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1. Evaluation of a threonine fermentation product as a digestible threonine source in broilers

Author: D.T. Lee, J.T. Lee, A.J. Ashworth, M.T. Kidd, A. Mauromoustakos, and S.J. Rochell
Subjects: threonine, fermentation product, amino acids, reduced crude protein, broiler, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: SUMMARY: In the present experiment, a Thr fermentation product (FP) (75% minimum digestible Thr) was evaluated as a replacement for crystalline L-Thr (98.5% minimum digestible Thr) as a source of digestible Thr and other nutrients to support broiler performance (0–48 d) and processing characteristics. Five phase-fed diets included 1) a positive control (PC) diet containing L-Met, L-Lys•HCl, and L-Thr, 2) a reduced protein control (RPC) diet with added L-Val, L-Ile, and L-Arg, 3) a negative control (NC) identical to the RPC except that cellulose was added at the expense of L-Thr, 4) a RPC diet with Thr-FP used in place of L-Thr with only accounting for digestible Thr and energy contributions of the FP (TFP), and 5) a RPC diet with Thr-FP used in place of L-Thr and accounting for the full nutrient matrix of the FP (TFP-FM). Overall, broilers fed the RPC diet had similar growth performance compared to birds fed the PC diet, whereas broilers fed the NC diet had reduced BW gain and increased FCR compared to the RPC-fed birds. Birds fed either the TFP or TFP-FM diet had similar growth performance to the RPC-fed birds. At processing, broilers fed the RPC diet had similar parts yields, excluding wings, to the PC group. Parts yields for the Thr-FP and NC groups were similar to the RPC group. These data confirmed the importance of adequate dietary Thr concentration in maximizing broiler performance and that Thr provided by the Thr-FP supported equivalent performance to L-Thr.
Published: 2022
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2. Interactions of the branched-chain amino acids. 2. Practical adjustments in valine and isoleucine

Author: C.W. Maynard, G.J. Mullenix, C.J. Maynard, J.T. Lee, S.K. Rao, L.D. Butler, S.K. Orlowski, and M.T. Kidd
Subjects: leucine, myopathies, breast meat yield, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: SUMMARY: Reductions in dietary crude protein have potentially allowed for the occurrence of branched chain amino acid antagonism which can negatively influence live performance and carcass traits. Therefore, 2 factorial studies were conducted with the first experiment evaluating valine and leucine interactions during a 32 to 45 d finisher period, while the second experiment evaluated valine and isoleucine interactions during a 39 to 52 d withdrawal period. Valine, leucine, nor their subsequent interaction influenced broiler live performance or carcass traits in Experiment 1. However, a valine × leucine interaction was observed for average woody breast score and occurrence of scores of 1 and 2. This interaction demonstrated that leucine does not increase woody breast in birds fed diets with a valine to lysine ratio of 77, but interaction differences for woody breast severity varied among valine and leucine ratios to lysine. In the second experiment, increasing valine marginally increased feed intake, while isoleucine influenced tender yield. No valine × isoleucine interactions were observed. Within the confines of the levels used in the current study, manipulation of dietary branched-chain amino acid levels had little influence on live performance or carcass traits during the tested growout periods. The occurrence of a valine × leucine interaction on the incidence and severity of woody breast is perplexing and requires more investigation to determine if a successful mitigation strategy could be developed.
Published: 2022
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3. Titration of dietary isoleucine and evaluation of branched-chain amino acid levels in female Cobb 500 broilers during a 22- to 42-day finisher period

Author: C.W. Maynard, G.J. Mullenix, C.J. Maynard, S.C. Wells-Crafton, J.T. Lee, S.K. Rao, L.D. Butler, S.K. Orlowski, and M.T. Kidd
Subjects: female broilers, breast yield, branched-chain amino acids, isoleucine, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: SUMMARY: Recent research into the branched-chain amino acids has indicated that broiler responses to dietary isoleucine may vary from classic data. Current isoleucine data has focused on male broilers leaving a gap in the literature for female data. An experiment was conducted to determine the isoleucine requirements for a 22 to 42 day finisher period in Cobb MV × 500 female broilers. A basal diet was formulated to contain dietary isoleucine, valine, and leucine to lysine ratios of 56, 78, and 135, respectively, and graded amounts of L-isoleucine were added to achieve isoleucine to lysine ratios of 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, and 74. An additional external control diet was formulated with isoleucine, valine, and leucine to lysine ratios of 65, 72, and 135, respectively, to which aliquots of L-isoleucine, L-valine, and L-leucine were added to create diets containing isoleucine, valine, and leucine ratios ranging from 65 to 71, 72 to 81, and 135 to 175, respectively. Digestible lysine was maintained at 1.10 percent. Linear responses were observed for day 42 BW, BW gain, feed conversion, fat pad yield, and breast yield. No other significant responses were observed for the isoleucine titrations. Comparison among the external controls generated a significant decrease in fat pad yield when all 3 branched-chain amino acids were increased compared to birds fed the 65 isoleucine to lysine diet. The linear response observed for both feed conversion and breast meat yield indicate that optimal isoleucine levels may be beyond the 74 isoleucine to lysine ratio tested in this study.
Published: 2022
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4. Failure of excess leucine to impact live performance and carcass traits in male and female Cobb MV × 500 broilers during a 15- to 32-day grower period

Author: C.W. Maynard, G.J. Mullenix, C.J. Maynard, J.T. Lee, S.K. Rao, L.D. Butler, J.Z. Hiltz, S.K. Orlowski, and M.T. Kidd
Subjects: antagonisms, feed conversion, breast meat yield, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: Summary: Modern broiler diets may contain excess levels of leucine due to the increased level of this amino acid in cereal grains. Excessive levels of leucine have previously been shown to negatively influence broiler performance due to branched-chain amino acid antagonism. Therefore, 2 leucine titrations were conducted in male and female Cobb 500 broilers. Low and high leucine diets were formulated to contain leucine to lysine ratios of 115 and 170, respectively. These diets were subsequently blended to produce 6 experimental diets containing leucine to lysine ratios of: 115, 126, 137, 148, 159, and 170. Pelleted diets were fed to 8 replicate pens of male and female broilers during a 15 to 32-day period. A subset of broilers was processed on day 33 for determination of carcass traits. Male broilers did not respond to excessive levels of dietary leucine. Increased leucine resulted in a positive quadratic response (P = 0.020) in feed intake for female broilers. The overall lack of a response of increased dietary leucine on male and female broilers indicate that industry levels of isoleucine and valine are likely of a sufficient level to overcome the effects of leucine excess.
Published: 2022
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5. Interactions of the branched-chain amino acids. 1. Influence of dietary isoleucine and leucine on the valine requirement of male Cobb MV × 500 broilers for a 29- to 42-day finisher period

Author: C.W. Maynard, G.J. Mullenix, C.J. Maynard, J.T. Lee, J. Caldas, J.Z. Hiltz, S.K. Orlowski, and M.T. Kidd
Subjects: antagonisms, feed conversion, breast meat yield, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: SUMMARY: Branched-chain amino acid requirements have traditionally been determined using dose-response titrations without accounting for the influence of branched-chain amino acid antagonism. As recent data has indicated that inherent levels of the non-tested amino acid may influence response curves in diets mimicking industry, these methods may result in over or under estimation of requirement values. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine if dietary levels of isoleucine and leucine influence 29 to 42 day valine needs through the implementation of a 5 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Twenty diets were fed to 7 replicate pens of 12 broilers. Body weight gain, feed intake, and FCR were determined for the 29 to 42 day period, and carcass traits were assessed on day 44. Valine × isoleucine and valine × leucine interactions were observed for BW gain and total breast yield (P < 0.10). Body weight gain requirements ranged from 73 to 81 Val/Lys, whereas responses for total breast yield were generally negative. A 3 way interaction was observed for FCR in which requirements varied from 75 to 82 Val/Lys. These interactions indicate that formulation strategies based on previous data concerning valine or isoleucine may not produce the desired response in Cobb MV × 500 broilers and that the branched-chain amino acids should be considered as a whole and not individually.
Published: 2022
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6. Administration of Bacillus cultures as direct-fed microorganisms improves growth performance and reduces mortality of broilers raised under performance-reducing stress challenge

Author: C.A. Johnson, T. Duong, K.A. Smith, N.R. Augspurger, and J.T. Lee
Subjects: broiler, direct-fed microorganism, bacillus, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: Summary: The use of direct-fed microorganisms (DFM) is an important alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) for improving growth and managing disease in poultry production. We investigated the administration of 2 multistrain Bacillus cultures administered as DFM on growth performance and mortality of broiler chickens reared under performance-reducing stress challenge. The first experiment evaluated the dose response of the growth of broiler chickens to the administration of 3 increasing concentrations of direct-fed Bacillus culture A (DFM A). Administration of the low dose of DFM A improved starter, grower, and cumulative FCR of broiler chickens as compared with an untreated control with no further benefit being observed at higher doses. The second experiment compared the administration of the low dose of DFM A with a second multistrain direct-fed Bacillus culture (DFM B) administered at a dose demonstrated previously to improve growth at a level similar to an AGP. The overall elevated level of mortality observed in this experiment was reduced by DFM A administration when compared with an untreated control over the grower phase and cumulatively. Additionally, when compared with an untreated control, DFM A administration reduced starter FCR, whereas DFM B administration reduced grower FCR. Overall, the results of our study suggest administration of multistrain Bacillus spp. cultures as DFM may be used as a potentially important alternative to AGP for improving growth and managing disease in poultry production.
Published: 2020
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7. Influence of branched chain amino acid inclusion in diets varying in ingredient composition on broiler performance, processing yields, and pododermatitis and litter characteristics

Author: D.T. Lee, J.T. Lee, and S.J. Rochell
Subjects: valine, isoleucine, peanut meal, animal protein blend, footpad dermatitis, broiler, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: Summary: The inclusion of L-Val and L-Ile is progressively becoming an economically feasible strategy to reduce the dietary CP content of broiler diets. In the current experiment, the influence of supplementing the feed-grade branched chain amino acids (BCAA) Val and Ile was evaluated in corn and soybean meal–based (CSBM) diets, with or without the inclusion of either peanut meal (PM) or an animal protein blend (APB), on broiler growth performance (0–48 D), processing characteristics, and incidence of pododermatitis and litter characteristics. Supplementation of BCAA reduced analyzed CP by an average of 1.62 percentage units across 4 feeding phases. Overall (0–48 D), broiler body weight gain and FCR were unaffected when fed supplemental BCAA; however, feed intake was increased for those supplemented with BCAA. Overall growth performance was similar when including either PM or APB in CSBM diets. At processing, broilers fed BCAA diets had increased relative and absolute breast fillets and total white meat weights, as well as heavier fat pad weights. Nitrogen excretion was reduced when BCAA were supplemented, but no differences were observed for footpad dermatitis (FPD) lesion scores. Interestingly, APB supplementation did not impact litter moisture or nitrogen but improved FPD scores compared to birds fed CSBM, with PM-fed birds having intermediate FPD scores. In conclusion, these data indicate that BCAA inclusion can support CP reductions while maintaining growth performance, improving breast fillet yield, and reducing nitrogen excretion in broilers reared to market ages.
Published: 2020
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8. Increasing amino acid density improves growth performance and processing yield in Cobb 700 × MV broilers

Author: C.A. Johnson, T. Duong, R.E. Latham, R.B. Shirley, and J.T. Lee
Subjects: Cobb 700, broiler, amino acid density, breast yield, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: Summary: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of digestible essential AA density (dEAA) on the performance and processing yield of straight-run Cobb 700 × MV broilers. Broilers were fed a control diet based on the breeder's nutrient recommendations or one of 4 treatments consisting of 5% incremental increases in dEAA density over the control (+5, +10, +15, and +20% dEAA). The digestible lysine content of the control diets was 1.18, 1.07, 0.96, and 0.89% during the starter (0–12 D), grower (12–26 D), finisher (26–36 D), and withdrawal (36–49 D) diets, respectively. Broilers fed the increased dEAA were heavier at 12, 26, and 36 D as compared with those fed the control, and cumulative feed conversion ratio (0–49 D) was decreased by 6 and 8 points when dEAA was increased over the control diet by +10 and +15%, respectively. A 5.75% increase in boneless–skinless breast yield as compared with the control diet was observed when broilers were fed the +20% dEAA diet. A 4.6% increase in tenderloin yield was observed when broilers were fed the +10% dEAA diet, but no further increase was observed with the +15 or +20% dEAA diets. Fat pad yield was observed to decrease from 1.56 to 1.11% as dEAA increased from the control diet to the +20% dEAA diet, respectively. Overall, the improvements to growth performance and processing yields observed in this study support the feeding of increased dEAA diets to Cobb 700 × MV broilers.
Published: 2020
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9. Effects of amino acid and energy density on growth performance and processing yield of mixed-sex Cobb 700 × MV broiler chickens

Author: C.A. Johnson, T. Duong, R.E. Latham, R.B. Shirley, and J.T. Lee
Subjects: Cobb 700, broiler, AA density, energy density, breast yield, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: Summary: The overall cost of feed is influenced largely by the nutritional requirements that are specified in its formulation and the ingredients that are used to meet those nutrient specifications. To meet the demand for breast meat and further processed products, heavy broiler chickens are grown to body weights exceeding 3.5 kg. In this study, we evaluated the effects of altering AA density and AME content of the diets over the last 3 feeding phases (grower: 12–26 D, finisher: 26–36 D, and withdrawal: 36–49 D) on the growth performance and processing yield of mixed-sex Cobb 700 × MV broilers. Broilers were fed a common starter diet followed by a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of diets with 3 levels of AA density (low, medium, and high) and 2 levels of energy (low and high) beginning with the grower period. Broilers fed the high AA diet were heavier as compared with those fed the low AA diet, and FCR was observed to decrease incrementally when AA density and energy level were increased independently. Skinless-boneless breast yield increased incrementally with AA density, whereas fat pad yield increased as AA density of the diet decreased. Overall, our results demonstrate that the performance and meat yield of mixed-sex Cobb 700 × MV broilers responded positively to a higher density of AA and energy.
Published: 2020
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10. Research Note: Evaluation of manganese hydroxychloride in 45-wk-old white leghorn layers using yolk and shell manganese content

Author: A. Jasek, Terri Parr, C.D. Coufal, and J.T. Lee
Subjects: manganese, layers, egg, yolk, depletion, replenish, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: ABSTRACT: The objective of the current study was to evaluate increasing levels of manganese hydroxychloride (MHC) in 45-wk-old white leghorn laying hens, using yolk and shell manganese (Mn) content as a potential marker for Mn concentration. A total of 80, 45-wk-old white leghorns were assigned to 6 dietary treatments, each consisting of 14 individually caged laying hens, with the exception of the reference diet containing 10 individually caged laying hens. The experiment consisted of a reference diet that contained 70 ppm of supplemental inorganic Mn in the form of Mn oxide and 5 experimental treatments each containing 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 ppm supplemental MHC. Experimental birds were subjected to a 21 D depletion phase in which no supplemental Mn was included in the diet; however, during this time reference fed birds were fed the control diet (70 ppm Mn). After the 21 D depletion phase, the depleted birds were fed experimental diets for a 35 D evaluation period. Yolk and shell Mn content were analyzed at the end of the depletion phase and during the experimental phase on day 5, 10, 15, 25, and 35. During the experimental phase, Mn was replenished in the yolk and shell in all experimental treatments containing supplemental Mn; however, dose and time impacted the rate of replenishment. The yolk tended to be more sensitive to variations in Mn level as increases in Mn inclusion significantly (P < 0.05) increased concentration. These data demonstrate the ability to deplete and replenish Mn, and the use of egg yolk Mn concentration as measurement for determining changes in dietary Mn. At the conclusion of the experiment at 35 D, 60 ppm of Mn hydroxychloride seemed to be adequate in replenishing Mn to the level of the reference.
Published: 2020
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11. Determining the optimal digestible isoleucine to lysine ratio of Ross 708 × Ross YP male broilers from 14 to 28 days of age

Author: A.T. Brown, J.T. Lee, R. Adhikari, K. Haydon, and K.G.S. Wamsley
Subjects: isoleucine, requirement, amino acids, grower phase, optimal ratio, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: SUMMARY: Previous research within our laboratory determined the optimal male Ross 708 dIle:dLys ratio for the starter phase to be greater than recent breeder recommendations (70 vs. 67%). Thus, the current objective was to assess the subsequent growth phase (grower) in order to evaluate the optimal dIle:dLys ratio for maximized growth performance of Ross 708 × Ross YP male broilers. On d of hatch, 2,400 chicks were equally allocated to 96 pens and fed a common starter diet. On d 14, pen weights were equalized by block (12 replications/treatments). Experimental grower diets (d 14–28) were created from a common Deficient (53% dIle:dLys) corn and soybean meal-based diet. After batching, half of the Deficient diet was used to create the Summit diet (83% dIle:dLys). The remaining 5 experimental diets ranged from 58 to 78% dIle:dLys and were blended proportions of the Deficient and Summit diets. A practical control diet (PRAC-CON; 68% dIle:dLys) was manufactured separately to verify the blended control diet (BLEND-CON; 68% dIle:dLys). All dIle:dLys ratios were estimated using quadratic regression (QR; 95% of the asymptote), as well as linear and quadratic broken line models (LBL; QBL). Based on the current data and using multiple regression models the estimated ratios ranged from 62 to 68% for BW and BWG, and 67-70% for FCR and are similar to the current breeder nutrient specifications for the grower phase. Further research should evaluate dIle:dLys requirements of male Ross 708 × Ross YP broilers during the remaining grow-out phases.
Published: 2021
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12. Determining the optimal digestible isoleucine to lysine ratio of Ross 708 × Ross YP male broilers from 28 to 42 days of age

Author: A.T. Brown, J.T. Lee, R. Adhikari, K. Haydon, and K.G.S. Wamsley
Subjects: isoleucine, optimal ratio, amino acids, finisher phase, live performance, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: SUMMARY: Recent research within our laboratory has determined the optimal Ross 708 × Ross YP male broiler dIle:dLys ratio for the starter and grower phases to be 70 and 68%, respectively. Thus, the current objective was to continue to re-evaluate the optimal dIle:dLys ratio for this broiler, focusing on the finisher phase. On d of hatch, 2,400 chicks were equally allocated to 96 pens and fed a common starter (d 0–14; 70% dIle:dLys) and grower diet (d 14–28; 68% dIle:dLys). Pen weights were equalized at d 28 by block (12/treatment). Experimental finisher diets (d 28–42;18.0% crude protein, 3,200 kcal/kg, 0.97% dLys, 130% dLeu:dLys) were created from a common deficient (54% dIle:dLys) corn and soybean meal-based diet and contained animal protein. Half of the deficient was retained to create the summit (84% dIle:dLys). The remaining 5 diets were blended proportions of the deficient and summit diets (ranging from 59 to 79% dIle:dLys). A practical control diet (PRAC-CON; 69% dIle:dLys) was manufactured separately to verify the blended control diet (BLEND-CON). All dIle:dLys ratios were estimated using quadratic regression (QR; 95% of the asymptote), as well as linear and quadratic broken line models (LBL; QBL). Feeding equivalent to or slightly lower than current breeder dIle:dLys recommendations (69%) improved broiler performance from d 28 to 42. Based on the current data and multiple regression models, the estimated ratios ranged from 62 to 66% for BW and BWG and 63 to 66% for FCR. Further research should evaluate the optimal dIle:dLys ratio for this broiler throughout the remaining withdrawal phase.
Published: 2021
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13. Effects of Increasing Phytase Inclusion Levels on Broiler Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Bone Mineralization in Low-Phosphorus Diets

Author: H.G. Walters, M. Coelho, C.D. Coufal, and J.T. Lee
Subjects: broilers, phytase, bone ash, performance, digestibility, super-dosing, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: SUMMARY: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of increasing levels of phytase in corn-soy diets fed to male broilers. Experimental treatments included a positive control (PC) with a calculated non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) level of 0.43 and 0.39% for the starter and grower, respectively. The negative control (NC) diet included a reduction in nPP to 0.25 and 0.23% in the starter and grower, respectively, and phytase added to NC diet with increasing levels of 250, 500, 750, 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000/1,000 FTU/kg. All phytase treatments were fed throughout the study with the exception of the 3,000 FTU/kg treatment, which utilized a “step-down” program consisting of 3,000 FTU/kg in the starter being reduced to 1,000 FTU/kg in the grower. Treatment effects on performance, apparent metabolizable energy, apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids, phosphorus, and calcium, and bone mineralization were evaluated on days 14 and 28. The NC diet decreased feed consumption (FC) (P < 0.001), body weight (BW) (P < 0.001), and increased mortality adjusted feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.001) and mortality (P < 0.05) compared to the PC. Phytase addition improved FC, BW, FCR, and mortality. Birds fed the NC exhibited lower (P < 0.001) bone mineralization, and reduced (P < 0.05) ileal digestibility of all nutrients compared to birds fed the PC. Linear and quadratic effects were observed for tibia mineralization, and all digestibility parameters with phytase addition. High dose inclusion of phytase (2,000 and 3,000/1,000 FTU/kg) yielded the greatest improvement in bird performance, nutrient digestibility, and bone mineralization amongst treatments.
Published: 2019
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14. Evaluation of Increasing Manganese Hydroxychloride Level on Male Broiler Growth Performance and Tibia Strength

Author: A. Jasek, C.D. Coufal, T.M. Parr, and J.T. Lee
Subjects: manganese, broilers, performance, tibia ash, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: SUMMARY: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of increasing manganese (Mn) hydroxychloride on growth performance and tibia strength of male broilers fed corn-soy diets. A total of 35 Ross 708 male broilers per pen were assigned to dietary treatments containing Mn hydroxychloride at 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 ppm, respectively. Broilers were fed for a 55 d period. Performance parameters were evaluated, and on days 42 and 55, 5 right tibias from each pen were excised for determination of mineral characteristics. Manganese had no statistical impact on body weight (BW) throughout the duration of the study. During the later stages of production, broilers fed diets containing elevated levels of Mn at or above 80 ppm had improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the birds fed diets containing 0 ppm. Regression analysis correlated elevated dietary Mn with improved FCR through day 14, 28, 42, 49, and 55 and increased Mn tibia concentration on days 42 and 55. At the termination of the study, broilers fed Mn at 160 ppm exhibited improved (P < 0.05) tibia breaking strength as compared to broilers fed 80 and 120 ppm Mn. These data indicate that the dietary concentration of Mn needed to maximize growth performance is higher than the reported value in the NRC (1994) of 60 ppm. Additionally, the requirement to maximize bone strength in heavier broilers may be elevated as compared to the requirement to maximize BW and feed intake.
Published: 2019
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15. Effects of Direct Fed-Microorganisms and Enzyme Blend Co-Administration on Growth Performance in Broilers Fed Diets With or Without Antibiotics

Author: C.A. Flores, T. Duong, T.E. Askelson, Y. Dersjant-Li, K. Gibbs, A. Awati, and J.T. Lee
Subjects: antibiotics, broiler, Direct-Fed Microorganisms, enzymes, feed efficiency, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: SUMMARY: Direct-Fed Microorganisms (DFM) and exogenous enzymes have been demonstrated to improve growth performance in poultry and are potentially important components of management programs for antibiotic-free (ABF) poultry production. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a feed additive composed of a DFM product containing spores of 3 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains and a multi-enzyme complex of xylanase, amylase, and protease on the performance of broilers with or without an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP), either bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) or virginiamycin. Growth performance of broilers fed one of 6 treatments arranged in a 3 (AGP) × 2 (additive) factorial was evaluated over a 42 d production period. Overall, administration of the feed additive improved body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. Administration of either antibiotic significantly reduced cumulative FCR when compared to the control, while BMD administration reduced foot pad lesions as compared to the control. Our results suggest the co-administration of DFM and enzymes may be an important component of ABF poultry production programs and the benefits of their use are not dependent on the presence or absence of AGP.
Published: 2019
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16. Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis administered as a direct-fed microorganism in comparison to an antibiotic growth promoter and in diets with low and high DDGS inclusion levels in broiler chickens

Author: C.A. Flores, T. Duong, N. Augspurger, and J.T. Lee
Subjects: AGP, broilers, DDGS, Direct-Fed Microorganism, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: SUMMARY: Direct-Fed Microorganisms (DFM) are potentially important alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP). We investigated the administration of Bacillus subtilis administration as a DFM in broiler chickens. Comparison of DFM and AGP administration determined the DFM improved BW, BWG, ADFI, and carcass yield with compared to broilers fed an untreated diet and to those administered an AGP. Evaluation of DFM administration in broilers fed low and high distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) diets determined starter and cumulative FCR of broiler fed a high DDGS diet was greater than those fed a low DDGS diet, while DFM administration improved FCR during the starter phase, days 0–28, and days 0–42 as compared to the untreated diet. Additionally, a DDGS × DFM interaction was observed on days 0–28 FCR. Although they were not significant, differences in FCR between untreated and DFM-treated broilers tended to be greater with high DDGS diets than with low DDGS diets. Overall, our results suggest that administration of B. subtilis as a DFM may potentially be used as an alternative to AGP and FCR improvements may be greater when broilers are fed high-DDGS diets compared to broilers fed low-DGGS diets.
Published: 2019
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17. Evaluation of functional feed additive administration in broiler chickens to 21 d

Author: T.J. Broderick, O. Gutierrez, J.T. Lee, and T. Duong
Subjects: Bacillus licheniformis, direct-fed microorganisms, prebiotics, phytogenic preparations, functional feed additives, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: Summary: Administration of functional feed additives, including direct-fed microorganisms (DFM), dietary prebiotics, and phytogenic preparations, has been demonstrated to improve growth performance, animal health, and microbial food safety in poultry and is thought to be a potentially important component of antibiotic-free poultry production. In this study, we investigated the administration of Bacillus licheniformis (BL) as a DFM, coadministration of BL with an additive blend of a dietary prebiotic and a phytogenic preparation (BL + A), and coadministration of BL with a dietary prebiotic as a synbiotic in broiler chickens in comparison with an antibiotic over a 21 d growth period. Administration of BL improved FCR as compared with untreated broilers through 14 d after hatch. Administration of BL + A and synbiotic increased total Lactic Acid Bacteria and decreased Clostridium perfringens compared with the antibiotic-treated and untreated broilers, respectively. Administration of BL was also observed to increase the villus height to crypt depth ratio as compared with the untreated control. Overall, our results suggest coadministration of B. licheniformis as a DFM with other functional feed additives is able to improve feed efficiency, promote positive shifts in populations of gastrointestinal microbiota, and improve measures of gastrointestinal function.
Published: 2021
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18. Tryptophan requirement of first-cycle commercial laying hens in peak egg production

Author: A.H. Sarsour, J.T. Lee, K. Haydon, and M.E. Persia
Subjects: digestible tryptophan, egg production, laying hen, requirement, ratio, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the digestible tryptophan (Trp) requirement of laying hens from 22 to 34 wk of age. A total of 252 Hy-line W-36 laying hens were selected at 16 wk of age and allocated by weight (P = 0.90) to 7 dietary treatments resulting in 12 replicate cages of 3 birds for each treatment. A Trp-deficient basal diet was formulated using corn, corn gluten meal, and soybean meal for each of the 3 dietary phases and supplemented with synthetic L-Trp to provide 105, 119, 133, 147, 162, 176, and 190 mg digestible Trp on a daily basis over the experimental period. To adapt the hens to experimental diets, pullets were fed complete diets that contained increasing amounts of corn gluten meal. Hens received a controlled amount of feed daily based on feed intake expected under commercial conditions. Linear and quadratic broken-line, and quadratic polynomial models were used to estimate digestible Trp requirements based on hen-housed egg production (HHEP), egg mass (EM), and feed efficiency (FE). FE was calculated using EM and feed intake. Digestible Trp requirements were estimated to be 137, 183, and 192 mg/d for HHEP; 133, 180, and 183 for EM and 133, 177, and 173 for FE using linear broken-line, quadratic broken-line, and quadratic polynomial analysis, respectively. The quadratic broken line model in this experiment resulted in the best fit (R2) for all parameters measured. Linear broken line estimates resulted in lower estimates that the other models, and HHEP resulted in higher estimated digestible Trp requirement than EM and FE.
Published: 2021
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19. The EUFOREA pocket guide for chronic rhinosinusitis

Author: P.W. Hellings, W.J. Fokkens, R. Orlandi, G.F. Adriaensen, I. Alobid, F.M. Baroody, L. Bjermer, B.A. Senior, A. Cervin, N.A. Cohen, J. Constantinidis, E. De Corso, M. Desrosiers, Z. Diamant, R.G. Douglas, S. Gane, P. Gevaert, J.K. Han, R.J. Harvey, C. Hopkins, R.C. Kern, B.N. Landis, J.T. Lee, S.E. Lee, A. Leunig, V.J. Lund, B. Manuel-Sprekelsen, J. Mullol, C. Philpott, E. Prokopakis, S. Reitsma, D. Ryan, S. Salmi, G. Scadding, R.J. Schlosser, A. Steinsvik, P.V. Tomazic, E. Van Staeyen, T. Van Zele, O. Vanderveken, A-S. Viskens, D. Conti, and M. Wagenmann
Subjects: Nasal Polyps, Otorhinolaryngology, Chronic Disease, Quality of Life, Hypersensitivity, Humans, General Medicine, Human medicine, Sinusitis, Rhinitis
Abstract: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is known to affect around 5 % of the total population, with major impact on the quality of life of those severely affected (1). Despite a substantial burden on individuals, society and health economies, CRS often remains underdiagnosed, under-estimated and under-treated (2). International guidelines like the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EPOS) (3) and the International Consensus statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis 2021 (ICAR) (4) offer physicians insight into the recommended treatment options for CRS, with an overview of effective strategies and guidance of diagnosis and care throughout the disease journey of CRS. ispartof: RHINOLOGY vol:61 issue:1 pages:85-89 ispartof: location:Netherlands status: published
Published: 2022
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20. A novel machine learning–based diagnostic model for nephrolithiasis using simple clinical information: A multicenter study

Author: Y.C. Chen, H-W. Chen, C.Y. Kao, J.T Lee, Y.S Juan, W.J. Wu, and F.M. Yang
Subjects: Urology
Published: 2023
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21. Focusing on C-4 position of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines: Molecular modifications, enantioseparation, and binding mechanism to L- and T-type calcium channels

Author: Dilara Akman, Katrin Denzinger, Sun Huang, J.T. Lee, Jordan W. Nafie, Gerhard Wolber, Gerald W. Zamponi, Daniel W. Armstrong, and Miyase Gözde Gündüz
Subjects: Pharmacology, Dihydropyridines, Calcium Channels, T-Type, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Calcium Channels, L-Type, Organic Chemistry, Drug Discovery, Humans, Calcium, General Medicine, Calcium Channel Blockers
Abstract: 1,4-Dihydropyridines (DHPs) represent the blockbuster class of L-type calcium channel blockers that have tremendous therapeutic value against cardiovascular conditions. Due to their abilities to additionally target other subtypes of calcium channels, DHPs are also considered promising molecules for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Having been in the market for more than forty years, DHP is one of the most modified scaffolds for the development of novel molecules acting on calcium channels. Taking the chemical structures of approved DHPs into account, it is noteworthy that C-4 position is the least modified part of the ring system. Therefore, in the present study, we focused on this location and carried out various molecular modifications to obtain twelve potential calcium channel blockers with a DHP-based hexahydroquinoline scaffold (DA1-DA12). The whole-cell patch clamp technique applied to analyze the blocking ability of the synthesized compounds on both L- (Ca
Published: 2022

22. Evaluations of Racial Disparities in Pulmonary Consultation and the Association with Patient-Centered Outcomes

Author: J.T. Lee, A. Winston, C. Clancy, J.K. Heath, and R. Kohn
Published: 2022
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23. The Association of Race with Subspecialty Pulmonary Service Admission and Patient-Centered Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Author: A. Winston, C. Clancy, J.K. Heath, J.T. Lee, and R. Kohn
Published: 2022
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24. Influence of branched chain amino acid inclusion in diets varying in ingredient composition on broiler performance, processing yields, and pododermatitis and litter characteristics

Author: S.J. Rochell, J.T. Lee, and D.T. Lee
Subjects: lcsh:TP368-456, Chemistry, White meat, footpad dermatitis, Soybean meal, Branched-chain amino acid, Broiler, food and beverages, isoleucine, Body weight, broiler, Peanut meal, animal protein blend, Excretion, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ingredient, lcsh:Food processing and manufacture, Animal science, valine, peanut meal, Animal Science and Zoology, lcsh:Animal culture, lcsh:SF1-1100
Abstract: Summary The inclusion of L-Val and L-Ile is progressively becoming an economically feasible strategy to reduce the dietary CP content of broiler diets. In the current experiment, the influence of supplementing the feed-grade branched chain amino acids (BCAA) Val and Ile was evaluated in corn and soybean meal–based (CSBM) diets, with or without the inclusion of either peanut meal (PM) or an animal protein blend (APB), on broiler growth performance (0–48 D), processing characteristics, and incidence of pododermatitis and litter characteristics. Supplementation of BCAA reduced analyzed CP by an average of 1.62 percentage units across 4 feeding phases. Overall (0–48 D), broiler body weight gain and FCR were unaffected when fed supplemental BCAA; however, feed intake was increased for those supplemented with BCAA. Overall growth performance was similar when including either PM or APB in CSBM diets. At processing, broilers fed BCAA diets had increased relative and absolute breast fillets and total white meat weights, as well as heavier fat pad weights. Nitrogen excretion was reduced when BCAA were supplemented, but no differences were observed for footpad dermatitis (FPD) lesion scores. Interestingly, APB supplementation did not impact litter moisture or nitrogen but improved FPD scores compared to birds fed CSBM, with PM-fed birds having intermediate FPD scores. In conclusion, these data indicate that BCAA inclusion can support CP reductions while maintaining growth performance, improving breast fillet yield, and reducing nitrogen excretion in broilers reared to market ages.
Published: 2020

25. Using multinomial logistic regression for prediction of soil depth in an area of complex topography in Taiwan

Author: Hsun-Chuan Chan, Chin-Chen Chang, J.T. Lee, and P.A. Chen
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Elevation, Statistical model, Landslide, Soil science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Vegetation, 01 natural sciences, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Kriging, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Scale (map), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Multinomial logistic regression
Abstract: Increasing land developments, unreasonable utilization of land, earthquakes, typhoons, and torrential rain often cause hillside disasters. Soil depth is a crucial parameter influencing the scale of shallow landslides and sustainable land use in hillside areas. This paper presents a statistical model, integrated with environmental factors, for estimating soil depth in a catchment area with complex topography. The study area selected was upstream of the Houlong River in Taiwan. The model was developed using multinomial logistic regression and environmental factors such as hill slope, hill aspect, elevation, topographical curvature, and the normalized difference vegetation index. The results were then compared with those obtained from previous models applying Ordinary Kriging, Regression Kriging, and topographical wetness index methods. A classification error matrix and the Kappa index were then employed to assess the various models. The results showed that, for the data set used for model establishment, the overall accuracy and Kappa index were 76.6% and 0.65, respectively, whereas for the data set used for verification, they were 70.5% and 0.57, respectively. By contrast, the Ordinary Kriging method yielded an overall accuracy and a Kappa index of 45.7% and 0.15, respectively; the Regression Kriging method yielded results of 46.7% and 0.16, respectively; and the topographical wetness index method yielded results of 30.5% and −0.05, respectively. The proposed model was therefore determined to be superior to the others in terms of soil depth estimation accuracy. The proposed model can predict soil depth on a regional scale and serve as a reliable tool that provides reference data for future research on land use and shallow landslides.
Published: 2019
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26. Evaluating the Impact of Pulmonary Fellow Group Evaluation of Faculty: A Pilot Study

Author: Z. Reese, J.T. Lee, C. Clancy, and M. Kreider
Published: 2021
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27. Unique Complications and Failure Modes of Iliac Branch Devices

Author: J.R. Stern, K. Tran, M. Li, and J.T. Lee
Subjects: Surgery, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Published: 2021
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28. Determining the 4th limiting amino acid in low crude protein diets for male and female Cobb MV × 500 broilers

Author: E J J Diehl, S.J. Rochell, M. T. Kidd, J Caldas, J.T. Lee, C.W. Maynard, and Shaoying Liu
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Male, Meal, Chemistry, General Medicine, Limiting, CobB, Animal Feed, Amino acid, Diet, Valine, Diet, Protein-Restricted, Animals, Animal Science and Zoology, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Female, Food science, Dietary Proteins, Soybeans, Isoleucine, Amino Acids, Chickens, Food Science
Abstract: 1. Four experiments were conducted to determine the 4th limiting amino acid (AA) in maize-soybean meal-based diets. 2. Deletion assay methodology was used to quantify performance and carcase trait responses to potential deficiencies in essential and conditionally essential AA caused by reductions in dietary crude protein of maize-soybean meal-based diets from 202.9 to 186.5 g/kg. 3. The deletion of Val, Phe and Gly + Pro resulted in negative effects on live performance and carcase traits for male broilers, whereas AA deletion only affected wing weights for females with no response on live performance. 4. Further experimentation could not duplicate a response to Phe or Pro in male broilers. 5. Valine was identified as the potential 4th limiting AA in maize-soybean meal-based diets and was not found to be co-limiting with Ile.
Published: 2020

29. Swing-Assist for Enhancing Stair Ambulation in a Primarily-Passive Knee Prosthesis

Author: J.T. Lee and Michael Goldfarb
Subjects: 030506 rehabilitation, 0209 industrial biotechnology, medicine.medical_specialty, Computer science, musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology, medicine.medical_treatment, 02 engineering and technology, Kinematics, Swing, Motion capture, Prosthesis, 03 medical and health sciences, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Knee prosthesis, Control theory, medicine, 0305 other medical science, human activities, Stair ascent
Abstract: This paper presents the design and implementation of a controller for stair ascent and descent in a primarily-passive stance-controlled swing-assist (SCSA) prosthesis. The prosthesis and controller enable users to perform both step-over and step-to stair ascent and descent. The efficacy of the controller and SCSA prosthesis prototype in providing improved stair ambulation was tested on a unilateral transfemoral amputee in experiments that employed motion capture apparatus to compare joint kinematics with the SCSA prosthesis, relative to performing the same activity with a microprocessor-controlled daily-use passive prosthesis. Results suggest that the SCSA knee significantly decreases compensatory motion during stair activity when compared to the passive prosthesis.
Published: 2020
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30. Evaluation of Cocktail NSPase Inclusion in Reduced-Energy Corn-soybean Meal Diets on Live Growth Performance and Carcass Yield of Male Broilers

Author: N. Augspurger, R. Latham, M.P. Williams, J.T. Lee, H.G. Walters, and B. Brown
Subjects: 0403 veterinary science, Animal science, Food Animals, 040301 veterinary sciences, Yield (chemistry), Soybean meal, 0402 animal and dairy science, Animal Science and Zoology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Inclusion (mineral), 040201 dairy & animal science, Mathematics
Published: 2018
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31. Effects of Increasing Concentrations of Maize-Expressed Non-Starch Carbohydrase Enzyme on Broiler Growth Performance and Ileal Nutrient Digestibility

Author: J.T. Lee, H. Xu, J.N. Broomhead, R.M. Raab, X. Li, and A. Jasek
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, chemistry.chemical_classification, Nutrient digestibility, biology, Chemistry, Starch, 0402 animal and dairy science, Broiler, Carbohydrase, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 040201 dairy & animal science, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 030104 developmental biology, Enzyme, Food Animals, biology.protein, Animal Science and Zoology, Food science
Published: 2018
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32. Determining the optimal digestible isoleucine to lysine ratio of Ross 708 × Ross YP male broilers from 14 to 28 days of age

Author: K. Haydon, A.T. Brown, J.T. Lee, K.G.S. Wamsley, and R. Adhikari
Subjects: amino acids, requirement, Soybean meal, Broiler, isoleucine, optimal ratio, TP368-456, Biology, SF1-1100, High yielding, Food processing and manufacture, Breed, Animal culture, Animal science, Animal Science and Zoology, grower phase, Isoleucine
Abstract: SUMMARY Continuous genetic improvement of high yielding broiler strains necessitates reevaluation of amino acid requirements. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dIle requirement of Ross 708 x Ross YP male broilers from d 0 to 18. Experimental diets were created from a common deficient corn and soybean meal-based diet providing a dIle:dLys of 52%; after manufacturing, half was retained for the creation of the summit diet (82% dIle:dLys). The remaining 5 experimental diets ranged from 57 to 77% dIle:dLys and were blended proportions of deficient and summit dIle diets. A practical control diet (PRAC-CON; 67% dIle:dLys) was manufactured separately for verification of the blended control diet (50 deficient:50 summit blend; BLEND-CON; 67% dIle:dLys); all diets were subsequently pelleted/crumbled. On d of hatch, 2,400 male chicks were equally allocated to 96 pens (12 replications/treatment). All dIle:dLys ratios were estimated using quadratic regression (QR; 95% of the asymptote), as well as linear and quadratic broken line models (LBL; QBL). Performance data demonstrated that feeding higher than starter breed nutrient specifications, for broilers, at the time of this study (67% dIle:dLys) improved broiler performance from 0 to 18 d. After considering the estimated requirements produced by the multiple regression models for all measured variables (BW, BW gain, FCR, and CV of ending BW), these data suggest that the optimum starter dIle:dLys ratio for male Ross 708 × Ross YP broilers from 0 to 18 d, ranged from 63 to 74% dIle:dLys. Further research should evaluate dIle:dLys requirements of male Ross 708 × Ross YP broilers during the remaining grow-out phases.
Published: 2021
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33. Prototyping soft origami quad-bellows robots from single-bellows characterization

Author: Zion Tsz Ho Tse, Marcia J.T. Lee, Hongliang Ren, Catherine Jiayi Cai, and Bok Seng Yeow
Subjects: Bellows, Engineering drawing, Important research, law, Computer science, Robot, Borescope, Biomimetics, Field (computer science), law.invention, Characterization (materials science)
Abstract: Developing soft robots is an important research area for biomedical applications due to the advantages of soft robots over conventional hard or rigid-bodied robots, such as compliance, biocompatibility, and biomimicry. This project aims to design and prototype biomimetic soft origami robots that can navigate in transluminal applications. Starting from a single-bellows robot conceptualization, we characterized variations in actuation among prototypes made with materials of different thickness folded into a simple octagonal bellows design. The quad-bellows prototype utilized four-bellows units with the inclusion of a scope. This prototype achieved successful navigation of an 8 mm borescope placed between 9 mm bellows units through a lumen model. The soft robot was able to interact with the environment safely and adaptable for maneuvering through a compliant and torturous environment. These traits will allow the soft robot to be applicable in the field of colonoscopy, in which critical areas of improvement include minimizing patient discomfort and achieving skilled navigation of the colonoscope. The prototype could also be suitable for future applications that require in-pipe navigations around luminal environments.
Published: 2020
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34. Intravenous alteplase for stroke with unknown time of onset guided by advanced imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data

Author: Götz Thomalla, Florent Boutitie, Henry Ma, Masatoshi Koga, Peter Ringleb, Lee H Schwamm, Ona Wu, Martin Bendszus, Christopher F Bladin, Bruce C V Campbell, Bastian Cheng, Leonid Churilov, Martin Ebinger, Matthias Endres, Jochen B Fiebach, Mayumi Fukuda-Doi, Manabu Inoue, Timothy J Kleinig, Lawrence L Latour, Robin Lemmens, Christopher R Levi, Didier Leys, Kaori Miwa, Carlos A Molina, Keith W Muir, Norbert Nighoghossian, Mark W Parsons, Salvador Pedraza, Peter D Schellinger, Stefan Schwab, Claus Z Simonsen, Shlee S Song, Vincent Thijs, Danilo Toni, Chung Y Hsu, Nils Wahlgren, Haruko Yamamoto, Nawaf Yassi, Sohei Yoshimura, Steven Warach, Werner Hacke, Kazunori Toyoda, Geoffrey A Donnan, Stephen M Davis, Christian Gerloff, Boris Raul Acosta, Karen Aegidius, Christian Albiker, Anna Alegiani, Miriam Almendrote, Angelika Alonso, Katharina Althaus, Pierre Amarenco, Hemasse Amiri, Bettina Anders, Adriana Aniculaesei, Jason Appleton, Juan Arenillas, Christina Back, Christian Bähr, Jürgen Bardutzky, Flore Baronnet-Chauvet, Rouven Bathe-Peters, Anna Bayer-Karpinska, Juan L. Becerra, Christoph Beck, Olga Belchí Guillamon, Amandine Benoit, Nadia Berhoune, Daniela Bindila, Julia Birchenall, Karine Blanc-Lasserre, Miguel Blanco Gonzales, Tobias Bobinger, Ulf Bodechtel, Eric Bodiguel, Urszula Bojaryn, Louise Bonnet, Benjamin Bouamra, Paul Bourgeois, Lorenz Breuer, Ludovic Breynaert, David Broughton, Raf Brouns, Sébastian Brugirard, Bart Bruneel, Florian Buggle, Serkan Cakmak, Ana Calleja, David Calvet, David Carrera, Hsin-Chieh Chen, Bharath Cheripelli, Tae-Hee Cho, Chi-un Choe, Lillian Choy, Hanne Christensen, Mareva Ciatipis, Geoffrey Cloud, Julien Cogez, Elisa Cortijo, Sophie Crozier, Dorte Damgaard, Krishna Dani, Beatrijs De Coene, Isabel De Hollander, Jacques De Keyser, Nina De Klippel, Charlotte De Maeseneire, Ann De Smedt, Maria del Mar Castellanos Rodrigo, Sandrine Deltour, Jelle Demeestere, Laurent Derex, Philippe Desfontaines, Ralf Dittrich, Anand Dixit, Laurens Dobbels, Valérie Domigo, Laura Dorado, Charlotte Druart, Kristina Hougaard Dupont, Anne Dusart, Rainer Dziewas, Matthias Ebner, Myriam Edjali-Goujon, Philipp Eisele, Salwa El Tawil, Ahmed Elhfnawy, Ana Etexberria, Nicholas Evans, Simon Fandler, Franz Fazekas, Sandra Felix, Jochen B. Fiebach, Jens Fiehler, Alexandra Filipov, Katharina Filipski, Robert Fleischmann, Christian Foerch, Ian Ford, Alexandra Gaenslen, Ivana Galinovic, Elena Meseguer Gancedo, Ramanan Ganeshan, Carlos García Esperón, Alicia Garrido, Thomas Gattringer, Olivia Geraghty, Rohat Geran, Stefan Gerner, Sylvie Godon-Hardy, Jos Göhler, Amir Golsari, Meritxell Gomis, David Gorriz, Verena Gramse, Laia Grau, Martin Griebe, Cristina Guerrero, Damla Guerzoglu, Sophie Guettier, Vincent Guiraud, Christoph Gumbinger, Ignaz Gunreben, Florian Haertig, Christian Hametner, Bernard Hanseeuw, Andreas Hansen, Jakob Hansen, Thomas Harbo, Andreas Harloff, Peter Harmel, Karl Georg Häusler, Florian Heinen, Valentin Held, Simon Hellwig, Dimitri Hemelsoet, Michael Hennerici, Juliane Herm, Sylvia Hermans, María Hernández, Jose Hervas Vicente, Niels Hjort, Cristina Hobeanu, Carsten Hobohm, Elmar Höfner, Katharina Hohenbichler, Marc Hommel, Julia Hoppe, Eva Hornberger, Carolin Hoyer, Xuya Huang, Nils Ipsen, Irina Isern, Lourdes Ispierto, Helle Iversen, Lise Jeppesen, Marta Jimenez, Jan Jungehülsing, Eric Jüttler, Dheeraj Kalladka, Bernd Kallmünzer, Arindam Kar, Lars Kellert, André Kemmling, Tobias Kessler, Usman Khan, Matthias Klein, Christoph Kleinschnitz, Matti Klockziem, Michael Knops, Luzie Koehler, Martin Koehrmann, Heinz Kohlfürst, Rainer Kollmar, Peter Kraft, Thomas Krause, Bo Kristensen, Jan M. Kröber, Natalia Kurka, Alexandre Ladoux, Patrice Laloux, Catherine Lamy, Emmanuelle Landrault, Arne Lauer, Claire Lebely, Jonathan Leempoel, Kennedy Lees, Anne Leger, Laurence Legrand, Lin Li, Anna-Mareike Löbbe, Frederic London, Elena Lopez-cancio, Matthias Lorenz, Stephen Louw, Caroline Lovelock, Manuel Lozano Sánchez, Giuseppe Lucente, Janos Lückl, Alain Luna, Kosmas Macha, Alexandre Machet, Daniel Mackenrodt, Dominik Madzar, Charles Majoie, Anika Männer, Vicky Maqueda, Jacob Marstrand, Alicia Martinez, Annika Marzina, Laura Mechthouff, Per Meden, Guy Meersman, Julia Meier, Charles Mellerio, Oliver Menn, Nadja Meyer, Dominik Michalski, Peter Michels, Lene Michelsen, Monica Millán Torne, Jens Minnerup, Boris Modrau, Sebastian Moeller, Anette Møller, Nathalie Morel, Fiona Moreton, Ludovic Morin, Thierry Moulin, Barry Moynihan, Anne K. Mueller, Keith W. Muir, Patricia Mulero, Sibu Mundiyanapurath, Johannes Mutzenbach, Simon Nagel, Oliver Naggara, Arumugam Nallasivan, Irene Navalpotro, Alexander H. Nave, Paul Nederkoorn, Lars Neeb, Hermann Neugebauer, Tobias Neumann-Haefelin, Stefan Oberndorfer, Christian Opherk, Lorenz Oppel, Catherine Oppenheim, Johannes Orthgieß, Leif Ostergaard, Perrine Paindeville, Ernest Palomeras, Verena Panitz, Bhavni Patel, Andre Peeters, Dirk Peeters, Anna Pellisé, Johann Pelz, Anthony Pereira, Natalia Pérez de la Ossa, Richard Perry, Salvador Petraza, Stéphane Peysson, Waltraud Pfeilschifter, Alexander Pichler, Alexandra Pierskalla, Hans-Werner Pledl, Sven Poli, Katrin Pomrehn, Marika Poulsen, Luis Prats, Silvia Presas, Elisabeth Prohaska, Volker Puetz, Josep Puig, Josep Puig Alcántara, Jan Purrucker, Veronique Quenardelle, Sankaranarayanan Ramachandran, Soulliard Raphaelle, Nicolas Raposo, Tilman Reiff, Michel Remmers, Pauline Renou, Martin Ribitsch, Hardy Richter, Martin Ritter, Thomas Ritzenthaler, Gilles Rodier, Christine Rodriguez-Regent, Manuel Rodríguez-Yáñez, Maria Roennefarth, Christine Roffe, Sverre Rosenbaum, Charlotte Rosso, Joachim Röther, Michal Rozanski, Noelia Ruiz de Morales, Francesca Russo, Matthieu Rutgers, Sharmilla Sagnier, Yves Samson, Josep Sánchez, Tamara Sauer, Jan H. Schäfer, Simon Schieber, Josef Schill, Dennis Schlak, Ludwig Schlemm, Sein Schmidt, Wouter Schonewille, Julian Schröder, Andreas Schulz, Johannes Schurig, Sönke Schwarting, Alexander Schwarz, Christopher Schwarzbach, Matthias Seidel, Alexander Seiler, Jochen Sembill, Joaquin Serena Leal, Ashit Shetty, Igor Sibon, Claus Z. Simonsen, Oliver Singer, Aravinth Sivagnanaratham, Ide Smets, Craig Smith, Peter Soors, Nikola Sprigg, Maximilian Spruegel, David Stark, Susanne Steinert, Sebastian Stösser, Markus Stuermlinger, Bart Swinnen, Ruben Tamazyan, Jose Tembl, Mikel Terceno Izaga, Emmanuel Touze, Thomas Truelsen, Guillaume Turc, Gaetane Turine, Serdar Tütüncü, Pippa Tyrell, Xavier Ustrell, Wilfried Vadot, Anne-Evelyne Vallet, Pauline Vallet, Lucie van den Berg, Sophie van den Berg, Cecile van Eendenburg, Robbert-Jan Van Hooff, Isabelle van Sloten, Peter Vanacker, Evelien Vancaester, Patrick Vanderdonckt, Yves Vandermeeren, Frederik Vanhee, Roland Veltkamp, Karsten Vestergaard, Alain Viguier, Dolores Vilas, Kersten Villringer, Dieke Voget, Jörg von Schrader, Paul von Weitzel, Elisabeth Warburton, Claudia Weber, Jörg Weber, Karl Wegscheider, Mirko Wegscheider, Christian Weimar, Karin Weinstich, Christopher Weise, Gesa Weise, Chris Willems, Klemens Winder, Matthias Wittayer, Marc Wolf, Martin Wolf, Valerie Wolff, Christian Wollboldt, Frank Wollenweber, Anke Wouters, Bertrand Yalo, Marion Yger, Nadia Younan, Laetita Yperzeele, Vesna Zegarac, Pia Zeiner, Ulf Ziemann, Thomas Zonneveld, Mathieu Zuber, Tsugio Akutsu, Junya Aoki, Shuji Arakawa, Ryosuke Doijiri, Yusuke Egashira, Yukiko Enomoto, Eisuke Furui, Konosuke Furuta, Seiji Gotoh, Toshimitsu Hamasaki, Yasuhiro Hasegawa, Teryuki Hirano, Kazunari Homma, Masahiko Ichijyo, Toshihiro Ide, Shuichi Igarashi, Yasuyuki Iguchi, Masafumi Ihara, Hajime Ikenouchi, Tsuyoshi Inoue, Ryo Itabashi, Yasuhiro Ito, Toru Iwama, Kenji Kamiyama, Shoko Kamiyoshi, Haruka Kanai, Yasuhisa Kanematsu, Takao Kanzawa, Kazumi Kimura, Jiro Kitayama, Takanari Kitazono, Rei Kondo, Kohsuke Kudo, Masayoshi Kusumi, Ken Kuwahara, Shoji Matsumoto, Hideki Matsuoka, Ban Mihara, Kazuo Minematsu, Ken Miura, Naomi Morita, Wataru Mouri, Kayo Murata, Yoshinari Nagakane, Taizen Nakase, Hiromi Ohara, Nobuyuki Ohara, Hideyuki Ohnishi, Hajime Ohta, Masafumi Ohtaki, Ryo Ohtani, Toshiho Ohtsuki, Hideo Ohyama, Takashi Okada, Yasushi Okada, Masato Osaki, Nobuyuki Sakai, Yoshiki Sanbongi, Naoshi Sasaki, Makoto Sasaki, Shoichiro Sato, Kenta Seki, Wataru Shimizu, Yoshiaki Shiokawa, Takashi Sozu, Junichiro Suzuki, Rieko Suzuki, Yasushi Takagi, Shunya Takizawa, Norio Tanahashi, Eijiro Tanaka, Ryota Tanaka, Yohei Tateishi, Tomoaki Terada, Tadashi Terasaki, Kenichi Todo, Azusa Tokunaga, Akira Tsujino, Toshihiro Ueda, Yoshikazu Uesaka, Mihoko Uotani, Takao Urabe, Masao Watanabe, Yoshiki Yagita, Yusuke Yakushiji, Keizo Yasui, Toshiro Yonehara, Shinichi Yoshimura, K. Aarnio, F. Alemseged, C. Anderson, T. Ang, M.L. Archer, J. Attia, P. Bailey, A. Balabanski, A. Barber, P.A. Barber, J. Bernhardt, A. Bivard, D. Blacker, C.F. Bladin, A. Brodtmann, D. Cadilhac, B.C.V. Campbell, L. Carey, S. Celestino, L. Chan, W.H. Chang, A. ChangI, C.H. Chen, C.-I. Chen, H.F. Chen, T.C. Chen, W.H. Chen, Y.Y. Chen, C.A. Cheng, E. Cheong, Y.W. Chiou, P.M. Choi, H.J. Chu, C.S. Chuang, T.C. Chung, L. Churilov, B. Clissold, A. Connelly, S. Coote, B. Coulton, E. Cowley, J. Cranefield, S. Curtze, C. D'Este, S.M. Davis, S. Day, P.M. Desmond, H.M. Dewey, C. Ding, G.A. Donnan, R. Drew, S. Eirola, D. Field, T. Frost, C. Garcia-Esperon, K. George, R. Gerraty, R. Grimley, Y.C. Guo, G. Hankey, J. Harvey, S.C. Ho, K. Hogan, D. Howells, P.M. Hsiao, C.H. Hsu, C.T. Hsu, C.-S. Hsu, J.P. Hsu, Y.D. Hsu, Y.T. Hsu, C.J. Hu, C.C. Huang, H.Y. Huang, M.Y. Huang, S.C. Huang, W.S. Huang, D. Jackson, J.S. Jeng, S.K. Jiang, L. Kaauwai, O. Kasari, J. King, T.J. Kleinig, M. Koivu, J. Kolbe, M. Krause, C.W. Kuan, W.L. Kung, C. Kyndt, C.L. Lau, A. Lee, C.Y. Lee, J.T. Lee, Y. Lee, Y.C. Lee, C. Levi, C.R. Levi, L.M. Lien, J.C. Lim, C.C. Lin, C.H. Lin, C.M. Lin, D. Lin, C.H. Liu, J. Liu, Y.C. Lo, P.S. Loh, E. Low, C.H. Lu, C.J. Lu, M.K. Lu, J. Ly, H. Ma, L. Macaulay, R. Macdonnell, E. Mackey, M. Macleod, J. Mahadevan, V. Maxwell, R. McCoy, A. McDonald, S. McModie, A. Meretoja, S. Mishra, P.J. Mitchell, F. Miteff, A. Moore, C. Muller, F. Ng, F.C. Ng, J-L. Ng, W. O'Brian, V. O'Collins, T.J. Oxley, M.W. Parsons, S. Patel, G.S. Peng, L. Pesavento, T. Phan, E. Rodrigues, Z. Ross, A. Sabet, M. Sallaberger, P. Salvaris, D. Shah, G. Sharma, G. Sibolt, M. Simpson, S. Singhal, B. Snow, N. Spratt, R. Stark, J. Sturm, M.C. Sun, Y. Sun, P.S. Sung, Y.F. Sung, M. Suzuki, M. Tan, S.C. Tang, T. Tatlisumak, V. Thijs, M. Tiainen, C.H. Tsai, C.K. Tsai, C.L. Tsai, H.T. Tsai, L.K. Tsai, C.H. Tseng, L.T. Tseng, J. Tsoleridis, H. Tu, H.T-H. Tu, W. Vallat, J. Virta, W.C. Wang, Y.T. Wang, M. Waters, L. Weir, T. Wijeratne, C. Williams, W. Wilson, A.A. Wong, K. Wong, T.Y. Wu, Y.H. Wu, B. Yan, F.C. Yang, Y.W. Yang, N. Yassi, H.L. Yeh, J.H. Yeh, S.J. Yeh, C.H. Yen, D. Young, C.L. Ysai, W.W. Zhang, H. Zhao, L. Zhao, Katharina Althaus-Knaurer, Jörg Berrouschot, Erich Bluhmki, Paolo Bovi, Gilles Chatellier, Lynda Cove, Stephen Davis, A. Dixit, Geoffrey Donnan, Christina Ehrenkrona, Christoph Eschenfelder, Marc Fatar, Juan Francisco Arenillas, Franz Gruber, Lalit Kala, Peter Kapeller, Markku Kaste, Christof Kessler, Martin Köhrmann, Rico Laage, Kennedy R. Lees, Alain Luna Rodriguez, Jean-Louis Mas, Robert Mikulik, Carlos Molina, Girish Muddegowda, Keith Muir, Kurt Niederkorn, Xavier Nuñez, Peter Schellinger, Joaquin Serena, Jan Sobesky, Thorsten Steiner, Ann-Sofie Svenson, Rüdiger von Kummer, Joanna Wardlaw, Rebecca A. Betensky, Gregoire Boulouis, Raphael A. Carandang, William A. Copen, Pedro Cougo, Shawna Cutting, Kendra Drake, Andria L. Ford, John Hallenbeck, Gordon J. Harris, Robert Hoesch, Amie Hsia, Carlos Kase, Lawrence Latour, Michael H. Lev, Alona Muzikansky, Nandakumar Nagaraja, Lee H. Schwamm, Eric Searls, Shlee S. Song, Sidney Starkman, Albert J. Yoo, Ramin Zand, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf = University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf [Hamburg] (UKE), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon, Monash University [Melbourne], National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (NCCC - OSAKA), Osaka University [Osaka], University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty, Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], University of Melbourne, Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], Royal Adelaide Hospital [Adelaide Australia], National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [Bethesda] (NINDS), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), University Hospitals Leuven [Leuven], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Flanders Make [Leuven], Flanders Make, University of Newcastle [Australia] (UoN), Troubles cognitifs dégénératifs et vasculaires - U 1171 (TCDV), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital [Barcelona], University of Glasgow, Cardiovasculaire, métabolisme, diabétologie et nutrition (CarMeN), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Girona Biomedical Research Institute [Girona, Spain] (IDIBGI), Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Aarhus University Hospital, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health [Melbourne, Victoria, Australia], Austin Health, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], China Medical University Hospital [Taichung], Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Collaborators Evaluation of unknown Onset Stroke thrombolysis trials (EOS) investigators: Boris Raul Acosta, Karen Aegidius, Christian Albiker, Anna Alegiani, Miriam Almendrote, Angelika Alonso, Katharina Althaus, Pierre Amarenco, Hemasse Amiri, Bettina Anders, Adriana Aniculaesei, Jason Appleton, Juan Arenillas, Christina Back, Christian Bähr, Jürgen Bardutzky, Flore Baronnet-Chauvet, Rouven Bathe-Peters, Anna Bayer-Karpinska, Juan L Becerra, Christoph Beck, Olga Belchí Guillamon, Amandine Benoit, Nadia Berhoune, Daniela Bindila, Julia Birchenall, Karine Blanc-Lasserre, Miguel Blanco Gonzales, Tobias Bobinger, Ulf Bodechtel, Eric Bodiguel, Urszula Bojaryn, Louise Bonnet, Benjamin Bouamra, Paul Bourgeois, Florent Boutitie, Lorenz Breuer, Ludovic Breynaert, David Broughton, Raf Brouns, Sébastian Brugirard, Bart Bruneel, Florian Buggle, Serkan Cakmak, Ana Calleja, David Calvet, David Carrera, Hsin-Chieh Chen, Bastian Cheng, Bharath Cheripelli, Tae-Hee Cho, Chi-Un Choe, Lillian Choy, Hanne Christensen, Mareva Ciatipis, Geoffrey Cloud, Julien Cogez, Elisa Cortijo, Sophie Crozier, Dorte Damgaard, Krishna Dani, Beatrijs De Coene, Isabel De Hollander, Jacques De Keyser, Nina De Klippel, Charlotte De Maeseneire, Ann De Smedt, Maria Del Mar Castellanos Rodrigo, Sandrine Deltour, Jelle Demeestere, Laurent Derex, Philippe Desfontaines, Ralf Dittrich, Anand Dixit, Laurens Dobbels, Valérie Domigo, Laura Dorado, Charlotte Druart, Kristina Hougaard Dupont, Anne Dusart, Rainer Dziewas, Martin Ebinger, Matthias Ebner, Myriam Edjali-Goujon, Philipp Eisele, Salwa El Tawil, Ahmed Elhfnawy, Matthias Endres, Ana Etexberria, Nicholas Evans, Simon Fandler, Franz Fazekas, Sandra Felix, Jochen B Fiebach, Jens Fiehler, Alexandra Filipov, Katharina Filipski, Robert Fleischmann, Christian Foerch, Ian Ford, Alexandra Gaenslen, Ivana Galinovic, Elena Meseguer Gancedo, Ramanan Ganeshan, Carlos García Esperón, Alicia Garrido, Thomas Gattringer, Olivia Geraghty, Rohat Geran, Christian Gerloff, Stefan Gerner, Sylvie Godon-Hardy, Jos Göhler, Amir Golsari, Meritxell Gomis, David Gorriz, Verena Gramse, Laia Grau, Martin Griebe, Cristina Guerrero, Damla Guerzoglu, Sophie Guettier, Vincent Guiraud, Christoph Gumbinger, Ignaz Gunreben, Florian Haertig, Christian Hametner, Bernard Hanseeuw, Andreas Hansen, Jakob Hansen, Thomas Harbo, Andreas Harloff, Peter Harmel, Karl Georg Häusler, Florian Heinen, Valentin Held, Simon Hellwig, Dimitri Hemelsoet, Michael Hennerici, Juliane Herm, Sylvia Hermans, María Hernández, Jose Hervas Vicente, Niels Hjort, Cristina Hobeanu, Carsten Hobohm, Elmar Höfner, Katharina Hohenbichler, Marc Hommel, Julia Hoppe, Eva Hornberger, Carolin Hoyer, Xuya Huang, Nils Ipsen, Irina Isern, Lourdes Ispierto, Helle Iversen, Lise Jeppesen, Marta Jimenez, Jan Jungehülsing, Eric Jüttler, Dheeraj Kalladka, Bernd Kallmünzer, Arindam Kar, Lars Kellert, André Kemmling, Tobias Kessler, Usman Khan, Matthias Klein, Christoph Kleinschnitz, Matti Klockziem, Michael Knops, Luzie Koehler, Martin Koehrmann, Heinz Kohlfürst, Rainer Kollmar, Peter Kraft, Thomas Krause, Bo Kristensen, Jan M Kröber, Natalia Kurka, Alexandre Ladoux, Patrice Laloux, Catherine Lamy, Emmanuelle Landrault, Arne Lauer, Claire Lebely, Jonathan Leempoel, Kennedy Lees, Anne Leger, Laurence Legrand, Robin Lemmens, Lin Li, Anna-Mareike Löbbe, Frederic London, Elena Lopez-Cancio, Matthias Lorenz, Stephen Louw, Caroline Lovelock, Manuel Lozano Sánchez, Giuseppe Lucente, Janos Lückl, Alain Luna, Kosmas Macha, Alexandre Machet, Daniel Mackenrodt, Dominik Madzar, Charles Majoie, Anika Männer, Vicky Maqueda, Jacob Marstrand, Alicia Martinez, Annika Marzina, Laura Mechthouff, Per Meden, Guy Meersman, Julia Meier, Charles Mellerio, Oliver Menn, Nadja Meyer, Dominik Michalski, Peter Michels, Lene Michelsen, Monica Millán Torne, Jens Minnerup, Boris Modrau, Sebastian Moeller, Anette Møller, Nathalie Morel, Fiona Moreton, Ludovic Morin, Thierry Moulin, Barry Moynihan, Anne K Mueller, Keith W Muir, Patricia Mulero, Sibu Mundiyanapurath, Johannes Mutzenbach, Simon Nagel, Oliver Naggara, Arumugam Nallasivan, Irene Navalpotro, Alexander H Nave, Paul Nederkoorn, Lars Neeb, Hermann Neugebauer, Tobias Neumann-Haefelin, Norbert Nighoghossian, Stefan Oberndorfer, Christian Opherk, Lorenz Oppel, Catherine Oppenheim, Johannes Orthgieß, Leif Ostergaard, Perrine Paindeville, Ernest Palomeras, Verena Panitz, Bhavni Patel, Andre Peeters, Dirk Peeters, Anna Pellisé, Johann Pelz, Anthony Pereira, Natalia Pérez de la Ossa, Richard Perry, Salvador Petraza, Stéphane Peysson, Waltraud Pfeilschifter, Alexander Pichler, Alexandra Pierskalla, Hans-Werner Pledl, Sven Poli, Katrin Pomrehn, Marika Poulsen, Luis Prats, Silvia Presas, Elisabeth Prohaska, Volker Puetz, Josep Puig, Josep Puig Alcántara, Jan Purrucker, Veronique Quenardelle, Sankaranarayanan Ramachandran, Soulliard Raphaelle, Nicolas Raposo, Tilman Reiff, Michel Remmers, Pauline Renou, Martin Ribitsch, Hardy Richter, Peter Ringleb, Martin Ritter, Thomas Ritzenthaler, Gilles Rodier, Christine Rodriguez-Regent, Manuel Rodríguez-Yáñez, Maria Roennefarth, Christine Roffe, Sverre Rosenbaum, Charlotte Rosso, Joachim Röther, Michal Rozanski, Noelia Ruiz de Morales, Francesca Russo, Matthieu Rutgers, Sharmilla Sagnier, Yves Samson, Josep Sánchez, Tamara Sauer, Jan H Schäfer, Simon Schieber, Josef Schill, Dennis Schlak, Ludwig Schlemm, Sein Schmidt, Wouter Schonewille, Julian Schröder, Andreas Schulz, Johannes Schurig, Sönke Schwarting, Alexander Schwarz, Christopher Schwarzbach, Matthias Seidel, Alexander Seiler, Jochen Sembill, Joaquin Serena Leal, Ashit Shetty, Igor Sibon, Claus Z Simonsen, Oliver Singer, Aravinth Sivagnanaratham, Ide Smets, Craig Smith, Peter Soors, Nikola Sprigg, Maximilian Spruegel, David Stark, Susanne Steinert, Sebastian Stösser, Markus Stuermlinger, Bart Swinnen, Ruben Tamazyan, Jose Tembl, Mikel Terceno Izaga, Vincent Thijs, Götz Thomalla, Emmanuel Touze, Thomas Truelsen, Guillaume Turc, Gaetane Turine, Serdar Tütüncü, Pippa Tyrell, Xavier Ustrell, Wilfried Vadot, Anne-Evelyne Vallet, Pauline Vallet, Lucie van den Berg, Sophie van den Berg, Cecile van Eendenburg, Robbert-Jan Van Hooff, Isabelle van Sloten, Peter Vanacker, Evelien Vancaester, Patrick Vanderdonckt, Yves Vandermeeren, Frederik Vanhee, Roland Veltkamp, Karsten Vestergaard, Alain Viguier, Dolores Vilas, Kersten Villringer, Dieke Voget, Jörg von Schrader, Paul von Weitzel, Elisabeth Warburton, Claudia Weber, Jörg Weber, Karl Wegscheider, Mirko Wegscheider, Christian Weimar, Karin Weinstich, Christopher Weise, Gesa Weise, Chris Willems, Klemens Winder, Matthias Wittayer, Marc Wolf, Martin Wolf, Valerie Wolff, Christian Wollboldt, Frank Wollenweber, Anke Wouters, Bertrand Yalo, Marion Yger, Nadia Younan, Laetita Yperzeele, Vesna Zegarac, Pia Zeiner, Ulf Ziemann, Thomas Zonneveld, Mathieu Zuber, Tsugio Akutsu, Junya Aoki, Junya Aoki, Shuji Arakawa, Ryosuke Doijiri, Yusuke Egashira, Yukiko Enomoto, Mayumi Fukuda-Doi, Eisuke Furui, Konosuke Furuta, Seiji Gotoh, Toshimitsu Hamasaki, Yasuhiro Hasegawa, Teryuki Hirano, Kazunari Homma, Masahiko Ichijyo, Toshihiro Ide, Shuichi Igarashi, Yasuyuki Iguchi, Masafumi Ihara, Hajime Ikenouchi, Manabu Inoue, Tsuyoshi Inoue, Ryo Itabashi, Yasuhiro Ito, Toru Iwama, Kenji Kamiyama, Shoko Kamiyoshi, Haruka Kanai, Yasuhisa Kanematsu, Takao Kanzawa, Kazumi Kimura, Jiro Kitayama, Takanari Kitazono, Masatoshi Koga, Rei Kondo, Kohsuke Kudo, Masayoshi Kusumi, Ken Kuwahara, Shoji Matsumoto, Hideki Matsuoka, Ban Mihara, Kazuo Minematsu, Ken Miura, Kaori Miwa, Naomi Morita, Wataru Mouri, Kayo Murata, Yoshinari Nagakane, Taizen Nakase, Hiromi Ohara, Nobuyuki Ohara, Hideyuki Ohnishi, Hajime Ohta, Masafumi Ohtaki, Ryo Ohtani, Toshiho Ohtsuki, Hideo Ohyama, Takashi Okada, Yasushi Okada, Masato Osaki, Nobuyuki Sakai, Yoshiki Sanbongi, Naoshi Sasaki, Makoto Sasaki, Shoichiro Sato, Kenta Seki, Wataru Shimizu, Yoshiaki Shiokawa, Takashi Sozu, Junichiro Suzuki, Rieko Suzuki, Yasushi Takagi, Shunya Takizawa, Norio Tanahashi, Eijiro Tanaka, Ryota Tanaka, Yohei Tateishi, Tomoaki Terada, Tadashi Terasaki, Kenichi Todo, Azusa Tokunaga, Kazunori Toyoda, Akira Tsujino, Toshihiro Ueda, Yoshikazu Uesaka, Mihoko Uotani, Takao Urabe, Masao Watanabe, Yoshiki Yagita, Yusuke Yakushiji, Haruko Yamamoto, Keizo Yasui, Toshiro Yonehara, Sohei Yoshimura, Shinichi Yoshimura, K Aarnio, F Alemseged, C Anderson, T Ang, M L Archer, J Attia, P Bailey, A Balabanski, A Barber, P A Barber, J Bernhardt, A Bivard, D Blacker, C F Bladin, A Brodtmann, D Cadilhac, B C V Campbell, L Carey, S Celestino, L Chan, W H Chang, A ChangI, C H Chen, C-I Chen, H F Chen, T C Chen, W H Chen, Y Y Chen, C A Cheng, E Cheong, Y W Chiou, P M Choi, H J Chu, C S Chuang, T C Chung, L Churilov, B Clissold, A Connelly, S Coote, B Coulton, E Cowley, J Cranefield, S Curtze, C D'Este, S M Davis, S Day, P M Desmond, H M Dewey, C Ding, G A Donnan, R Drew, S Eirola, D Field, T Frost, C Garcia-Esperon, K George, R Gerraty, R Grimley, Y C Guo, G Hankey, J Harvey, S C Ho, K Hogan, D Howells, P M Hsiao, C H Hsu, C T Hsu, C-S Hsu, J P Hsu, Y D Hsu, Y T Hsu, C J Hu, C C Huang, H Y Huang, M Y Huang, S C Huang, W S Huang, D Jackson, J S Jeng, S K Jiang, L Kaauwai, O Kasari, J King, T J Kleinig, M Koivu, J Kolbe, M Krause, C W Kuan, W L Kung, C Kyndt, C L Lau, A Lee, C Y Lee, J T Lee, Y Lee, Y C Lee, C Levi, C R Levi, L M Lien, J C Lim, C C Lin, C H Lin, C M Lin, D Lin, C H Liu, J Liu, Y C Lo, P S Loh, E Low, C H Lu, C J Lu, M K Lu, J Ly, H Ma, L Macaulay, R Macdonnell, E Mackey, M Macleod, J Mahadevan, V Maxwell, R McCoy, A McDonald, S McModie, A Meretoja, S Mishra, P J Mitchell, F Miteff, A Moore, C Muller, F Ng, F C Ng, J-L Ng, W O'Brian, V O'Collins, T J Oxley, M W Parsons, S Patel, G S Peng, L Pesavento, T Phan, E Rodrigues, Z Ross, A Sabet, M Sallaberger, P Salvaris, D Shah, G Sharma, G Sibolt, M Simpson, S Singhal, B Snow, N Spratt, R Stark, J Sturm, M C Sun, Y Sun, P S Sung, Y F Sung, M Suzuki, M Tan, S C Tang, T Tatlisumak, V Thijs, M Tiainen, C H Tsai, C K Tsai, C L Tsai, H T Tsai, L K Tsai, C H Tseng, L T Tseng, J Tsoleridis, H Tu, H T-H Tu, W Vallat, J Virta, W C Wang, Y T Wang, M Waters, L Weir, T Wijeratne, C Williams, W Wilson, A A Wong, K Wong, T Y Wu, Y H Wu, B Yan, F C Yang, Y W Yang, N Yassi, H L Yeh, J H Yeh, S J Yeh, C H Yen, D Young, C L Ysai, W W Zhang, H Zhao, L Zhao, Katharina Althaus-Knaurer, Martin Bendszus, Jörg Berrouschot, Erich Bluhmki, Paolo Bovi, Gilles Chatellier, Lynda Cove, Stephen Davis, A Dixit, Geoffrey Donnan, Rainer Dziewas, Christina Ehrenkrona, Christoph Eschenfelder, Marc Fatar, Juan Francisco Arenillas, Franz Gruber, Werner Hacke, Lalit Kala, Peter Kapeller, Markku Kaste, Christof Kessler, Martin Köhrmann, Rico Laage, Kennedy R Lees, Didier Leys, Alain Luna Rodriguez, Jean-Louis Mas, Robert Mikulik, Carlos Molina, Girish Muddegowda, Keith Muir, Kurt Niederkorn, Xavier Nuñez, Catherine Oppenheim, Sven Poli, Peter Ringleb, Peter Schellinger, Stefan Schwab, Joaquin Serena, Jan Sobesky, Thorsten Steiner, Ann-Sofie Svenson, Danilo Toni, Roland Veltkamp, Rüdiger von Kummer, Nils Wahlgren, Joanna Wardlaw, Rebecca A Betensky, Gregoire Boulouis, Raphael A Carandang, William A Copen, Pedro Cougo, Shawna Cutting, Kendra Drake, Andria L Ford, John Hallenbeck, Gordon J Harris, Robert Hoesch, Amie Hsia, Carlos Kase, Lawrence Latour, Arne Lauer, Michael H Lev, Alona Muzikansky, Nandakumar Nagaraja, Lee H Schwamm, Eric Searls, Shlee S Song, Sidney Starkman, Steven Warach, Ona Wu, Albert J Yoo, Ramin Zand, University of Newcastle [Callaghan, Australia] (UoN), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Troubles cognitifs dégénératifs et vasculaires - U 1171 - EA 1046 (TCDV), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), CarMeN, laboratoire, Yperzeele, Laetitia, Evaluation of Unknown Onset Stroke Thrombolysis trials (EOS) investigators, UCL - SSS/IONS - Institute of NeuroScience, UCL - (MGD) Service de neurologie, Supporting clinical sciences, UZB Other, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Clinical sciences, Neuroprotection & Neuromodulation, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, ANS - Neurovascular Disorders, Neurology, ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes, Graduate School, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, ACS - Pulmonary hypertension & thrombosis, and ACS - Microcirculation
Subjects: medicine.medical_treatment, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Ischemic Stroke/*diagnostic imaging/*drug therapy, Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods, Fibrinolytic Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Ischemic Stroke/diagnostic imaging, surgery, 0302 clinical medicine, Modified Rankin Scale, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, Infusions, Intravenous, Stroke, Tomography, Time-to-Treatment, General Medicine, Thrombolysis, X-Ray Computed/methods, Tissue Plasminogen Activator/adverse effects, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods, Treatment Outcome, Meta-analysis, Tissue Plasminogen Activator, Intravenous, medicine.medical_specialty, Infusions, Intravenous thrombolysis, Neuroimaging, Neuroscience(all), Placebo, Tissue Plasminogen Activator/adverse effects/*therapeutic use, 03 medical and health sciences, Fibrinolytic Agents, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, ddc:610, Ischemic Stroke, business.industry, neurology, Fibrinolytic Agents/adverse effects, Odds ratio, Recovery of Function, medicine.disease, Clinical research, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Human medicine, business, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Fibrinolytic agent
Abstract: International audience; BACKGROUND: Patients who have had a stroke with unknown time of onset have been previously excluded from thrombolysis. We aimed to establish whether intravenous alteplase is safe and effective in such patients when salvageable tissue has been identified with imaging biomarkers. METHODS: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data for trials published before Sept 21, 2020. Randomised trials of intravenous alteplase versus standard of care or placebo in adults with stroke with unknown time of onset with perfusion-diffusion MRI, perfusion CT, or MRI with diffusion weighted imaging-fluid attenuated inversion recovery (DWI-FLAIR) mismatch were eligible. The primary outcome was favourable functional outcome (score of 0-1 on the modified Rankin Scale [mRS]) at 90 days indicating no disability using an unconditional mixed-effect logistic-regression model fitted to estimate the treatment effect. Secondary outcomes were mRS shift towards a better functional outcome and independent outcome (mRS 0-2) at 90 days. Safety outcomes included death, severe disability or death (mRS score 4-6), and symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020166903. FINDINGS: Of 249 identified abstracts, four trials met our eligibility criteria for inclusion: WAKE-UP, EXTEND, THAWS, and ECASS-4. The four trials provided individual patient data for 843 individuals, of whom 429 (51%) were assigned to alteplase and 414 (49%) to placebo or standard care. A favourable outcome occurred in 199 (47%) of 420 patients with alteplase and in 160 (39%) of 409 patients among controls (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1·49 [95% CI 1·10-2·03]; p=0·011), with low heterogeneity across studies (I(2)=27%). Alteplase was associated with a significant shift towards better functional outcome (adjusted common OR 1·38 [95% CI 1·05-1·80]; p=0·019), and a higher odds of independent outcome (adjusted OR 1·50 [1·06-2·12]; p=0·022). In the alteplase group, 90 (21%) patients were severely disabled or died (mRS score 4-6), compared with 102 (25%) patients in the control group (adjusted OR 0·76 [0·52-1·11]; p=0·15). 27 (6%) patients died in the alteplase group and 14 (3%) patients died among controls (adjusted OR 2·06 [1·03-4·09]; p=0·040). The prevalence of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage was higher in the alteplase group than among controls (11 [3%] vs two [\textless1%], adjusted OR 5·58 [1·22-25·50]; p=0·024). INTERPRETATION: In patients who have had a stroke with unknown time of onset with a DWI-FLAIR or perfusion mismatch, intravenous alteplase resulted in better functional outcome at 90 days than placebo or standard care. A net benefit was observed for all functional outcomes despite an increased risk of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage. Although there were more deaths with alteplase than placebo, there were fewer cases of severe disability or death. FUNDING: None.
Published: 2020
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35. #PCCM #Fellowship #MedEd: Use of a Program Twitter Account as a Content Bank and Spaced Learning Tool

Author: C.J. Dine, Maryl Kreider, J.T. Lee, Caitlin B. Clancy, and Janae K. Heath
Subjects: World Wide Web, Computer science, Content (measure theory)
Published: 2019
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36. Determination of digestible valine requirements in male and female Cobb 500 broilers

Author: J.T. Lee, J.V. Caldas, C.W. Maynard, J.J.E. Diehl, Shaoying Liu, M. T. Kidd, S.J. Rochell, and Sami Dridi
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, Meal, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, 0402 animal and dairy science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Body weight, behavioral disciplines and activities, 040201 dairy & animal science, Feed conversion ratio, 03 medical and health sciences, Animal science, Valine, Animal Science and Zoology, Quadratic response, psychological phenomena and processes, Mathematics
Abstract: Published literature elucidating dietary valine (Val) requirements for female broilers is limited and lacks data for the finisher phase. Three experiments (Exp) were conducted to determine the Val requirement for Cobb MX × 500 females during the grower (Exp 1; 14–28 days), finisher (Exp 2; 28–42 days), and withdraw periods (Exp 3; 42–56 days). Two additional Exp were conducted to determine the Val requirement for Cobb MV × 500 male (Exp 4) and female (Exp 5) broilers from 14–35 days. Corn-soybean meal diets were fed in the experimental period of all Exp to create Val dose response titration diets. Dietary titration levels of digestible Val to digestible Lys (Val/Lys) ratios were: 64–82 in Exp 1; 65–83 in Exp 2 and 3; and 57–92 in Exp 4 and 5. Body weight (BW) gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were determined for each experimental period. At the conclusion of Exp 2 through 5, broilers were processed to determine carcass traits. Requirements were determined using regression analysis, considering the requirement to be 95 % of the quadratic response. No significant linear or quadratic responses were determined for Exp 1 through 3. In Exp 4 and 5, significant responses were observed for feed conversion ratio, but not processing yields. The lack of responsiveness in Exp 1 through 3 are likely due to an inadequate reduction in dietary Val to observe female quadratic responses. Valine requirements were determined to be 78 and 77 Val/Lys for males and females, respectively, based on feed conversion responses.
Published: 2021
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37. Tryptophan requirement of first-cycle commercial laying hens in peak egg production

Author: M.E. Persia, K. Haydon, A.H. Sarsour, J.T. Lee, and Animal and Poultry Sciences
Subjects: ratio, requirement, Oviposition, Soybean meal, laying hen, Feed conversion ratio, Metabolism and Nutrition, 03 medical and health sciences, Animal science, digestible tryptophan, Animals, lcsh:SF1-1100, 030304 developmental biology, Mathematics, 0303 health sciences, Line model, Tryptophan, 0402 animal and dairy science, egg production, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, Quadratic function, Animal Feed, 040201 dairy & animal science, Diet, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Female, Animal Science and Zoology, lcsh:Animal culture, Corn gluten meal, Chickens
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the digestible tryptophan (Trp) requirement of laying hens from 22 to 34 wk of age. A total of 252 Hy-line W-36 laying hens were selected at 16 wk of age and allocated by weight (P = 0.90) to 7 dietary treatments resulting in 12 replicate cages of 3 birds for each treatment. A Trp-deficient basal diet was formulated using corn, corn gluten meal, and soybean meal for each of the 3 dietary phases and supplemented with synthetic L-Trp to provide 105, 119, 133, 147, 162, 176, and 190 mg digestible Trp on a daily basis over the experimental period. To adapt the hens to experimental diets, pullets were fed complete diets that contained increasing amounts of corn gluten meal. Hens received a controlled amount of feed daily based on feed intake expected under commercial conditions. Linear and quadratic brokenline, and quadratic polynomial models were used to estimate digestible Trp requirements based on hen-housed egg production (HHEP), egg mass (EM), and feed efficiency (FE). FE was calculated using EM and feed intake. Digestible Trp requirements were estimated to be 137, 183, and 192 mg/d for HHEP; 133, 180, and 183 for EM and 133, 177, and 173 for FE using linear brokenline, quadratic broken-line, and quadratic polynomial analysis, respectively. The quadratic broken line model in this experiment resulted in the best fit (R-2) for all parameters measured. Linear broken line estimates resulted in lower estimates that the other models, and HHEP resulted in higher estimated digestible Trp requirement than EM and FE. CJ America Inc, USA This experiment was financially supported by CJ America Inc, USA. Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by Virginia Tech, and does not imply approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable. Special thanks to Hy-Line international for providing the chicks, Elanco for SE vaccine, CJ for amino acids (lysine, methionine, tryptophan, isoleucine, and threonine) . The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Dale Shumate, Kolby Foltz, Alicia Arne-son, Becky Tran, Alyssa Lyons, Siobhan Boothe (Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA) for animal care and feed mixing assistance.
Published: 2021
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38. Initial studies on increasing garlic bulb size through night-break treatment in the Philippines

Author: Richie Eve G. Ragas, J.T. Lee, F.B. Bongat, E. T. Rasco, and C.F.C. Guittap
Subjects: Horticulture, Biology, Bulb
Published: 2016
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39. Evaluation of branched-chain amino acids in male Cobb MV × 500 broiler chickens by using Box-Behnken response surface design

Author: J.V. Caldas, S.J. Rochell, C.W. Maynard, J.T. Lee, J.J.E. Diehl, M. T. Kidd, and Sonia Yun Liu
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, Chemistry, Lysine, 0402 animal and dairy science, Broiler, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 040201 dairy & animal science, Feed conversion ratio, Amino acid, 03 medical and health sciences, Animal science, Valine, Glycine, Animal Science and Zoology, Leucine, Isoleucine
Abstract: Data pertaining to the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are of particular importance due to the positioning of valine (Val) and isoleucine (Ile) as limiting amino acids (AA) in conventional diets. Similarly, current research evaluating their potential interaction is sparse. Therefore, two experiments were conducted using Box-Behnken design (BBD) to determine performance and carcass responses to BCAA and glycine (Gly) supplementation in male broilers from 15–34 days (Experiment 1) and 15–35 days (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, 13 experimental diets were formulated to contain various levels of digestible BCAA supplementation based on BBD. Inclusion levels for the BCAA were based on ratios to digestible lysine (Lys) and included: 65, 75, and 85 for digestible Val; 58, 66, and 74 for digestible Ile; and 110, 130, and 150 for digestible leucine (Leu). Diets for Experiment 2 were formulated in a similar manner and design, but total glycine + serine (Gly + Ser) inclusions were substituted for Leu. Inclusion levels were the same for Val and Ile as in Experiment 1 and ratios to digestible Lys of 131, 151, and 171 for total Gly + Ser. Fifteen-hundred and sixty male broilers were distributed across 78 pens and randomly assigned to 13 experimental diets in each Experiment. Body weight (BW) gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined for the experimental grower period in both Experiments. On day 35 (Experiment 1) or 36 (Experiment 2), six birds per pen were processed for the evaluation of carcass traits. Data were analyzed for linear, quadratic, and interactive effects. In Experiment 1, increased Leu inclusion linearly increased (P
Published: 2021
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40. Extending thrombolysis to 4·5–9 h and wake-up stroke using perfusion imaging. a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data

Author: Bruce C V Campbell, Henry Ma, Peter A Ringleb, Mark W Parsons, Leonid Churilov, Martin Bendszus, Christopher R Levi, Chung Hsu, Timothy J Kleinig, Marc Fatar, Didier Leys, Carlos Molina, Tissa Wijeratne, Sami Curtze, Helen M Dewey, P Alan Barber, Kenneth S Butcher, Deidre A De Silva, Christopher F Bladin, Nawaf Yassi, Johannes A R Pfaff, Gagan Sharma, Andrew Bivard, Patricia M Desmond, Stefan Schwab, Peter D Schellinger, Bernard Yan, Peter J Mitchell, Joaquín Serena, Danilo Toni, Vincent Thijs, Werner Hacke, Stephen M Davis, Geoffrey A Donnan, Geoffrey A. Donnan, Stephen M. Davis, Bruce C.V. Campbell, Mark W. Parsons, Peter J. Mitchell, Patricia M. Desmond, Thomas Oxley, Teddy Y. Wu, Darshan Shah, Henry Zhao, Edrich Rodrigues, Patrick Salvaris, Fana Alemseged, Felix Ng, Cameron Williams, Jo-Lyn Ng, Hans T-H. Tu, Amy McDonald, David Jackson, Jessica Tsoleridis, Rachael McCoy, Lauren Pesavento, Louise Weir, Timothy J. Kleinig, S. Patel, J. Harvey, J. Mahadevan, E. Cheong, Anna Balabanski, Michael Waters, Roy Drew, Jennifer Cranefield, Elizabeth Mackey, Sherisse Celestino, Essie Low, Helen M. Dewey, Christopher F. Bladin, Poh Sien Loh, Philip M. Choi, Skye Coote, Tanya Frost, K. Hogan, C. Ding, S. McModie, W.W. Zhang, Christopher Kyndt, A. Moore, Z. Ross, J. Liu, Ferdinand Miteff, Christopher R. Levi, Timothy Ang, Neil Spratt, Carlos Garcia-Esperon, Lara Kaauwai, Thanh G. Phan, John Ly, Shaloo Singhal, Benjamin Clissold, Kitty Wong, Martin Krause, Susan Day, Jonathan Sturm, Bill O'Brian, Rohan Grimley, Marion Simpson, Matthew Lee-Archer, Amy Brodtmann, Bronwyn Coulton, Dennis Young, Andrew A. Wong, Claire Muller, Deborah K. Field, W. Vallat, Vanessa Maxwell, Peter Bailey, Arman Sabet, Sachin Mishra, Meng Tan, K. George, P. Alan Barber, L. Zhao, Atte Meretoja, Turgut Tatlisumak, G. Sibolt, M. Tiainen, M. Koivu, K. Aarnio, J. Virta, O. Kasari, S. Eirola, M.C. Sun, T.C. Chen, C.S. Chuang, Y.Y. Chen, C.M. Lin, S.C. Ho, P.M. Hsiao, C.H. Tsai, W.S. Huang, Y.W. Yang, H.Y. Huang, W.C. Wang, C.H. Liu, M.K. Lu, C.H. Lu, W.L. Kung, S.K. Jiang, Y.H. Wu, S.C. Huang, C.H. Tseng, L.T. Tseng, Y.C. Guo, D. Lin, C.T. Hsu, C.W. Kuan, J.P. Hsu, H.T. Tsai, M. Suzuki, Y. Sun, H.F. Chen, C.J. Lu, C.H. Lin, C.C. Huang, H.J. Chu, C.Y. Lee, W.H. Chang, Y.C. Lo, Y.T. Hsu, C.H. Chen, P.S. Sung, C.L. Ysai, J.S. Jeng, S.C. Tang, L.K. Tsai, S.J. Yeh, Y.C. Lee, Y.T. Wang, T.C. Chung, C.J. Hu, L. Chan, Y.W. Chiou, L.M. Lien, H.L. Yeh, J.H. Yeh, W.H. Chen, C.L. Lau, A. Chang, I.Y. Lee, M.Y. Huang, J.T. Lee, G.S. Peng, J.C. Lim, Y.D. Hsu, C.C. Lin, C.A. Cheng, C.H. Yen, F.C. Yang, C.H. Hsu, Y.F. Sung, C.K. Tsai, C.L. Tsai, A. Lee, Graeme Hankey, David Blacker, Richard Gerraty, C-I. Chen, C-S. Hsu, Elise Cowley, Michele Sallaberger, Barry Snow, John Kolbe, Richard Stark, John King, Richard Macdonnell, John Attia, Catherine D'Este, Julie Bernhardt, Leeanne Carey, Dominique Cadilhac, Craig Anderson, David Howells, A. Barber, Alan Connelly, Malcolm Macleod, Victoria O'Collins, W. Wilson, L. Macaulay, Erich Bluhmki, Christoph Eschenfelder, Peter Ringleb, Peter Schellinger, Nils Wahlgren, Joanna Wardlaw, Catherine Oppenheim, Kennedy R. Lees, Markku Kaste, Rüdiger von Kummer, Gilles Chatellier, Rico Laage, Xavier Nuñez, Christina Ehrenkrona, Ann-Sofie Svenson, Lynda Cove, Kurt Niederkorn, Franz Gruber, Peter Kapeller, Robert Mikulik, Jean-Louis Mas, Jörg Berrouschot, Jan Sobesky, Martin Köhrmann, Thorsten Steiner, Christof Kessler, Rainer Dziewas, Sven Poli, Katharina Althaus-Knaurer, Paolo Bovi, Alain L. Rodriguez, Juan F. Arenillas, Keith Muir, Roland Veltkamp, Anand Dixit, Girish Muddegowda, Lalit Kala, Deidre A. De Silva, Kenneth S. Butcher, G. Byrnes, Andre Peeters, J.B. Chalk, John N. Fink, Thomas E. Kimber, David Schultz, Peter J. Hand, Judith Frayne, Brian M. Tress, John McNeil, R. Burns, C. Johnston, and M. Williams
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, acute ischemic stroke, thrombolysis, Perfusion Imaging, medicine.medical_treatment, Perfusion scanning, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Placebo, Brain Ischemia, Time-to-Treatment, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Fibrinolytic Agents, Modified Rankin Scale, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Thrombolytic Therapy, rt-pa, 030212 general & internal medicine, Stroke, Cerebral Hemorrhage, business.industry, General Medicine, Odds ratio, Thrombolysis, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, meta-analysis, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Treatment Outcome, Tissue Plasminogen Activator, Meta-analysis, acute stroke therapy, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, business, Fibrinolytic agent
Abstract: Stroke thrombolysis with alteplase is currently recommended 0-4·5 h after stroke onset. We aimed to determine whether perfusion imaging can identify patients with salvageable brain tissue with symptoms 4·5 h or more from stroke onset or with symptoms on waking who might benefit from thrombolysis.In this systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data, we searched PubMed for randomised trials published in English between Jan 1, 2006, and March 1, 2019. We also reviewed the reference list of a previous systematic review of thrombolysis and searched ClinicalTrials.gov for interventional studies of ischaemic stroke. Studies of alteplase versus placebo in patients (aged ≥18 years) with ischaemic stroke treated more than 4·5 h after onset, or with wake-up stroke, who were imaged with perfusion-diffusion MRI or CT perfusion were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome was excellent functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 0-1) at 3 months, adjusted for baseline age and clinical severity. Safety outcomes were death and symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage. We calculated odds ratios, adjusted for baseline age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, using mixed-effects logistic regression models. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42019128036.We identified three trials that met eligibility criteria: EXTEND, ECASS4-EXTEND, and EPITHET. Of the 414 patients included in the three trials, 213 (51%) were assigned to receive alteplase and 201 (49%) were assigned to receive placebo. Overall, 211 patients in the alteplase group and 199 patients in the placebo group had mRS assessment data at 3 months and thus were included in the analysis of the primary outcome. 76 (36%) of 211 patients in the alteplase group and 58 (29%) of 199 patients in the placebo group had achieved excellent functional outcome at 3 months (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1·86, 95% CI 1·15-2·99, p=0·011). Symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage was more common in the alteplase group than the placebo group (ten [5%] of 213 patients vs one [1%] of 201 patients in the placebo group; adjusted OR 9·7, 95% CI 1·23-76·55, p=0·031). 29 (14%) of 213 patients in the alteplase group and 18 (9%) of 201 patients in the placebo group died (adjusted OR 1·55, 0·81-2·96, p=0·66).Patients with ischaemic stroke 4·5-9 h from stroke onset or wake-up stroke with salvageable brain tissue who were treated with alteplase achieved better functional outcomes than did patients given placebo. The rate of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage was higher with alteplase, but this increase did not negate the overall net benefit of thrombolysis.None.
Published: 2019

41. Renal Artery Coverage During Endovascular Aneurysm Repair for Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Author: A. Tanious, L.T. Boitano, L.J. Wang, M.L. Shames, J.T. Lee, and M.J. Eagleton
Subjects: Surgery, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Published: 2019
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42. Evaluation of a Rice/Soy Fermentate on Performance and Volatilization of Odorants from Fresh Fecal Material When Included in Broiler Diets

Author: J.T. Lee, E. Caraway, C. Coufal, R. Carpenter ., and M.P. Williams
Subjects: Volatilisation, Food Animals, Chemistry, Broiler, Animal Science and Zoology, Food science, Feces
Published: 2013
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43. Feasibility of compression ignition for hydrogen fueled engine with neat hydrogen-air pre-mixture by using high compression

Author: J.T. Lee, Yongseok Kim, C.H. Byun, and Kyeong-Bae Lee
Subjects: Cold start (automotive), Thermal efficiency, Materials science, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Homogeneous charge compression ignition, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Ignition system, Minimum ignition energy, Fuel Technology, Carbureted compression ignition model engine, law, Compression ratio, Octane rating, Physics::Chemical Physics, Composite material
Abstract: Compression ignition of hydrogen engines with a homogeneous pre-mixture is a promising method to enhance the thermal efficiency as well as to reduce unique NO x exhausted from the engine due to spatial reaction of the mixture. However, hydrogen gas has a relatively high self-ignition temperature. Therefore, compression ignition for a neat hydrogen-air pre-mixture is considered impossible to achieve without additives. Research on this has not yet been attempted for this reason. In order to initiate the development of a compression ignition engine operated under a neat hydrogen-air pre-mixture and room temperature conditions, this paper evaluates the feasibility of compression ignition by using a high compression ratio and analyzes the characteristics such as abnormal combustion and operation region. It is found that the neat hydrogen-air pre-mixture is self-ignited at a high compression ratio without any assisting method in room temperature, thus refuting the preconception that compression ignition of hydrogen engine is impossible. A compression ratio of at least around e = 32 is required to self-ignite the engine under cold start and decreases to e = 26 with an increased equivalence ratio under firing conditions. The minimum equivalence ratio for compression ignition is in the region of ϕ = 0.11–0.22 of an ultra lean mixture for all operating conditions. The operation region at each compression ratio is extremely narrow (around ϕ = 0.04–0.06) due to knocking and backfire resulting from the high compression ratio.
Published: 2013
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44. VARIABILITY AND INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG YIELD AND BULB QUALITY CONTRIBUTING CHARACTERS IN INTERMEDIATE-DAY ONION

Author: C.H. Ro, J.T. Lee, H.D. Kim, and S.D. Lee
Subjects: Horticulture, Yield (engineering), media_common.quotation_subject, Quality (business), Biology, Bulb, media_common
Published: 2012
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45. STUDY OF COSMECEUTICAL ACTIVITIES OF KOREAN RAISIN TREE (HOVENIA DULCIS VAR. KOREANA) EXTRACTS

Author: J. Han, J.T. Lee, M.S. Kim, M.S. Kang, and S.H. Kim
Subjects: Horticulture, Tree (data structure), chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Peduncle (anatomy), Butylated hydroxytoluene, Liver function, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Cosmeceutical, Hovenia dulcis
Published: 2012
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46. A study on realization of high performance without backfire in a hydrogen-fueled engine with external mixture

Author: Kwang-Ju Lee, J.T. Lee, and Thanh Cong Huynh
Subjects: Materials science, Hydrogen, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, chemistry.chemical_element, Condensed Matter Physics, Combustion, Automotive engineering, Power (physics), chemistry.chemical_compound, Fuel Technology, chemistry, Nitrogen oxide, Realization (systems), NOx, Petrol engine, Equivalence ratio
Abstract: In order to grasp the possibility of achieving backfire control, high performance, and low emission in a hydrogen-fueled engine using external mixture injection, the effects of increasing the boosting pressure were analyzed in terms of backfire occurrence, combustion characteristics, and performance enhancement. As the results, it was found that backfire could be successfully controlled if the IVO time was retarded to or beyond TDC regardless of the amount of supplied energy. Also, these results show that the achievement of high power (equal to that of a gasoline engine), high efficiency (around 36.7%) and low emission (NOx of less than 16 ppm) without backfire in a hydrogen-fueled engine is possible with a boosting pressure of 1.5 bar at an equivalence ratio of Φ = 0.35 or lower.
Published: 2010
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47. Minimum temperature mapping over complex terrain by estimating cold air accumulation potential

Author: K.H. Hwang, H.H. Seo, Uran Chung, Jin I. Yun, J.T. Lee, J. Choi, and B.S. Hwang
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, Radiative cooling, Meteorology, Forestry, Terrain, Radius, Multivariate interpolation, Inverse distance weighting, Frost, Environmental science, Digital elevation model, Agronomy and Crop Science, Interpolation
Abstract: Nocturnal cold air pools, which frequently form in complex terrain under anticyclonic systems, are a hazard to flowering buds of temperate fruit trees, but the spatial resolution to anticipate them exceeds the current weather forecast scale. To supplement the insufficient spatial resolution of official minimum temperature forecasts, a spatial interpolation scheme was developed by incorporating local geographic potential for cold air accumulation. Air temperature was measured at 10-min intervals at eight locations within a 2.1 km × 2.1 km hilly orchard area in South Korea from September 2002 to August 2003. Minimum temperature data for suspected radiative cooling nights were collected, and deviations from estimations by a conventional spatial interpolation were calculated. A digital elevation model with a 10 m cell size was used to calculate the cold air accumulation at eight locations. Zonal averages of the cold air accumulation were computed for each location by increasing the cell radius from 1 to 10. Temperature deviations were regressed to a common logarithm of the smoothed averages of cold air accumulation to derive a linear relationship between the local temperature deviation and the site topography. The highest coefficient of determination was found at a cell radius of 5, which corresponds to an approximately 1 ha boundary surrounding the point of interest. Nocturnal temperature profiles were observed and the inversion cap height was determined using a tethered balloon system. Empirical equations describing the potential effects of cold air accumulation and of the inversion profile on minimum temperature were combined with a conventional lapse rate-corrected inverse distance weighting interpolation scheme. This new interpolation scheme was successfully validated with an independent data set, showing a strong feasibility for development of a site-specific frost warning system for mountainous areas.
Published: 2006
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48. X-Chromosome Kiss and Tell: How the Xs Go Their Separate Ways

Author: Bryan K. Sun, J.T. Lee, Montserrat C. Anguera, and N. Xu
Subjects: Male, Genetics, RNA, Untranslated, X Chromosome, Dosage compensation, Models, Genetic, media_common.quotation_subject, Kiss, RNA, Biology, Biochemistry, X-inactivation, Chromatin, Chromosome Pairing, X Chromosome Inactivation, Homologous chromosome, Animals, Gene silencing, Female, RNA, Long Noncoding, Molecular Biology, X chromosome, media_common
Abstract: Loci associated with noncoding RNAs have important roles in X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), the dosage compensation mechanism by which one of two X chromosomes in female cells becomes transcriptionally silenced. The Xs start out as epigenetically equivalent chromosomes, but XCI requires a cell to treat two identical X chromosomes in completely different ways: One X chromosome must remain transcriptionally active while the other becomes repressed. In the embryo of eutherian mammals, the choice to inactivate the maternal or paternal X chromosome is random. The fact that the Xs always adopt opposite fates hints at the existence of a trans-sensing mechanism to ensure the mutually exclusive silencing of one of the two Xs. This paper highlights recent evidence supporting a model for mutually exclusive choice that involves homologous chromosome pairing and the placement of asymmetric chromatin marks on the two Xs.
Published: 2006
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49. Identifying potential breeding sites for the stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) in the UK

Author: N. Bailey, J.T. Lee, A. Hazel, Stewart Thompson, and Julian Bayliss
Subjects: Abiotic component, education.field_of_study, Ecology, biology, business.industry, Population, Distribution (economics), biology.organism_classification, Fishery, Geography, Critical habitat, Rural area, Burhinus, business, education, Stone-curlew, Selection (genetic algorithm), Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: Summary The stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) is one of the rarest breeding birds in the UK with an estimated breeding population of under 300 pairs. In the UK a marked decrease in the numbers has occurred, mainly due to habitat change or loss, resulting in the bird no longer breeding on many of its traditional nesting grounds. Using a Geographic Information System we define potential breeding areas in a landscape known to historically support a stone curlew breeding population. With an understanding of the birds’ abiotic nesting requirements, we model optimal locations for potential breeding sites for the bird, using known historical breeding data to verify the selection process. In total, we identify 424 parcels of land (2866 hectares) providing the critical habitat requirements for the stone curlew in the overall study area, 323 (1958 hectares) of which correspond with the known historic breeding distribution of the bird. We conclude that the modelling approach outlined is valuable in the identification of potential breeding sites for the stone curlew and that the model could be operated in tandem with agri-environment payments such as those offered within the Countryside Stewardship Scheme, in an attempt to focus these payments upon areas which will deliver maximum nature conservation potential. In addition we suggest that, subject to appropriate data availability, the approach outlined be applied to other species of high-conservation concern, particularly those which are currently under consideration for introduction or re-introduction programmes.
Published: 2004
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50. A Continuity of X-Chromosome Silence from Gamete to Zygote

Author: K.D. HUYNH and J.T. LEE
Subjects: Genetics, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry
Published: 2004
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