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7. The road to safety- Examining the nexus between road infrastructure and crime in rural India

Author

Jain, Ritika and Biswas, Shreya

Subjects
Economics - General Economics
Abstract

This study examines the relationship between road infrastructure and crime rate in rural India using a nationally representative survey. On the one hand, building roads in villages may increase connectivity, boost employment, and lead to better living standards, reducing criminal activities. On the other hand, if the benefits of roads are non-uniformly distributed among villagers, it may lead to higher inequality and possibly higher crime. We empirically test the relationship using the two waves of the Indian Human Development Survey. We use an instrumental variable estimation strategy and observe that building roads in rural parts of India has reduced crime. The findings are robust to relaxing the strict instrument exogeneity condition and using alternate measures. On exploring the pathways, we find that improved street lighting, better public bus services and higher employment are a few of the direct potential channels through which road infrastructure impedes crime. We also find a negative association between villages with roads and various types of inequality measures confirming the broad economic benefits of roads. Our study also highlights that the negative impact of roads on crime is more pronounced in states with weaker institutions and higher income inequality.

Published
2021

13. Improving Performance and Quality of Service in 5G Technology

Author

Jain, Stuti, Jain, Ritika, Sharma, Jyotika, Sharma, Ashish, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Marriwala, Nikhil, editor, Tripathi, C.C, editor, Jain, Shruti, editor, and Kumar, Dinesh, editor

Published
2022
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35. Cost-effectiveness of ticagrelor plus aspirin versus aspirin in acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack: an economic evaluation of the THALES trial

Author

Tank, Amarjeet, primary, Johnston, S Claiborne, additional, Jain, Ritika, additional, Amarenco, Pierre, additional, Mellström, Carl, additional, Rikner, Klas, additional, Denison, Hans, additional, Ladenvall, Per, additional, Knutsson, Mikael, additional, Himmelmann, Anders, additional, Evans, Scott R, additional, James, Stefan, additional, Molina, Carlos A, additional, Wang, Yongjun, additional, and Ouwens, Mario, additional

Published
2023
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38. A multiadjuvant polysaccharide-amino acid-lipid (PAL) subunit nanovaccine generates robust systemic and lung-specific mucosal immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice

Author

Pandey, Bhawana, primary, Wang, Zhengying, additional, Jimenez, Angela, additional, Bhatia, Eshant, additional, Jain, Ritika, additional, Beach, Alexander, additional, Maniar, Drishti, additional, Hosten, Justin, additional, O'Farrell, Laura, additional, Vantucci, Casey, additional, Hur, David, additional, Noel, Richard K, additional, Ringquist, Rachel M, additional, Smith, Clinton, additional, Ochoa, Miguel Armenta, additional, and Roy, Krishnendu, additional

Published
2023
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42. Cost-effectiveness of ticagrelor plus aspirin versus aspirin in acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack : an economic evaluation of the THALES trial

Author

Tank, Amarjeet, Johnston, S. Claiborne, Jain, Ritika, Amarenco, Pierre, Mellstrom, Carl, Rikner, Klas, Denison, Hans, Ladenvall, Per, Knutsson, Mikael, Himmelmann, Anders, Evans, Scott R., James, Stefan, Molina, Carlos A., Wang, Yongjun, Ouwens, Mario, Tank, Amarjeet, Johnston, S. Claiborne, Jain, Ritika, Amarenco, Pierre, Mellstrom, Carl, Rikner, Klas, Denison, Hans, Ladenvall, Per, Knutsson, Mikael, Himmelmann, Anders, Evans, Scott R., James, Stefan, Molina, Carlos A., Wang, Yongjun, and Ouwens, Mario

Abstract

Objective THALES demonstrated that ticagrelor plus aspirin reduced the risk of stroke or death but increased bleeding versus aspirin during the 30 days following a mild-to-moderate acute non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke (AIS) or high-risk transient ischaemic attack (TIA). There are no cost-effectiveness analyses supporting this combination in Europe. To address this, a cost-effectiveness analysis was performed. Methods Cost-effectiveness was evaluated using a decision tree and Markov model with a short-term and long-term (30-year) horizon. Stroke, mortality, bleeding and EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D) data from THALES were used to estimate short-term outcomes. Model transitions were based on stroke severity (disabling stroke was defined as modified Rankin Scale >2). Healthcare resource utilisation and EQ-5D data beyond 30 days were based on SOCRATES, another trial in AIS/TIA that compared ticagrelor with aspirin. Long-term costs, survival and disutilities were based on published literature. Unit costs were derived from national databases and discounted at 3% annually from a Swedish healthcare perspective. Results One-month treatment with ticagrelor plus aspirin resulted in 12 fewer strokes, 4 additional major bleeds and cost savings of euro95 000 per 1000 patients versus aspirin from a Swedish healthcare perspective. This translated into increased quality-adjusted life-years (0.04) and reduced societal costs (-euro1358) per patient over a lifetime horizon. Key drivers of cost-effectiveness were number of patients experiencing subsequent disabling stroke and degree of disability. Findings were robust over a range of input assumptions. Conclusion One month of treatment with ticagrelor plus aspirin is likely to improve outcomes and reduce costs versus aspirin in mild-to-moderate AIS or high-risk TIA.Trial registration number NCT03354429.

Published
2023
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43. Modality-Specific Feature Selection, Data Augmentation and Temporal Context for Improved Performance in Sleep Staging

Author

Jain, Ritika and G., Ramakrishnan A.

Abstract

This work attempts to design an effective sleep staging system, making the best use of the available signals, strategies, and features in the literature. It must not only perform well on different datasets comprising healthy and clinical populations but also achieve good accuracy in cross-dataset experiments. Toward this end, we propose a model comprising multiple binary classifiers in a hierarchical fashion, where, at each level, one or more of EEG, EOG, and EMG are selected to best differentiate between two sleep stages. The best set of 100 features is chosen out of all the features derived from selected signals. The class imbalance in data is addressed by random undersampling and boosting techniques with decision trees as weak learners. Temporal context and data augmentation are used to improve the performance. We also evaluate the performance of our model by training and testing on different datasets. We compare the results of five approaches: using only EEG, EEG+EOG, EEG+EMG+EOG, EEG+EMG, and selective modality with a specific combination of EEG, EMG, and/or EOG at each level. The best results are obtained by considering features from EEG+EMG+EOG at each hierarchical level. The proposed model achieves average accuracies of 83.1%, 90.0%, 84.4%, 82.1%, 81.5%, 79.9%, and 73.7% on Sleep-EDF, Exp Sleep-EDF, ISRUC-S1, S2 and S3, DRMS-SUB, and DRMS-PAT datasets, respectively. For all the datasets except DRMS-SUB, the proposed method outperforms all the state-of-the-art approaches. Cross-dataset performance exceeds 80% for all datasets except DRMS-PAT; independent of whether the test data is from normal subjects or patients.

Published
2024
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49. Psychiatric Co-Morbidity among Patient with Acquired Immuno- Deficiency Syndrome.

Author

Kumar, Gautam, Rathore, Siddharth, Salve, Chandrakant, Jain, Abhay, and Jain, Ritika

Subjects
AIDS-related opportunistic infections, ANXIETY disorders, PEOPLE with mental illness, COMORBIDITY, MENTAL illness, OPPORTUNISTIC infections, ALCOHOLISM
Abstract

To determine the prevalence and kind of mental morbidity in HIV-infected patients who are visiting a specialist HIV clinic for the first time. To evaluate the relationships between mental comorbidity and several sociodemographic variables (age, gender, education) and disease-related variables (illness duration, HIV/AIDS stages, CD4 count, HIV-TB and other co-infections, and other opportunistic infections) and association between mental comorbidity and treatment continuation variables including poor adherence and default history. This study included 171 individuals who consistently sought medical attention at the RDGMC, Ujjain Hospital General HIV Clinic. These individuals had a preliminary screening to determine the incidence of mental comorbidity in those receiving therapy for AIDS patients. A total of 56.14% were determined to have a mental disease, while another 16.94% had an active drug use problem. The patients' lifetime rates of alcohol abuse (14.61%), nicotine drug misuse (2.33%), anxiety disorder (4.67%), and generalised depression (24.56%) frequently occurred before they were diagnosed with a disease or learned whether they were HIV positive. Screening, assessing, and treating for these disorders is essential and need to be done methodically given the high frequency of mental illnesses in HIV-infected individuals seeking medical treatment. This is best accomplished by having a psychiatric team present within HIV medical clinics as opposed to being associated with such clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023

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