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Improving customer satisfaction and shortening the manufacturing cycle have become common concerns of current manufacturers. This paper presents a multi-objective location model considering the maximization of collaborative manufacturing capabilities and service benefits. This method first uses the two dimensions of customer share and market consumption to segment customers, and identify the weight of various customer groups. Secondly, the space vector model (VSM) is used to calculate the matching between manufacturing capabilities and manufacturing requirements. Then build a multi-objective location model based on the two goals of collaborative manufacturing capabilities and service benefits. Finally, the model was tested with simulation data, which proved the validity and feasibility of the model. According to the simulation results, managers can accurately select the optimal manufacturing base from multiple candidate manufacturing bases with regard to less costs, shorter lead times, better manufacturing capabilities, better service benefits. In this paper, Fuzzy theory, Logit model and VSM are combined to salve the problem of manufacturing base location. Considering resources and service benefits of each manufacturing base, it is helpful to optimize the location of enterprises. From the academic and practical points, this study provides a new perspective for the location problem.

BOUT++ turbulence simulations are conducted for a 60 s steady-state long pulse high β p EAST grassy ELM discharge. BOUT++ linear simulations show that the unstable mode spectrum covers a range of toroidal mode numbers from low-n (n = 10–15) peeling–ballooning modes (P–B) to high-n (n = 40–80) drift-Alfvén instabilities. Nonlinear simulations show that the ELM crash is triggered by low-n peeling modes and fluctuation is generated at the peak pressure gradient position and radially spread outward into the scrape-off-layer, even though the drift-Alfvén instabilities dominate the linear growth phase. However, drift-Alfvén turbulence delays the onset of the grassy ELM and enhances the energy loss with the fluctuation extending to pedestal top region. Simulations further show that if the peeling drive is removed, the fluctuation amplitude drops by an order of magnitude and the ELM crashes disappear. The divertor heat flux width is ∼2 times larger than the estimates based on the HD model and the Eich’s ITPA multi-tokamak scaling (or empirical Eich scaling) due to the strong radial turbulence transport.

The use of non-fuel pellets is desirable for ITER due to its decoupling ELM pacing from fueling. In this paper, the Neutral Gas Shielding Model (Parks et al., Nucl, Fusion 34(1994)417) has been applied to the ablation of Li pellets in the H-mode pedestal region. The results show that the injection velocity of pellets is a more convenient parameter for one to control the deposition profile and location of the injected species in the pedestal. The information obtained from this work can further be used as input for fluid transport codes to track the trajectories of the impurity species or as input for advanced MHD codes for better understanding the non-linear destabilization of ELMs.

The edge plasma simulation is coupled to fuel retention code to assess the fuel retention in tungsten divertor, which is a critical safety issue for the future fusion device. SOLPS suite of code is applied to calculate the divertor plasma condition as the input parameters for the fuel retention simulation, and HIIPC code is employed to calculate the fuel retention during the discharge. EAST upper divertor is chosen for the application of the coupled code. A realistic cycle of plasma discharges consisting of 60 s of plasma exposure followed by a resting period of 500 s is simulated to study the fuel retention from attached to detached divertor regime. The simulation results show significant difference of fuel retention between attached and detached plasma. Moreover, the ‘hot wall’ operation is proposed as a candidate method to reduce the retention.

The steady state radial electric field (Er) is calculated by coupling a plasma transport model with the quasi-neutrality constraint and the vorticity equation within the BOUT++ framework. Based on the experimentally measured plasma density and temperature profiles in Alcator C-Mod discharges, the effective radial particle and heat diffusivities are inferred from the set of plasma transport equations. The effective diffusivities are then extended into the scrape-off layer (SOL) to calculate the plasma density, temperature and flow profiles across the separatrix into the SOL with the electrostatic sheath boundary conditions (SBC) applied on the divertor plates. Given these diffusivities, the electric field can be calculated self-consistently across the separatrix from the vorticity equation with SBC coupled to the plasma transport equations. The sheath boundary conditions act to generate a large and positive Er in the SOL, which is consistent with experimental measurements. The effect of magnetic particle drifts is shown to play a significant role on local particle transport and Er by inducing a net particle flow in both the edge and SOL regions.

The strain rate sensitivity exponent, strain hardening exponent and apparent activation energy were calculated and the processing maps of isothermally compressed TC17 titanium alloy with basketweave microstructure were established. The influence of microstructure evolution and deformation mechanisms was investigated via the high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscope. The interaction effect among globularization of alpha platelets, alpha to beta phase transformation and deformation mechanisms resulted in the different variation in strain rate sensitivity exponent at the strain rates ranging from 0.0002 s −1 to 0.1 s −1 . The apparent activation energy decreased with an increase in strain and the average value was 374.3 ± 47.61 kJ mol −1 . The maximum efficiency of power dissipation at 1093 K and 0.0002 s −1 was obtained and respectively reached to 0.62, 0.65, 0.56 and 0.61 at the strains of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4.

Prior to the practical application of liquid metals as facing material for fusion reactor, the nature of the interaction layer between liquid metal and tungsten substrate should be studied deeply. In the present work, by means of ion implantation technique using a metal vapor vacuum arc source (MEVVA), Sn ions were injected into a W matrix and a W-Sn modified layer was prepared. The chemical state, crystal structure and nano-indentation hardness of the modified layer were investigated and characterized with the use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and a nano-indentor. The results indicate that, after the injection of Sn ions into the W matrix, Sn atoms interacted intensively with W, leading to the generation of a large number of point defects (such as vacancies and self-interstitial atoms) and the decrease of average grain size from 16.7 to 11.9 nm. Additionally, chemical shifts appeared, i.e., the binding energy values of W 4f7/2, W 4f5/2, W 5p3/2 and W 4p1/2 in the modified layer was reduced by 0.3 eV, 0.3 eV, 0.4 eV, 1–1.4 eV, respectively. The binding energy values of Sn 3d5/2 and Sn 3d3/2 decreased, with a chemical shift of 0.6–0.7 eV and 0.1–0.3 eV, respectively. The nano-indentation hardness of the modified layer was enhanced; specifically, when the indentation depth was 26.3 nm, the hardness reached a peak value of 13.8 GPa. In the modified layer, the surface chemical states are quite complex, mainly including SnO, WO3, SnO2 and WC.

The microstructural evolution and special flow behavior of Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr during isothermal compression at a strain rate of 0.0001 s−1 were investigated. The dislocation climbs in elongated α grains resulted in the formation of low-angle boundaries that transform into high-angle boundaries with greater deformation, and the elongated α grains subsequently separated into homogenous globular α grains with the penetration of the β phase. The simultaneous occurrence of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization and continuous dynamic recrystallization in the primary β grains resulted in a trimode grain distribution. The β grains surrounded by dislocations presented an equilateral-hexagonal morphology, which suggests that grain boundary sliding through dislocation climbs was the main deformation mechanism. The true stress–strain curves for 1073 and 1113 K abnormally intersect at a strain of ~0.35, related to the α → β phase transformation and distinct growth of the β grain size.

The initial flow softening behavior and restoration mechanisms of Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr with basketweave microstructure during hot working were investigated. The stress-strain curves presented an obvious flow softening behavior at the range of strain rates from 0.0002 s −1 to 0.1 s −1 . The dynamic recovery (DRC) in α and β phases was responsible for the initial flow softening rather than the rotation of α platelets to a “soft” orientation. Following this continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) of α and β phases based on the DRC is the main restoration mechanism related to the following flow softening. CDRX, as the first step of fragmentation of α phase, resulted in the globularization of α platelets. The globularization fraction of α platelets increased with decreasing strain rates and rising deformation temperatures since the CDRX of α phase and the penetration of β phase were the diffusion-controlled process accelerated by the higher deformation temperatures and longer diffusion time. Furthermore, the CDRX of β grains was always linked to the kinked sharp α grains in order to coordinate the deformation from α phase.

The microstructure and texture evolution of isothermally compressed Ti-5Al-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr with basketweave microstructure was examined via the high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The rotational recrystallization (RRX) and the geometric dynamic recrystallization (GDRX) were the main recrystallization mechanisms of alpha phase. The typical continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) was the main recrystallization mechanism of beta phase. Meanwhile, near the kinked shape alpha grains, the RRX of beta phase became an auxiliary mechanism to accommodate the high local stress. Besides, the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) in alpha phase played an important role in DRX of beta phase, which resulted in that the fragmental alpha grains were always accompanied with the DRX of beta phase in one macrozone. Moreover, with an intensive deformation, the “macrozone effect” played an important role in accommodating the whole arbitrary plastic strain.

Electrostatic Oil Line Sensor (OLS) is one type of the electrostatic sensors based on electrostatic charging phenomenon and has been used in wear debris monitoring in oil lubricated tribological systems. With the advantages of high sensitivity and resolution, OLS has been proved to be an effective sensing technique for sliding, rolling and bearing contacts. However the sensing technique has so far not been widely used in industrial systems due to the difficulties in identify the exact charge sources and charging mechanisms in a complex tribological system. This paper presents the results from a simulation of the sensing mechanisms that is successfully validated by experimental results. The initial OLS simulation results have led to a better sensor design and its application.

We have performed linear and nonlinear simulations to study the drive mechanism of the quasi-coherent modes (QCM) during the inter-edge localized mode period in HL-2A. With an unstable Resistive-Ballooning mode from linear simulations, the nonlinear simulation has successfully reproduced the QCM inside the separatrix at the outer mid-plane. The poloidal wave number and frequency from fluctuation analysis are almost the same as the experimental results. The phase shift between the electrical potential and the density fluctuation matches. Linear and nonlinear global profile scans show that the QCM is triggered by the density gradient. Based on these scans, some other experimental observations of the QCM are explained.

The tensile elastic modulus E t of a rock is different from the compressive elastic modulus E c , due to inhomogeneity and microcracks. There is no convenient method to obtain E t except using direct tension tests. However, the direct tension test for rock materials is difficult to perform, because of stress concentrations, and the difficulty of preparing specimens. We have developed a new method to determine E t of rock materials easily and conveniently. Two strain gauges are pasted at the center part of a Brazilian disc's two side faces along the direction perpendicular to the line load to record tensile strain, and a force sensor is used to record the force applied; then the stress–strain curve can be obtained; finally the E t can be calculated according to those related formulas which are derived on the basis of elasticity theory. Our experimental results for marble, sandstone, limestone and granite indicate that E t is less than E c , and their ratio is generally between 0.6 and 0.9.

Three winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, representatives of those widely cultivated in Beijing over the past six decades, were grown in the same environmental conditions. Net photosynthetic rate (PN) per unit leaf area and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) of flag leaves increased with elevated CO2 concentration. With an increase in CO2 concentration from 360 to 720 µmol mol−1, PN and WUE of Jingdong 8 (released in 1990s and having the highest yield) increased by 173 and 81 %, while those of Nongda 139 (released in 1970s) increased by 88 and 66 %, and Yanda 1817 (released in 1945, with lowest yield) by 76 and 65 %. Jingdong 8 had the highest PN and WUE values under high CO2 concentration, but Yanda 1817 showed the lowest PN. Stomatal conductance (gs) of Nongda 139 and Yanda 1817 declined with increasing CO2 concentration, but gs of Jingdong 8 firstly went down and then up as the CO2 concentration further increased. Intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) of Jingdong 8 and Nongda 139 increased when CO2 concentration elevated, while that of Yanda 139 increased at the first stage and then declined. Jingdong 8 had the lowest Ci of the three wheat cultivars, and Yanda 1817 had the highest Ci value under lower CO2 concentrations. However, Jingdong 8 had the highest PN and lowest Ci at the highest CO2 concentration which indicates that its photosynthetic potential may be high.

The fragmentation of elongated α grains accelerated by the growth of β phase in Ti–5Al–2Sn–2Zr–4Mo–4Cr during hot deformation was examined using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was determined that boundary splitting resulted in the fragmentation of αE. The kinked sharp α grains, which were formed with help of “civilian” growth of β phase, are necessary structures for the fragmentation of elongated α grains. In addition, the texture results showed an initial deviation from Burgers orientation relationship (OR) in α/β interphase boundaries, indicating that the “civilian” growth of the β phase based on the pre-existing β grain boundaries implied a constant loss of coherency in α/β interphase boundaries, which also accelerated the fragmentation of elongated α grains.

Variables of gas exchange of flag leaves and grain yield potentials of five representative winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars varied greatly across different development stages under the same management and irrigation. The cultivars with high yield potential had higher net photosynthetic rate (PN), PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density) saturated photosynthetic rate (Psat), stomatal conductance (gs), and maximum apparent quantum yield of CO2 fixation (Φm,app) than those with low grain yield, but their dark respiration rate (RD) and compensation irradiance (Ic) were remarkably lower. Compared with overall increase of yield potential of 71 % from low yield cultivars to high yield ones, PN, Psat, Φm,app, and gs were 13, 19, 57, and 32 % higher, respectively; but RD and Ic decreased by 19 and 76 %, respectively. Such difference was evidently large during anthesis stage (e.g., PN by 33 %), which indicated that this period could be the best for assisting further selection for better cultivars. However, transpiration rate (E) and water use efficiency (WUE) differed only little. At different development stages, especially at anthesis, PN and Psat were positively correlated with Φm,app, gs, and yield potential, and negatively correlated with RD and Ic. Thus the high-yield-potential winter wheat cultivars possess many better characters in photosynthesis and associated parameters than the low-yield cultivars.

The described installations are designed for the electron beam treatment of the tubes with inner diameters of 0.4- 22mm and wall thicknesses 0.3-1mm, the bands with thickesses 0.7-3.5 mm and width up to 1.2m. These installations are based on the ILU-8 type electron accelerator with the local protection, designed in the institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk. The electron beam energy range is 0.7-1 MeV, the beam power is up to 20 KW, and the dose, absorbed by treated material, is about 12 Mrad.

We report the infrared to visible (50 to 30 000 cm −1 ) reflectively of an in-plane aligned a -axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ thi film in the normal (300 K) and superconducting (10 K) states. The film exhibits a pronounced polarization dependent anisotropy in the reflection: for polarization parallel to the CuO planes, the low-temperature reflectance ( R ab ) approaches unity at low energies, consistent with the established metal/superconductor behavior. The c -axis reflectivity, on the other hand, is nearly independent of temperature with R c FIR ≈ 0.75 , qualitatively like that of an insulator. Our results compare well with data published for single crystals: the in-plane physics can be described using an extended Drude model, while the out-of-plane data show the material to be a dielectric with ϵ 1 (0) > 85, with the response described by several distinct Lorentz oscillators. We conclude good quality aligned (and anisotropic) YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ films can be prepared with dimensions that are consistent with those required for known applications.

We have studied the electron channeling patterns (ECPs) of both pure a-axis and pure c-axis epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films on various substrates. ECPs from three representative a-axis films [on PrBa2Cu3O7−δ buffered LaAlO3 (001), MgO (001), and SrLaAlO4 (001)] and three c-axis films [on LaAlO3 (001), NdGaO3 (001), and SrTiO3 (001)] are presented. The differences between both sets of ECPs are discussed and recorded as references for future identifications.

Microwave loss tangents of various perovskite-related substrates have been measured at 77 K by inserting them in a 5 GHz microstrip resonator structure. Results include LaAlO3 (1 × 10−5, NdGaO3 (3 × 10−4 ), and CaNdAlO4 (1 × −4). High quality single-crystal Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 (TBCCO) and YBa2Cu3O7t-δ (YBCO) thin films have been grown on these substrates by a two-step process for the former and in situ laser ablation for the latter. Tc values were measured by a.c. susceptibility transition. The near-surface and average film crystallinity were examined by electron channeling pattern and X-ray rocking curve. Both TBCCO and YBCO films on these substrates have been patterned into 2.3 GHz resonators. Low-power Q values of 16 000–20 000 have been obtained for both TBCCO and YBCO on LaAlO3 substrates. Performance of superconductors on NdGaO3 and CaNdAlO4 was inferior because of increased losses from the substrates.

In this paper, two different methods were used to prepare the blend of LDPE and EVA. One of them was mechanical blending, and the other was solution blending. The relationship between sol fraction and radiation dose of different weight ratio polymer blends has been studied. The method to calculate the β b value of polymer blend system (LDPE/EVA) has been established.

Summary form only given, as follows: the author reviews the basic experimental findings of spin-induced magnetic switching in sub-100 nm magnetic nanopillar spin valves. Issues include the basic physics of a spin-current-induced torque on a nanomagnet, sample fabrication techniques, and device properties in terms of current-induced magnetic excitation and magnetic switching dynamics. Potentials for future applications in magnetic memory technology and related challenges will also be briefly discussed.

Nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of Me 2 N-4-C 5 H 4 N, MeO-4-C 6 H 4 -CH=CH-C 5 H 4 N, Me 2 N-4-C 6 H 4 -C≡C-C 5 H 4 N and their Lewis acidic borane adductions were studied by using quantum chemical AM1/Finite Field (FF) method. Calculational results indicated that NLO properties of this kind of compounds were improved substantially due to adduction by Lewis acidic borane.

Ag-deposited chips composed of electrodes, which are spaced apart by photoresist, are polished by Chemical-Mechanical Planarisation (CMP). We optimise the polishing process parameters including processing pressure, rotating speed, slurry supplying rate, etc., and examine the effect of some slurry parameters such as abrasives, oxidisers, corrosives, complexing agents and surfactants and get optimum Ag CMP slurry with high Material Removal Rate (MRR) and low average roughness (Ra). Low vertical distance between Ag and photoresist is obtained by optimising metal Ag MRR and controlling polishing end-point exactly. CMP mechanism and relationship between surface defects and additives structures are elementary discussed too.

In the present work, the effect of chain flexibility of fluoropolymers on their radiation crosslinking behavior is studied and the relationship between sol fraction and the radiation dose to the fluoropolymers given in literature (1) is confirmed.