","Wood-Mason J. 1871. Contribution to Indian Carcinology. - On Indian and Malayan Telphusidae, Part-I. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Part II (Physical Science) 40 (No. 3): 201 - 207.","Henderson J. R. 1893. A contribution to Indian carcinology. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Series 2 5 (10): 325 - 458.","Ortmann A. E. 1893. Die Decapoden-Krebse des Strassburger Museums, mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der von Herrn Dr. Doderlein bei Japan und bei den Liu-Kiu-Inseln gesammelten und zur Zeit im Strassburger Museum aufbewahrten Formen. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere 7 (3): 411 - 494.","Burger O. 1894. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gattung Telphusa. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere 8 (1): 1 - 7.","Ortmann A. E. 1897. Carcinologische Studien. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere 10 (3): 258 - 372.","De Man J. G. 1898. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmanica e regioni vicine. LXXXI. - Note sur quelques especes des genres Parathelphusa H. M. E. et Potamon Sav., recueillies par M. Leonardo Fea pendant son voyage en Birmanie. Annali del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Genova, Series 2 19 (39): 384 - 440.","Rathbun M. J. 1904. Les crabes d'eau douce (Potamonidae). Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'histoire naturelle, Paris, Serie 4 6: 225 - 312.","Ng P. K. L. & Tay F. W. M. 2001. The freshwater crabs of Sri Lanka (Decapoda: Brachyura: Parathelphusidae). Zeylanica 6 (2): 113 - 199.","Beenaerts N., Pethiyagoda R., Ng P. K. L., Yeo D. C. J., Bex G. J., Bahir M. M. & Artois T. 2010. Phylogenetic diversity of Sri Lankan freshwater crabs and its implications for conservation. Molecular Ecology 19 (1): 183 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2009.04439. x","Pati S. K. & Sudha Devi A. R. 2015. Spiralothelphusa gibberosa, a new freshwater crab (Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae) from Thrissur district, Kerala, India. Zootaxa 3963 (3): 416 - 424. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3963.3.5","ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, The Natural History Museum, London.","Pati S. K. & Thackeray T. 2018. The freshwater crab genera Ghatiana Pati & Sharma, Gubernatoriana Bott, and Inglethelphusa Bott (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae) revisited, with descriptions of a new genus and eleven new species. Zootaxa 4440 (1): 1 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4440.1.1","Dev Roy M. K. & Nandi N. C. 2012. Brachyuran crabs (Crustacea). In: The Director (ed.) Fauna of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, State Fauna Series 19 (Part 1): 185 - 236. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India.","Scherzer K. 1861. Narrative of the Circumnavigation of the Globe by the Austrian Frigate Novara, (Commodore B. Von Wullerstorf-Urbair,) Undertaken by Order of the Imperial Government, in the Years of 1857, 1858, & 1859, under the Immediate Auspices of His I. and R. Highness the Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian Navy. Vol. 1. Saunders, Otley & Co., London.","Milne Edwards H. 1853. Memoire sur la famille des Ocypodiens. Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie, Serie 3 20: 163 - 228.","Milne-Edwards A. 1869. Revision du genre Thelphuse et description de quelques especes nouvelles. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'histoire naturelle de Paris 5: 161 - 191.","Rajesh L., Raj S., Pati S. K. & Kumar A. B. 2017. The freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura) of Kerala, India. Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries 5: 132 - 153.","Pati S. K. & Mandal S. 2021. Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura (Freshwater Crabs). In: Chandra K., Jaiswal D., Raghunathan C., Jadhav S. S. & Karuthapandi M. (eds) Current Status of Faunal Diversity in Telangana: 113 - 118. The Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India.","Pati S. K. & Sharma R. M. 2014. Freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae) in the collection of the Western Regional Centre, Pune. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper 363: 1 - 44.","Ng P. K. L. 1994. A note on the freshwater crabs of the genus Spiralothelphusa Bott, 1968 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Parathelphusidae), with description of a new species from Sri Lanka. Journal of South Asian natural History 1 (1): 27 - 30.","Ng P. K. L., Guinot D. & Davie P. J. F. 2008. Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 17: 1 - 286.","Bahir M. M. & Yeo D. C. J. 2005. A revision of the genus Oziotelphusa Muller, 1887 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parathelphusidae), with descriptions of eight new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 12: 77 - 120.","Pati S. K. & Vargila F. 2019. A new species of the freshwater crab genus Oziotelphusa Muller, 1887 from Tamil Nadu, India (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Gecarcinucidae). Spixiana 42 (2): 203 - 216.","Cumberlidge N. 1997. The African and Madagascan freshwater crabs in the Museum of Natural History, Vienna (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamoidea). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 99 B: 571 - 589.","Bott R. 1970. Die Susswasserkrabben von Europa, Asien, Australien und ihre Stammesgeschichte. Eine Revision der Potamoidea und Parathelphusoidea (Crustacea, Decapoda). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 526: 1 - 338."]}

Genus Allacta Saussure & Zehntner 1895 Allacta Saussure & Zehntner 1895: 45 ( Type species: Abrodiaeta modesta Brunner von Wattenwyl, by selection); Hebard 1922: 326; Rehn 1931: 300; Roth 1991: 996; Roth 1993: 361; Roth 1995: 51; Roth 1996: 235; Wang et al. 2014: 440; He et al. 2019: 2; Prabakaran et.al. 2019: 2. Synonymy Abrodiaeta Brunner von Wattenwyl 1893: 13 (Type species: Abrodiaeta modesta Brunner von Wattenwyl, by selection); Rehn 1931: 298. [nec Abrodiaeta Brunner von Wattenwyl 1891]; Princis 1969: 928. Arublatta Bruijning, 1947: 224 (Type species: Blatta punctata Walker = Arublatta basivittata Bruijning, by monotypy.); Princis 1969: 941; Roth 1991: 996. Compsosilpha Princis, 1950: 178 (Type species: Chorisoblatta karnyi Hanitsch, by monotypy); Princis 1969: 931; Roth 1996: 235. Euhanitschia Princis, 1950: 180 (Type species: Phyllodromia diagrammatica Hanitsch by monotypy); Princis 1969: 931; Roth 1996: 235. Pseudochorisoblatta Bruijning, 1948: 90 (Type species: Phyllodromia interrupta Hanitsch, by selection); Princis 1965: 151; Princis 1969; 928. Distribution: Oriental and Australian regions (Beccaloni 2014). Remarks: In India, only hamifera species group have been recorded. Majority of the known Indian species are from the Tamil Nadu and two are reported from Sri Lanka (Fig. 1). Similar to other Allacta spp. (Rentz 2014; Wang et al. 2014; He et al. 2019; Prabakaran et al. 2019), Indian Allacta are nocturnal and inhabits tree trunks (Fig. 2). Checklist of Allacta species from India and Sri Lanka 1. Allacta diluta (Saussure, 1863) 2. Allacta figurata (Walker, 1871) 3. Allacta kalakadensis Prabakaran and Senraj, 2019 4. Allacta jcenpro sp. nov. 5. Allacta kollimalai sp. nov. 6. Allacta vellimalai sp. nov. Keys to the species of Genus Allacta Saussure & Zehntner, 1895 from India and Sri Lanka 1. Pronotum with dark reddish���brown macula and V shaped pale marking in the center; R1��� with 2 lobes (Fig. 3H)............................................................................................... A. jcenpro sp.nov. - Pronotum without a V shaped pale marking in the center...................................................... 2 2. Pronotum with two broad longitudinal bands, converging anteriorly (Fig. 74 in Roth 1996)........... A. diluta (Saussure) - Pronotal longitudinal bands joined anteriorly and posteriorly with a distinct pale central macula...................... 3 3. L4��� without setal brush; lateral expansion of R2��� bifurcate, directed posteriorly (Fig.4H)............................ 4 - L4��� with setal brush; lateral expansion of R2��� not bifurcate, directed laterally (Figs.5E, 6F).......................... 5 4. Pronotum pale central macula nearly pentagonal, with thin margin; R1��� with 4 spines (Fig. 1 A-B, J in Prabakaran et al. 2019)..................................................................... A. kalakadensis Prabakaran & Senraj. - Pronotum pale central macula rhomboid, with thick margin; R1��� without spines (Fig. 4 A-B, H)...... A. kollimalai sp. nov. 5. R1��� posteriorly rounded with two lateral teeth; Lateral expansion of R2��� axe-like (Fig. 6F).......... A. figurata (Walker) - R1��� posteriorly acute; lateral expansion of R2��� club-like (Fig. 5E)............................. A. vellimalai sp. nov. Species Allacta jcenpro sp. nov. Fig.3 (A���I) Material examined: HOLOTYPE:1�� INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Chennai,K.K Nagar.[13��2���19.608������N80��12���20.7972������E 14 masl] (24/X/2018 P. Santhakumar, ZSI / SRC I/B-703). PARATYPES: 1 �� same location as Holotype (22/IV/2019 Santhakumar, ZSI / SRC I/B-704); 1 �� same location as Holotype (24/X/2018. P. Santhakumar, ZSI / SRC I/B-705); 1 �� same location as Holotype, (05/II/2018 P. Santha-kumar and Senraj M, ZSI / SRC I/B-706); 1 ��, 2 ♀ Tamil Nadu, Virudhunagar, Elanthiraikondan, [9��22���32.0016������N 77��31���32.9988������E, 142 masl] (09/III/2019 Coll. M. Senraj. ZSI / SRC I/B-707) Diagnosis: Sexual dimorphism absent. Vertex slightly exposed. Head with a distinct V shaped pale macula. Ocelli distinct. Pronotum subparabolic with a V shaped pale macula surrounded by reddish brown borders, margin hyaline. Tegmina with a pair of brown macula. Profemur spines on the antero-ventral margin type B 2. Pulvilli present only in the fourth tarsomere of all legs. Tarsal claws simple, symmetrical. Supra���anal plate entire, symmetrical. Subgenital plate weakly asymmetrical. Styles curved towards the interstylar margin. Interstylar margin extended ventrally as a keel-like ridge. Genital hook (L3���) with a preapical incision; accessory median phallomere (L4 ���) pres-ent with setal brush on base; the median phallomere L2D��� elongate; L2E��� recurved, with setal brush; R1��� ends with 2 finger-like projections; R2��� with an elongate ventral expansion; R3��� triangular with rounded apex. A. jcenpro sp. nov. is placed in the hamifera species group based on its coloration and the interstylar invagination. This species is closely related with other Indian Allacta and can easily be differentiated from other specimens by its pronotum having a V���shaped white patch in the center of the macula. Description: Measurements (mm): Male: Total Length: 13.3���14.8; Tegmina 10.9���11.8; Pronotum 2.4���2.87 x 3.63���3.77; Body Length 9.5���10.7. Female: Total Length: 12.04���13.3; Tegmina 9.0���10.2; Pronotum 2.87���3.16 x 3.58���3.82; Body Length 9.9���10.66. Ootheca: Length 4.00 mm. Male: Body light brown with light yellowish patches (Fig. 3A). Vertex exposed black. Similar interocular and interantennal distance. Ocelli present above antennal socket. Frons with V���shaped white patches between antennal sockets (Fig. 3C). Maxillary palpi light yellowish; 5 th segment enlarged, shorter than 3 rd & 4 th segments. Pronotum subparabolic covered with reddish brown macula with medial V���shaped pale marking, lateral margin hyaline. Tegmina and hind wing fully developed reaching beyond the abdomen. Tegmen yellowish brown, anal region dark brown and radial region light dark brown. Profemur B 2, with 4���6 proximal stout spines succeed by a row of uniform pilliform spinules and ends with 2 large spines that increase in size distally. Pulvilli present on only 4 th tarsomere of all legs (Fig. 3D). Tarsal claws simple and symmetrical; arolia present. Abdominal terga unspecialized. Supra anal plate yellowish brown, entire (Fig. 3F). Cerci yellowish brown. Subgenital plate weakly asymmetrical; Styles similar, curved towards the interstylar margin with minute spines (Fig. 3G). Interstylar margin extended ventrally as a keel-like ridge. Genitalia as illustrated (Fig. 3H); Genital hook (L3���) preapical incision; accessory median phallomere (L4���) present with setal brush on base; the median phallomere L2D��� elongate; L2E��� recurved, with setal brush; R1��� with 2 distal spines; R2��� with elongate ventral expansion; R3��� triangular with rounded apex. Female: Similar to male; except facial marking (Fig. 3 B, D) Frons covered with macula in the middle Vshaped white patches little heavier than male. Ootheca dark brown in color (Fig.3I). Etymology: named in honor of the ���Jesuits Chennai Province���, a part of Loyola College, Chennai who initiated empowering the marginalized peoples, especially the rural poor and the Dalits. Known Distribution: India: Tamil Nadu. Species Allacta kollimalai sp. nov. Fig.4 (A���H) Material examined: HOLOTYPE: 1 ��, INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Namakkal, Valappurnadu View Point, Arappaleeswarar Temple near. [11��15���02.320���N 78��23���16.652���E, 980 masl.] (29/XII/2018. M. Senraj and N. Kumaresan ZSI / SRC I/B-708). PARATYPES: 1 �� and 1 ♀ same location and coll. as Holotype (ZSI / SRC I/B-709) Diagnosis: Sexual dimorphism present; males macropterous, females brachypterous. Vertex slightly exposed. Head reddish brown (males) or with pale central marking (female). Ocelli present. Pronotum subparabolic with distinct pale rhomboid central macula surrounded by thick reddish���brown borders; lateral margins hyaline. Tegmina with a pair of brown macula. Profemur Type B 3. Pulvilli present only in the fourth tarsomere of all legs. Tarsal claws simple, symmetrical. Supra���anal plate entire, symmetrical. Subgenital plate weakly asymmetrical. Styles short, rounded. Interstylar margin with weak medial invagination. Genital hook (L3���) with a preapical incision; accessory median phallomere (L4���) present without setal brush; the median phallomere L2D��� elongate; L2E��� extended posteriorly, with setal brush; R1��� posteriorly rounded; R2��� with elongate lateral extension forked distally; R3��� triangular with rounded apex. Based on its coloration and interstylar invagination, A. kollimalai sp. nov. is placed in the hamifera ���species group. This species is closely related with other Indian Allacta base in its coloration and the structure of its subgenital plate and genitalia. It is closely similar to A. kalakadensis Prabakaran & Senraj, 2019 in terms of the females brachypterous, supra-anal plate entire, subgenital plate with weak mesal invagination of interstylar margin, absence of setal brush on L4��� and R2��� with bifurcate lateral expansion. It differs from A. kalakadensis in terms of the central macula rhomboid (nearly pentagonal in A. kalakadensis) broad margin surrounding the central pale macula of the pronotum (thin margin in A. kalakadensis), facial marking entirely reddish brown in males (patterns distinct pale and dark spots in A. kalakadensis), styles short and rounded Description: Measurements (mm): Male: Total Length 13.6���13.8; Tegmina 10.7���10.9, Pronotum 2.7���2.75 x 3.6���3.64; Body Length 10.3; Female: Overall Length and Body Length: 8.4; Tegmina 4.3, Pronotum 2.7 x 3.8. Male: Body dark brown with yellowish patches (Fig4.A). Vertex exposed, black. The interocular distance equal to interantennal distance. Ocelli present above antennal socket. Frons dark brown (Fig 4.C). Maxillary palpi light yellowish; 5 th segment enlarged, shorter than 3 rd and 4 th segments. Pronotum subparabolic covered with pale rhomboid central macula surrounded by thick dark brown border, lateral margin hyaline. Tegmina and hind wing fully developed reaching beyond the abdomen, Tegmen yellowish brown, anal region dark brown and radial region light dark brown. Profemur B 3, with 5���6 proximal stout spines succeed by a row of uniform pilliform spinules and ends with 3 large spines that increase in size distally. Pulvilli present on only 4 th tarsomere of all legs (Fig 4.E). Tarsal claws simple and symmetrical; arolia present. Abdominal terga unspecialized. Supra-anal plate yellowish brown, entire (Fig 4.F), paraprocts simple, similar. Cerci yellowish brown. Subgenital plate weakly asymmetrical. Styles short, rounded (Fig 4.G). Interstylar margin with weak invagination. Genitalia as illustrated (Fig4.H): Genital hook (L3���) with a preapical incision; accessory median phallomere (L4���) present without setal brush; the median phallomere L2D��� elongate; L2E��� extended posteriorly with basal setal brush; R1��� posteriorly rounded; R2��� with elongate lateral expansion forked distally (le); R3��� triangular with rounded apex. Female: Brachypterous (Fig. 4B). Frons with two medial yellowish spots (Fig. 4D) Tegmina reduced, reaching up to 4 th abdominal segment; hind wing reaching up to 3 rd abdominal segment. Abdominal tergites dark brown. Etymology: named after the type locality is located in the Kollimalai Hills, Tamil Nadu India. Known Distribution: India: Tamil Nadu. Remarks: Male and female were paired based on the mating pairs collected in the type location (Fig. 2D). Species Allacta vellimalai sp. nov. Fig.5 (A���E) Material examined: HOLOTYPE: 1 ��, INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Theni, Megamalai Range, Vellimalai Forest Rest House [9��34��� 5.196������N 77�� 24��� 4.86������E, 773 masl] (25/V/2019 M. Senraj, ZSI���SRC I/B-710). PARATYPES: 1 ��, same as holotype (ZSI���SRC I/B-711). 1 �� INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli, Courtallam, Si-vanthi Athithanar Estate [8��55���31.548������N 77��14���16.512������E 324 masl] (02/XII/2018 M. Senraj, ZSI���SRC I/B-712). Diagnosis: Vertex slightly exposed. Head with a distinct V���shaped brown interantennal macula. Ocelli distinct. Pronotum subparabolic with a pentagonal pale macula surrounded by broad brown borders, margin hyaline. Tegmina well developed, with a pair of brown macula. Profemur type B 3. Pulvilli present only in the fourth tarsomere of all legs. Tarsal claws simple, symmetrical. Supra���anal plate entire, symmetrical. Subgenital plate weakly asymmetrical. Styles short, angular. Interstylar margin slightly extended ventrally as with deep mesal invagination (Fig. 5D). Genital hook (L3���) with a preapical incision; accessory median phallomere (L4���) with setal brush; the median phallomere L2D��� elongate; L2E��� extended anteriorly, with setal brush; R1��� acute; R2��� with elongate lateral expansion (le); R3��� quadrangular with rounded apex. Based on its coloration and interstylar invagination, A. kollimalai sp. nov. is placed in the hamifera species group. This species is closely related with other Indian Allacta base in its coloration and the structure of its subgenital plate and genitalia. It is closely similar to A. figurata (Walker) in terms of the facial and tegminal coloration, supra-anal plate entire, subgenital plate with weak mesal invagination of pronounced interstylar margin, presence of setal brush on L4��� and R2��� with elongate lateral expansion (le). It differs from A. figurata in terms of the pentagonal central macula (ovoid to rhomboid in A. figurata), R1��� posteriorly acute (rounded with two lateral teeth on A. figurata), R2��� lateral expansion club-like (axe���like in A. figurata), R3��� quadrangular (triangular in A. figurata) and L3��� with weak pre-apical expansion (tapered on A. figurata). Description: Measurements (mm): Male: Total Length: 15.9���17.3; Tegmina: 12.5���14.2; Pronotum: 3.0 x 4.2 Body Length: 12.5���14.0 Male: Body light brown with yellowish patches (Fig 5.A). Vertex exposed, dark brown. The intraocular distance smaller than interantennal distance. Ocelli present above antennal socket. Clypeus yellowish���brown. Frons dark brown underneath antennal sockets, with V���shaped macula in interantennal space (Fig. 5B). Maxillary palpi light yellowish-brown; 5 th segment enlarged, shorter than 3 rd & 4 th segments which have similar lengths. Pronotum subparabolic covered with pale pentagonal central macula surrounded by thick dark brown border, lateral margin hyaline. Tegmina and hind wing fully developed reaching beyond the abdomen. Tegmen yellowish brown, anal region dark brown and radial region light dark brown. Profemur type B 3, with 5���6 proximal stout spines succeed by a row of uniform pilliform spinules and ends with 3 large spines increased in size distally. Pulvilli present on only 4 th tarsomere of all legs. Tarsal claws simple and symmetrical; arolia present. Abdominal terga unspecialized. Supra-anal plate yellowish brown, entire (Fig 5.C), paraprocts simple, similar. Cerci yellowish brown. Subgenital plate weakly asymmetrical. Styles short, rounded (Fig 5.D). Interstylar margin pronounced, with weak invagination. Genitalia as illustrated (Fig 5.E): Genital hook (L3���) with weak preapical expansion; accessory median phallomere (L4���) present, with setal brush; the median phallomere L2D��� elongate; L2E��� extended anteriorly with basal setal brush; R1��� posteriorly triangular; R2��� with elongate lateral expansion, club���like; R3��� quadrangular with rounded apex. Female: Unknown Etymology: named after the type locality is located in the Vellimalai Hills, Megamalai, Theni, Tamil Nadu, India. Known Distribution: India: Tamil Nadu. Species Allacta kalakadensis Prabakaran and Senraj 2019 Allacta kalakadensis Prabakaran and Senraj, in Prabakaran, Senraj & Luca��as 2019: 3 (Type: �� INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Thirukurungudi Range, Valaiyathu odai; ZSI, India) Material examined: Holotype 1 ��, Paratype 3 �� and 1 ♀: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli, Thirukurungudi Range, Valaiyathu odai [8��24���38.808������ N 77��33���23.832������ E, 142.2 masl], (24/IX/2018; R. Venkitesan et al., collected in Light trap. ZSI /SRC (I/B 542���I/B 546). Additional material: 2 �� INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Virudhunagar, Elanthiraikondan, [9��22���33.9996������ N 77��31���32.9988������ E, 141 masl], 22/II/2020 (M. Senraj, at night) ZSI���SRC I/B-713. Remarks: Prabakaran et al. (2019) described and placed this species in the hamifera species group. It is closely related to A. figurata (Walker 1871) and A. diluta (Saussure 1863), unfortunately, Prabakaran et al. (2019) missed Roth���s (1996) description of the genitalia of both species. The following is added to the diagnosis of A. kalakadensis: In terms of genitalia, Allacta kalakadensis differs from A. figurata from the styles elongate, directed interiorly (styles short, directed exteriorly in A. figurata), L4��� without setal brush (L4��� with setal brush in A. figurata), R1��� with four spikes directed ventrally (R1��� with two teeth dir, Published as part of Senraj, M., Packiam, S. Maria, Prabakaran, S., Lucanas, Cristian C. & Jaiswal, Deepa, 2021, Review of Indian Allacta Saussure & Zehntner, 1895 (Blattodea: Ectobiidae Pseudophyllodromiinae), with description of three new species, pp. 254-266 in Zootaxa 4920 (2) on pages 255-263, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4920.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/4475245, {"references":["Saussure, H. & Zehntner, L. (1895) Revision de la tribu des Perisphaeriens (insectes Orthopteres de la famille des Blattides). Revue suisse Zoologie, 3, 1 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 37722","Hebard, M. (1922) Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Hawaii. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Mus eum, 7 (14), 305 - 379. [http: // hbs. bishopmuseum. org / pubs-online / pdf / op 7 - 14. pdf] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 6706","Rehn, J. A. G. (1931) On the Blattid Genera Abrodiaeta Brunner (= Allacta Saussure and Zehntner) and Margattea Shelford. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 57 (3), 297 - 304. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25077265","Roth, L. M. (1991) New Combinations, Synonymies, Redescriptions, and New Species of Cockroaches, mostly Indo-Australian Blattellidae. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 5, 953 - 1021. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 9910953","Roth, L. M. (1993) The cockroach genus Allacta Saussure & Zehntner (Blattaria, Blattellidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae). Entomologica Scandinavia, 23, 361 - 389. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631292 X 00173","Roth, L. M. (1995) New species of Allacta Saussure & Zehntner from Papua New Guinea, Irian Jaya, and Sarawak (Blattaria, Blattellidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae). Papua New Guinea Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 38, 51 - 71.","Roth, L. M. (1996) The cockroach genera Sundablatta Herbard, Pseudophyllodromia Brunner, and Allacta Saussure & Zehntner (Blattaria: Blattellidae, Pseudophyllodromiinae). Tijdschrift Voor Entomologie, 139, 215 - 242.","Wang, Z. Q., Gui, S. H., Che, Y. L. & Wang, J. J. (2014) The Species of Allacta (Blattodea: Ectobiidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae) Occurring in China, With A Description of a New Species. Florida Entomologist, 97 (2), 439 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1653 / 024.097.0214","He, J. - J., Zheng, Y. - H., Qiu, L., Che, Y. - L. & Wang, Z. - Q. (2019) Two new species and a new combination of Allacta (Blattodea, Ectobiidae, Pseudophyllodromiinae) from China, with notes on their behavior in nature. Zookeys, 836, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 836.31673","Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. (1893) Revision du Systeme des Orthopteres et description des espece rapportees par Leonardo Fea de Birmainie. Annali del Museo civico di storia natural di Genova, 13 (2), 5 - 230. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5121","Princis, K. (1969) Blattariae: Subordo Epilamproidea. Fam: Blattellidae. Orthopterorum Catalogus, 13, 711 - 1038.","Bruijning, C. F. A. (1947) An account of the Blattidae (Orthoptera) from Celebes, the Moluccas, and New Guinea. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 27, 205 - 252.","Princis, K. (1950) Entomological results from the Swedish expedition 1934 to Burma and British India. Arkiv for zoology, New Series, 1, 203 - 222.","Bruijning, C. F. A. (1948) Studies in Malayan Blattidae. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 29, 1 - 174.","Princis, K. (1965) Kleine Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Blattarien und ihrer Verbreitung. VIII. (Orthoptera). EOS, 41, 135 - 156.","Beccaloni, G. W. (2014) Cockroach Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. World Wide Web Electronic Publication. Available from: http: // Cockroach. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 27 November 2019)","Rentz, D. C. (2014) A guide to the cockroaches of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 218 pp.","Prabakaran, S., Senraj, M. & Lucanas, C. C. (2019) A new species of Allacta Saussure & Zehntner 1895 (Blattodea: Ectobiidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae) from India. Halteres, 10, 1 - 6. [https: // zenodo. org / record / 2620772 . Xr 0 Wz 0 QzbIU]","Saussure, H. (1863) Melanges orthopterotogiques, Premiere Fascicule. Blattides. Memoirs of the Society of Physics and Natural History of Geneve, 17, 129 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 59878","Walker, F. (1871) Catalogue of the specimens of Dermaptera, Saltatoria and supplement to the Blattariae in the collections of the British Museum, London, V (Supplement to the catalogue of Blattariae), 3 - 43.","Shelford, R. (1908) Orthoptera. Fam. Blattidae, Subfam. Phyllodromiinae. Genera Insectorum, 73, 1 - 28.","Kirby, W. F. (1904) A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria. (Forficulidae. Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae). Vol. 1. British Museum, London, 501 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6745","Walker, F. (1868) Catalogue of the specimens of Blattariae in the collection of the British Museum. Printed for the Trustees of the British Museum, London, 239 pp.","Princis, K. (1951) Kleine Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Blattarien und ihrer Verbreitung. IV. Opuscula Entomologica, 16, 89 - 93.","Princis, K. (1959) Revision der Walkerschen und Kirbyschen Blat- tarientypen im British Museum of Natural History, London. III. Opuscula Entomologica, 24, 125 - 150."]}

Senraj, M., Packiam, S. Maria, Prabakaran, S., Lucanas, Cristian C., Jaiswal, Deepa (2021): Review of Indian Allacta Saussure & Zehntner, 1895 (Blattodea: Ectobiidae Pseudophyllodromiinae), with description of three new species. Zootaxa 4920 (2): 254-266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4920.2.6

Parapsilorhynchus alluriensis, sp. nov. (Figure. 2) Holotype. ZSI / FBRC /F/3015, 35.4 mm SL. India, Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh State, Visakhapatnam District, Dharamattam stream, near Golugonda village, Alluri Forest, 17°42´47˝N; 82°28´42˝E, 210 m asl, S. S. Jadhav and M. Karuthapandi on 3 November 2018. Paratypes. ZSI / FBRC /F/3016, 5, 21.7–34.1 mm SL; same data as holotype; ZSI / WRC /F/5534, 4, 23.2–34.4 mm SL, same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Parapsilorhynchus alluriensis, is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: Body small, elongate, head depressed; a poorly-developed callous pad present behind lower lip; the pad not distinctly delimited posteriorly; head deep (depth at occiput 47.3–72.3% HL); body stout, deep (depth at dorsal fin origin 17.3–21.7 % SL); gape width 27.3–32.8% HL; inter-orbital space 33.9–43.2% HL; eyes visible in ventral view; lower lip rounded; mouth small, inferior and horizontal; mouth opening situated very close to anterior tip of snout; upper lip concealed by poorly-developed slightly fringed rostral fold; rostral fold with minute papillae; 3 simple pectoral-fin rays; 33–34 lateral-line scales. Phylogenetic relationships. Parapsilorhynchus alluriensis is recovered as a member of the ‘ Parapsilorhynchus clade’ (Figure 6), with a sister - group relationship to P. prateri having a genetic divergence of 1.5 % on the mt COI gene (Table 3). Description. Morphometric data of the holotype and nine paratypes are listed in Table 1. Body small, elongate, anteriorly cylindrical, posteriorly depressed, greatest depth at dorsal-fin origin; ventral surface flattened. Eyes prominent, lateral, visible in ventral aspect, situated in middle of length of head, their diameter less than inter-orbital space. Head depressed; snout prominent; moderately rounded in ventrally view, obtuse in lateral view. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal, situated on ventral surface; mouth opening close to tip of snout; upper lip concealed by poorlydeveloped slightly fringed rostral fold; minute papillae present on rostral fold. Lower lip finely papillated, rounded, with poorly-developed callous pad behind it, forming anterior free border of pad; lower lip studded with minute tubercles. Callous pad not distinctly delimited posteriorly (Figure 4A). Corner of mouth with a marginal groove, continuing anteriorly round outer margin of rostral fold. Rostral barbel short, thick, stumpy, not pointed distally; shorter than eye diameter, positioned anterolaterally. TABLE 1. Morphometric and meristic data of 10 specimens (ZSI / FBRC /F/3015; ZSI / FBRC /F/3016; ZSI / WRC / F/5534) of Parapsilorhynchus alluriensis including holotype (values for the holotype are also stated separately in parentheses). Dorsal fin commencing slightly in advance of pelvic-fin base, with two simple and 7 branched rays, shorter than head length, its origin slightly nearer caudal-fin base than tip of snout; distal margin slightly concave. Pectoral fin with 3 simple and 11 branched rays, shorter than head length, not reaching pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic fin with two simple and 7 branched rays, shorter than pectoral, not reaching anus. Anal fin base short, with one simple and 5 branched rays, not reaching base of caudal fin; distal margin slightly concave. Anus positioned nearer anal-fin origin than pelvic-fin origin. Caudal fin forked with i, 17 - 18, i principal rays; upper and lower lobes equal in length. Lateral line complete with 33 - 34 scales. Scale rows between lateral line and dorsal fin 5, between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 4. Predorsal scales 18 - 19, mostly embedded in skin. Scales arranged irregularly. Scales on chest and belly smaller than those on flank, embedded in skin. TABLE 2. GenBank accession numbers, locations and voucher numbers for the mt COI gene sequences used in the study. TABLE 3. Uncorrected pairwise genetic distance (%) for the species of Parapsilorhynchus and Garra used in the phylogenetic analysis. Coloration. In 70% alcohol (Figure 2): head and body dull greyish brown dorsally, becoming lighter laterally, off - white ventrally. Flank with a black stripe along lateral - line scales. Black blotch at the base of caudal - fin. Pectoral, pelvic and anal fins hyaline. Dorsal fin hyaline with an oblique black bar near its free margin. Scales speckled with melanophores at their bases. In life (Freshly dead) (Figure 3): Body dark grey, ventral surface uniformly cream white; head dorsally dark brown. Dorsal fin with a yellowish tinge and a distinct oblique black bar near its free margin. Along the lateral line, a broad black longitudinal band with a lighter band above and below it. A black vertical bar present on the caudal peduncle. Caudal fin dusky with vertical black bar at its base. Pectoral, pelvic and anal fins with light-yellow pigmentation on rays. Each body scale studded with melanophores. Habitat. Parapsilorhynchus alluriensis inhabits cool, clear streams with riparian vegetation and a steep gradient. The substrate consisted mainly of stones, bedrock, some sand, boulders and gravels; water volume apparently much higher during the rainy season (Figure 7). Co-occurring species are Rasbora daniconius Hamilton, Devario aequipinnatus McClelland and Garra mullya Sykes. Etymology. Named after the Alluri Forest, Eastern Ghats, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh State, India from where the type specimens were collected. Distribution. Parapsilorhynchus alluriensis is at present known only from the type locality. Comparative morphometrics. Parapsilorhynchus alluriensis can be distinguished from P. tentaculatus in having a smaller inter-orbital space (33.9–43.2% HL vs. 50.0), fewer lateral-line scales (33–34 vs. 36–39), having the eyes visible (vs. not visible) from ventral aspect, and a rounded (vs. bilobed) lower lip, (Figure 4). Hora (1921) described P. discophorus based on a single specimen. However Hora later (1925) stated that an examination of large series of specimens convinced him that the two species were identical. However, Yazdani & Babu Rao (1977) considered P. discophorus as a valid species and remarked that the two differ from each other in the number of lateral - line scales (33-35 in P. discophorus and 36-39 in P. tentaculatus), number of simple pectoral fin rays (2 vs. 3) and body proportions such as eye diameter (4.0-6.0 % in SL vs. 6.0-8.5) in relation to standard length. Nevertheless, Rema Devi & Menon (1995) justified Hora’s (1925) decision to synonymize P. discophorus with P. tentaculatus based mainly on the range of pectoral-fin ray counts and morphometric measurements. But they did not mentioned whether they examined specimens of P. discophorus. However, after examination of topotypic material, the present study also confirm P. discophorus and P. tentaculatus are distinct species in view of the distinct characters, two vs. three undivided pectoral-fin rays; 33 - 35 vs. 36 - 39 lateral - line scales; rounded vs. bilobed lower lip; eyes visible vs. not visible in ventral aspect; a distinct disc behind lower lip vs. merely thickened area without forming a distinct disc. Parapsilorhynchus alluriensis and P. discophorus have the same number of lateral-line scales, the eyes distinctly visible from the ventral side and similar body coloration. However, P. alluriensis can be distinguished from P. discophorus in having more simple pectoral-fin rays (3 vs. 2), a narrower gape (27.3–32.8% HL vs 32.6–40.0), a poorly (vs. prominently) developed callous pad, not sharply (vs. distinctly) delimited posteriorly, and the absence of (vs. poorly developed) tubercles on the snout. The new species differs from P. elongatus in having a stout (vs. elongate) body, smaller inter-orbital space (33.9–43.2% HL vs. 60.2–66.6), and fewer lateral line scales (33–34 vs. 36). Parapsilorhynchus alluriensis differs from P. prateri in having fewer lateral line scales (33–34 vs. 42–47), smaller inter-orbital space (33.9–43.2% HL vs. 47.3–50.0), pectoral fin shorter than head length (vs. equal to head length), and a poorly (vs. well) developed callous pad behind the lower lip. The new species differs from P. odishaensis in having a greater eye diameter (28.4–44.1% HL vs. 18.7–28.6), smaller inter - orbital space (33.9–43.2% HL vs. 53.3–64.3), wider gape (27.3–32.8% HL vs. 23.5–28.6), absence (vs. presence) of tubercles on the snout, and having the pectoral-fin shorter than head length (vs. equal or longer than head length). Further, Parapsilorhynchus alluriensis can be distinguished from P. swaini in having smaller inter - orbital space (33.9–43.2% HL vs. 46.6–50.0),pectoral fin length shorter than head length (vs. longer than head length), a black bar on anal fin absent (vs. present), and a rounded unilobed (vs. bilobed) lower lip (Figure 4). The genus Parapsilorhynchus was first recognized by Hora (1921), who designated P. tentaculatus (Annandale, 1919) as type species during the description of P. discophorus. Since then a total of four species have been added to this genus (P. prateri in 1938, P. elongatus in 1994, P. odishaensis and P. swaini in 2017) bringing the total known species to seven including the new species described herein. The genus appears to be restricted to peninsular India (Figure 1). P. tentaculatus was also reported from Satpura hills (Hora, 1925), Bailadila range in Bastar (Hora, 1938) and from Eastern Ghats (Remadevi and Menon, 1995), but the identity of this species from these localities needs further confirmation since the species is known only from northern Western Ghats. Rao and Yazdani (1978) commented on the apparent evolution of the genera Parapsilorhynchus and Psilorhynchus based on their morphology and biogeography, concluding Psilorhynchus to be primitive in comparison to Parapsilorhynchus. The findings of Rao and Yazdani (1978) can only be substantiated with the availability of complete phylogeny of the group. Discussion Due to lack of genetic information for the phylogenetic analysis, the genus Parapsilorhynchus is considered as a member of Labeoninae (Cyprinidae), which have been shown to have an unresolved phylogenetic relationship with the members of Labeonini and Garrini (Yang et al., 2015; Betancur-R et al. 2017). Parapsilorhynchus was not included in the phylogeny of the cyprinid tribe Labeonini in the above studies, which made Yang et al. (2012) and Tan and Armbruster (2018) treat the genus ‘incertae sedis’. Patil et al. (2018), in their DNA barcode (mt COI) based delineation of freshwater fishes from the northern Western Ghats, included two species of Parapsilorhynchus (P. tentaculatus and P. discophorus) in their Cyprinidae gene tree and this data along with ours for another two species of Parapsilorhynchus establishes the phylogenetic ‘ Parapsilorhynchus clade’ position on the larger Cyprinidae tree. GenBank sequence JQ667561.1 for the species P. prateri is a case of misidentification as the specimen collected from Harda, Madhya Pradesh, but P. prateri has very restricted distribution in the northern Western Ghats. P. prateri is unique with large number of lateral-line scales (Figure 5). Nevertheless, we warrant more intensive sampling and multigene phylogenetic analysis to decipher the actual phylogenetic position of Parapsilorhynchus within the Cyprinidae or to reestablish the family Parapsilorhynchidae. The occurrence of P. alluriensis in the Eastern Ghats reveals a wider distributional range of this highly specialized hill stream genus.