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Biorefineries are an important pillar to conduct the transition toward a circular bioeconomy. Forestry value chains produce wood biomass from harvesting and processing residues that have potential to be used in biorefineries, but currently, these residues are mostly used for energy generation. New biorefineries and new methodologies of wood fractionation allow the production of high value-added products based on carbohydrates and lignin. However, biorefineries based on lignocellulosic feedstock are still few in European countries and even less in Italy. The present study analyses the processes involved in a scenario of establishment of forest biorefineries, reviewing the main components and the actual organization of forestry value chains in Italy. The aim is to have a general vision, to identify and to focus the possibilities of the actual value chains and to fill gaps. The development of the territories is thought of in a perspective of a broader repertoire and more branched value chains than simple energy-generation end use, reviewing the tool for a feasibility study that could potentially involve lignocellulosic biorefineries also based on forest-wood industry feedstocks.

The state of the art of the electrochemistry of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins (CDs) and cyclodextrin inclusion complexes and their polarographic and voltammetric assay are reviewed. The polarographic and voltammetric determination of physicochemical parameters of CD inclusion complexes are discussed. Practical applications of adsorption and inclusion effects for electroanalytical purposes are presented future prospects are discussed, and 95 references are given.

Various penems, structurally closely related carbapenems, and the intermediate 4-acetoxyazetidin-2-one were studied by direct current sampled dc, differential pulse polarography (DPP), cyclic voltammetry, and ac tensammetry. Optimum pH ranges for the determination of 4-acetoxyazetidin-2-one and the various penems are discussed. In Britton—Robinson buffer (BRP) penems exhibit (pH 3) one stable reduction wave, which can be exploited analytically. Carbapenems exhibit stability problems in BRP (pH 3). They can be determined after conversion by hydrolysis into a stable imine form. Useful linear concentration ranges are 10 to 140 μg/mL for 4-acetoxyazetidin-2-one and 20 to 170 and 0.5 to 70 μg/mL for penems using dc polarography and DPP, respectively. The precision of the proposed analytical methods is acceptable, with relative standard deviations around 2.5% for the assay of 4-acetoxyazetidin-2-one and 2.5 and 2–5% for the penem and carbapenem, respectively.

”The natural resources of the earth including the air, water, land, flora and fauna and especially representative samples of natural ecosystems must be safeguarded for the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning or management, as appropriate”.1

In organic chemistry, polarography and voltammetry are most frequently applied for the solution of (1) practical, mainly analytical, problems. To show the scope and possibilities of these techniques in the analysis of dyes, agricultrual products, plastics, and pharmaceutical materials we shall briefly, and in a nonexhaustive way, discuss some practical examples. Polarography can also be used for (2) the solution of electrochemical problems, and (3) to provide useful information on fundamental problems of organic chemistry such as determination of equilibrium constants, and rate constants for fast (t,1/2

Selected practical inorganic and organic applications of modern polarography, voltammetry and tensammetry to real problems from fields as diverse as high technology (stereolithography), organic synthesis and environmental protection and environmental analysis serve to illustrate the vast area of application of these techniques in the industrial and technical laboratory.