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We present the first analysis of the atomic and molecular processes at play during detachment in the MAST-U Super-X divertor using divertor spectroscopy data. Our analysis indicates detachment in the MAST-U Super-X divertor can be separated into four sequential phases: first, the ionisation region detaches from the target at detachment onset leaving a region of increased molecular densities downstream. The plasma interacts with these molecules, resulting in molecular ions ( D 2 + and/or D 2 − → D + D − ) that further react with the plasma leading to molecular activated recombination and dissociation (MAR and MAD), which results in excited atoms and significant Balmer line emission. Second, the MAR region detaches from the target leaving a sub-eV temperature region downstream. Third, an onset of strong emission from electron–ion recombination (EIR) ensues. Finally, the electron density decays near the target, resulting in the bulk of the electron density moving upstream. The analysis in this paper indicates that plasma–molecule interactions have a larger impact than previously reported and play a critical role in the intensity and interpretation of hydrogen atomic line emission characteristics on MAST-U. Furthermore, we find that the Fulcher band emission profile in the divertor can be used as a proxy for the ionisation region and may also be employed as a plasma temperature diagnostic for improving the separation of hydrogenic emission arising from electron-impact excitation and that from plasma–molecular interactions. We provide evidences for the presence of low electron temperatures (≪0.5 eV) during detachment phases III–IV based on quantitative spectroscopy analysis, a Boltzmann relation of the high-n Balmer line transitions together with an analysis of the brightness of high-n Balmer lines.

The tokamak à configuration variable (TCV) continues to leverage its unique shaping capabilities, flexible heating systems and modern control system to address critical issues in preparation for ITER and a fusion power plant. For the 2019–20 campaign its configurational flexibility has been enhanced with the installation of removable divertor gas baffles, its diagnostic capabilities with an extensive set of upgrades and its heating systems with new dual frequency gyrotrons. The gas baffles reduce coupling between the divertor and the main chamber and allow for detailed investigations on the role of fuelling in general and, together with upgraded boundary diagnostics, test divertor and edge models in particular. The increased heating capabilities broaden the operational regime to include T e/T i ∼ 1 and have stimulated refocussing studies from L-mode to H-mode across a range of research topics. ITER baseline parameters were reached in type-I ELMy H-modes and alternative regimes with ‘small’ (or no) ELMs explored. Most prominently, negative triangularity was investigated in detail and confirmed as an attractive scenario with H-mode level core confinement but an L-mode edge. Emphasis was also placed on control, where an increased number of observers, actuators and control solutions became available and are now integrated into a generic control framework as will be needed in future devices. The quantity and quality of results of the 2019–20 TCV campaign are a testament to its successful integration within the European research effort alongside a vibrant domestic programme and international collaborations.

This paper shows experimental results from the TCV tokamak that indicate plasma-molecule interactions involving D 2 + and possibly D− play an important role as sinks of energy (through hydrogenic radiation as well as dissociation) and particles (ions) during divertor detachment if low target temperatures (2 seeding induced detachment as the target temperatures are not sufficiently low. The impact of D 2 + is shown to be underestimated in present (vibrationally unresolved) SOLPS-ITER simulations, which could result from an underestimated D 2 + D + → D 2 + + D rate. The converged SOLPS-ITER simulations are post-processed with alternative reaction rates, resulting in considerable contributions of D 2 + to particle and power losses as well as dissociation below the D2 dissociation area. Those findings are in quantitative agreement with the experimental results.

Modest effects of deuterium and carbon radiation opacity in the Super-X and snowflake divertor plasmas are predicted for MAST Upgrade tokamak with core plasma input power 2.5–5 MW and plasma current 1 MA. The radiation transport modeling is based on the SOLPS-EIRENE and UEDGE code divertor plasma predictions. Two radiation transport models are used: one is based on a full radiation transport equation implemented in the radiation transport and collisional-radiative code CRETIN (without feedback on the background plasma), and another is an internal self-consistent UEDGE model with ionization, recombination, and heating rates corrected for Ly α line trapping based on the escape probability model implemented in CRETIN. In MAST-U, the Super-X and snowflake divertor plasmas are predicted to reach detached regimes at lower upstream densities than the standard divertor, and the conclusion still holds with radiation transport effects included. At neutral densities ⩽ 1 0 20 m−3, modest Ly α deuterium line trapping with optical depths 10–15 is predicted in the Super-X divertor. Divertor plasmas are optically thin to other Lyman and Balmer lines, as well as to strong C III and C IV lines that are responsible for most of divertor radiated power. Insignificant changes (within a few percent) to divertor deuterium ionization and recombination rates are found. Radiation fluxes on outer divertor target are modified within a factor of 2–3 when the radiation transport is accounted for, and a similar variation is found due to the line shape models that define the absorption and emission line profiles in the radiation transport modeling. The predicted Lyman and Balmer spectral intensities are significantly modified due to radiation trapping. A measurement of divertor radiation transport effects is discussed using the Ly β /Ba α line ratio. In the snowflake divertor configuration, divertor plasmas are found to be optically thin to Lyman series lines within a large range of parameter variations that include upstream density, divertor transport coefficients, and magnetic configurations. Modest radiation transport effects are only found in a few cases with strongest divertor transport and magnetic configurations closest to the ideal snowflake configuration, however, the plasma background models that were used are yet to be validated with an experiment.

A congenital perineal hernia develops through a defect in the pelvic floor muscles and presents as a reducible buttock swelling. These hernias are exceptionally rare with only six cases previously documented in the English literature. We report an extremely premature infant who developed bilateral posterior perineal hernias at 2 weeks of age. The diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasound scan. She remained asymptomatic. By a corrected age of 10 weeks post term, the hernias had resolved clinically and on imaging. A congenital perineal hernia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a reducible buttock swelling. The diagnosis can be confirmed by imaging and elective surgical repair is indicated for symptomatic or persistent hernias. This case demonstrates that an asymptomatic perineal hernia in a very premature infant should initially be managed conservatively as it may resolve spontaneously. Keywords: Buttock mass, Pelvic hernia

Heterotopic gastric mucosa (HGM) is occasionally found at endoscopy in the proximal esophagus of adults and children, when it manifests as an asymptomatic small island of reddish pink mucosa just below the upper esophageal sphincter. There are few reports of esophageal HGM detected by endoscopy after repair of esophageal atresia (EA) with tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF). We report a child with multiple patches of HGM in the proximal and distal esophagus seen at endoscopy after EA/TEF repair. No obvious symptoms were related to the HGM and she remains under endoscopic surveillance. The incidence of esophageal HGM may be increased in patients with EA and its distribution can be more extensive than a simple “inlet patch”. There is evidence to suggest that esophageal HGM increases the risk of developing Barrett's esophagus and has a malignant potential. Heterotopic gastric mucosa extends the spectrum of potential pathologies affecting the esophagus in patients with EA/TEF and supports current international guidelines for endoscopic surveillance of these patients. Keywords: Tracheo-esophageal fistula, Ectopic mucosa, Esophageal malignancy

An overview of initial experiments performed on TCV to explore detachment in alternative divertor magnetic geometries will be presented. These experiments expand on previous TCV X-Divertor and Snowflake-plus detachment studies [1-2] and the results are compared to detachment experiments in more standard TCV shapes. The long-term goal of this work is to determine whether variations in magnetic geometry lead to improvements in divertor power losses and detachment control, both needed for DEMO. The variations in magnetic geometry studied include increased connection length, poloidal flux expansion, and flaring both near the x-point (snowflake) and near the target (X-Divertor and X-Point target configurations), and total flux expansion (Super-X Divertors), obtained by increasing the outer strike point major radius, Rt. Snowflake, X-, and X-point target divertor configurations were achieved in Ohmic L-mode plasmas and unfavorable ion gradB drift direction. Ramps of density and nitrogen level were performed up to a maximum determined by disruption limits. The planned Super-X target was more difficult to realize. The plasma disrupted once Rt was increased by more than ~45% compared to the Rt in more standard TCV shapes, well below the targeted ~70% increase. Furthermore, plasmas near the maximum achieved Rt disrupted relatively early during density ramps, at n/nG of ~0.4 compared to ~0.6 in the other configurations. First insights from these experiments on the geometry dependence of the detachment behavior will be presented. The primary focus will be the assessment of the divertor regimes based on wall-embedded Langmuir probe measurements; ion flux to the different strikepoints and degree of detachment, target electron temperatures, and parallel pressure variations in different conditions and geometries. Consistency checks with other diagnostics, in particular upstream measurements from the fast reciprocating probe, target heat flux measurements from infrared cameras, and information from a new divertor spectroscopy system will be performed to develop a robust picture of the detachment process in the different geometries.

The mitigation of the steady-state heat loading to plasma-facing components in the divertor structures is an essential prerequisite for the operation of next-generation conventional and tight aspect-ratio Tokamaks. Currently, the most attractive means of reducing this heat loading is the so-called “detached” regime, which is the primary focus of this study. This thesis describes work that was carried out on the MAST tokamak to accurately characterise the plasma conditions within divertor plasmas, and to test the validity of those measurements. To assist in this study, an interpretive code, OSM, has been upgraded with additional numerical schemes to ascertain the dominant mechanisms governing parallel scrape-off layer transport including flux expansion, dynamic viscosity and cross-field drift motion in attached conditions. It has been found that the invocation of flux expansion, parallel viscosity and diamagnetic drift motion assist the OSM numerical scheme to converge in the presence of (static+dynamic) parallel pressure gradients often observed between the outboard midplane and lower outer divertor leg. It has also been found that the ion pressure, which is currently unknown, could resolve the observed pressure discrepancy. Line-of-sight spectroscopy of high-n Balmer emission lines has been used to ascertain line averaged Te and line integrated ne during the detached phase of MAST discharges with high spatial resolution (≈ 7mm) to determine electron static pressure profiles along flux contours. Furthermore, narrow-bandwidth imaging spectroscopy of Dα, Dγ, CII and CIII emission during the onset and sustainment of detachment has been carried out with high temporal (5kHz) and spatial (≈ 3mm) resolution. These data have been combined with ion flux measurements to the divertor target plates using embedded Langmuir probes (6-9mm radial resolution) and upstream Thomson scattering measurements of ne, Te. The data was input into the OSM code, coupled with the kinetic neutral transport code EIRENE, to check the experimental data set for internal consistency. The experimental data collected has been used to reconstruct the plasma conditions within the detached divertor leg, heavily constrained by experimental data. EIRENE calculations with re-constructed plasma conditions are able to reproduce experimentally observed Dγ/Dα line emission ratios to within a factor of 2 within the recombining region.

It is an irony of history that by late antiquity Paul had become the authority figure he never was during his lifetime. However, by the subapostolic and patristic periods Paul's apostolic authority was no longer considered quite so controversial. From 200 AD onwards Paul's letters were regularly cited alongside the Gospels and the Old Testament as 'Scripture'. It is therefore no surprise that the premier apocalyptic theologian of the New Testament would spawn several apocalyptic imitators. Two 'Apocalypses of Paul' have come down to us from antiquity, one gnostic, the other Christian. After discussing each work, the article asks to what extent the historical Paul would have agreed with these later works written in his name. The article will demonstrate how differing ecclesiastical traditions appropriated Paul for their own theological and social agendas instead of allowing the apostle to the Gentiles to speak to his first-century context

All current estimations of the energy released by type I ELMs indicate that, in order to ensure an adequate lifetime of the divertor targets on ITER, a mechanism is required to decrease the amount of energy released by an ELM, or to eliminate ELMs altogether. One such amelioration mechanism relies on perturbing the magnetic field in the edge plasma region, either leading to more frequent, smaller ELMs (ELM mitigation) or ELM suppression. This technique of Resonant Magnetic Perturbations (RMPs) has been employed to suppress type I ELMs at high collisionality/density on DIII-D, ASDEX Upgrade, KSTAR and JET and at low collisionality on DIII-D. At ITER-like collisionality the RMPs enhance the transport of particles or energy and keep the edge pressure gradient below the 2D linear ideal MHD critical value that would trigger an ELM, whereas at high collisionality/density the type I ELMs are replaced by small type II ELMs. Although ELM suppression only occurs within limitied operational ranges, ELM mitigation is much more easily achieved. The exact parameters that determine the onset of ELM suppression are unknown but in all cases the magnetic perturbations produce 3D distortions to the plasma and enhanced particle transport. The incorporation of these 3D effects in codes will be essential in order to make quantitative predictions for future devices.

The physiological responses of 12 competitive swimmers to a standard training workout of four sets of six 100 m freestyle repetitions per set were measured in two trials. By random assignment the swimmers attempted to keep the workout constant in each trial by maintaining either a target heart rate (HR) or a target time for the 100 m efforts. The target HR or time was determined from these values measured at the anaerobic threshold (AT) during an initial determination of this exercise level. The HR after each repetition, 50 m split time, and blood lactate concentration after each set were measured throughout each workout for each swimmer. When target HR was used as the exercise criterion, the group mean (± SD) HR for the first set of six 100 m repetitions (173 ±11 beats/min) was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) than the group mean AT target HR (182 ± 11 beats/min), but the group mean HR for sets two, three, and four was not significantly different from the target value. Group mean lactate concentration afte...

There have been many studies concerning the performance characteristics of NaI(Tl) and BGO scintillating crystals, most of which generate data by algorithms rather than from experimentation. Those studies which do deal with collected data, however, usually test only a few detecting units. It was, therefore, the purpose of this project to develop a characterization method and to characterize a large number of scintillators of various sizes and histories as well as to create a performance profile based on the data collected. The energy ranges at which the detectors show relatively good resolution % and photo peak efficiency was also desired for future reference. Enough statistical data was collected and analyzed so that a differentiation between those detectors which perform well and those that do not can be made.

An environmental evaluation was conducted to determine lead exposure in a group of crafts people who produce stained glass and Tiffany glass. The environmental evaluation consisted of air sampling for potential lead emissions from solder and of work area dusts. In addition, the completion of a questionnaire, observation of work practices and noting of other details relevant to hazardous exposures were carried out. Lead concentrations in air were found to be well below the ACGIH TLV-TWA of 150 micrograms/m3. High lead concentrations were found in the work area dust samples. Exposure to high concentrations of lead could occur by ingestion as a result of neglect of basic hygiene precautions.

A monodimesional electrophoresis method is used to produce characteristic patterns from glycosaminoglycans isolated from the urine of mucopolysaccharidoses patients and normal individuals. Resolution of keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate, two dermatan sulfate species, chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin 6-sulfate result from their different electrophoretic mobilities in barium acetate buffer and solubilities in ethanol. Excellent discrimination between normal, Hurler-Hunter, Sanfilippo, Morquio, and Maroteaux-Lamy syndromes are provided by densitometric estimations of the approximate relative proportion of glycosaminoglycan types. This method is suitable for routine screening of large numbers of samples to provide a guide to the nature of the enzyme deficiency in the mucopolysaccharidoses.

Phorbol ester sensitive EL4 cells become growth-inhibited and produce interleukin 2 when treated with phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate. Resistant cells lack both responses. To determine whether the defect in phorbol ester-resistant EL4 cells occurs pre- or post-transcriptionally, a hybridization assay for interleukin 2 mRNA was developed using two synthetic oligonucleotides complementary to mouse interleukin 2 mRNA as probes. Both probes hybridized to a 1-kilobase band in RNA from phorbol ester-treated sensitive cells. This RNA was detectable within 3 h of phorbol ester administration, and accumulation peaked by 12 h. The 1-kilobase band was induced in a concentration-dependent manner by 4-beta-phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate but not by the inactive analog, 4-alpha-phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate. No bands hybridizing with the interleukin 2 probe were detected in RNA isolated from unstimulated cells or from phorbol ester-resistant EL4 cells at any time up to 24 h following phorbol ester stimulation. The accumulation of the RNA in sensitive cells was blocked when the protein synthesis inhibitors, cycloheximide (75 microM) or puromycin (90 microM) were added within 1 h of the addition of phorbol ester. If cycloheximide was added 2 or more h after phorbol ester treatment, superinduction of the 1-kilobase band was observed. These results indicate that the failure of phorbol ester-resistant EL4 cells to produce interleukin 2 is due to a defect proximal to interleukin 2 transcription and that the accumulation of interleukin 2 mRNA in phorbol ester-sensitive EL4 cells requires protein synthesis.

Avantage du polytetramethyleneetherglycol; utilisations dans les revetements dans la marine, le bâtiment, l'industrie chimique, etc.

Comparative tests have been made of five different push-pull piezo-electric oscillator circuits. Two of these circuits use three-element tubes: (1) crystal in four-electrode mounting connected to the grids and anodes, (2) crystal in two-electrode mounting connected to the grids. The other circuits use four-element tubes, (3) screen-grid tubes with the crystal in a four-electrode mounting connected to the control grids and anodes, (4) space-charge-grid tubes, quartz crystal in four-electrode mounting connected to the control grids and anodes, (5) space-charge-grid tubes, crystal in two-electrode mounting connected to the control grids. These circuits have been tested at 90 kc for relative power output and variation of frequency with circuit constants. The type UX-210 tube was used with the circuits (1) and (2) and type UX-865 screen-grid tube with the circuits (3), (4), and (5). The ratios of the power outputs at 90 kc of the circuits (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5) are 10.7, 9.6, 12.9, 1.68 and 1.0, respectively. The power output of circuit (3) at 315 volts with the grid bias through 2-megohm resistors was 0.50 watt at 90 kc. Using the same circuit with 450 volts on the anodes and the grid bias through chokes the power output was 5.20 watts. Considering the low frequency these are reasonable values. The power output of the circuits (4) and (5) is abnormally small, but this may be due to the fact that the UX-865 is not particularly well adapted for use in this type of circuit.

Two new piezo-oscillator circuits using the screen-grid tube are described. One circuit uses feedback through the crystal, which has two pairs of electrodes with connections to the anode, control grid, and filament of the tube. In the other circuit the two electrodes of the crystal are connected. between the anode and control grid. The new circuits are unusually stable and at low frequencies give greater power output than the three-electrode tube circuits. They are particularly useful at those low frequencies for which flexural vibrations are employed. When oscillating at flexural vibration frequencies crystals show a tendency to creep lengthwise until a position is reached which gives maximum power output. If the crystal is displaced from this position it will return to it again.

A method of obtaining flexural vibrations from piezo-electric quartz plates together with the equations for flexural vibrations in quartz is given. Crystal mountings for obtaining best results with the first, second, and higher modes of flexural vibration are developed. The use of the crystal at flexural frequencies in the oscillator circuits of Cady and Pierce, and the luminous phenomena obtained when resonating in a partially evacuated chamber with different types of mountings, are also described. Without using unusually long plates the range of frequencies obtainable is extended into the audible range. Among the problems still to be solved are the temperature coefficient of frequency and logarithmic decrement for the various modes of flexural vibration as well as constancy of frequency under variations of load and constants of the electric circuit. Investigations are still in progress, of which a report will be communicated later.

A selective high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed for the determination of the major Ipecacuanha alkaloids, emetine and cephaeline, in a number of linctus and pastille preparations. The reversed-phase chromatographic procedure uses an octadecyl-bonded column with a mobile phase of aqueous methanol containing an ion-pairing reagent. A spectrofluorimetric detector is used for increased sensitivity and selectivity. Sample preparation is simple, involving either straight dilution for linctus formulations or simple dissolutions for pastilles. The procedure has been shown to be stability-indicating. Validation studies, to show that the method is precise, accurate and rectilinear, have been carried out on four linctus formulations and two pastille formulations. The method has been used to determine both emetine and cephaeline at levels as low as 5 micrograms/g in formulations.

The JET 2019–2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major neutral beam injection upgrade providing record power in 2019–2020, and tested the technical and procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle (a) physics in the coming D–T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design and operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D–T benefited from the highest D–D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 1223 autors/autores: J. Mailloux1, N. Abid1, K. Abraham1, P. Abreu2, O. Adabonyan1, P. Adrich3, V. Afanasev4, M. Afzal1, T. Ahlgren5, L. Aho-Mantila6, N. Aiba7, M. Airila6, M. Akhtar1, R. Albanese8, M. Alderson-Martin1, D. Alegre9, S. Aleiferis10, A. Aleksa1, A.G. Alekseev11, E. Alessi12, P. Aleynikov13, J. Algualcil14, M. Ali1, M. Allinson1, B. Alper1, E. Alves2, G. Ambrosino8, R. Ambrosino8, V. Amosov15, E.Andersson Sunden16, P. Andrew13, B.M. Angelini17, C. Angioni18, I. Antoniou1, L.C. Appel1, C. Appelbee1, S. Aria1, M. Ariola8, G. Artaserse17, W. Arter1, V. Artigues18, N. Asakura7, A. Ash1, N. Ashikawa19, V. Aslanyan20, M. Astrain21, O. Asztalos22, D. Auld1, F. Auriemma23, Y. Austin1, L. Avotina24, E. Aymerich25, A. Baciero9, F. Bairaktaris26, J. Balbin27, L. Balbinot23, I. Balboa1, M. Balden18, C. Balshaw1, N. Balshaw1, V.K. Bandaru18, J. Banks1, Yu.F. Baranov1, C. Barcellona28, A. Barnard1, M. Barnard1, R. Barnsley13, A. Barth1, M. Baruzzo17, S. Barwell1, M. Bassan13, A. Batista2, P. Batistoni17, L. Baumane24, B. Bauvir13, L. Baylor29, P.S. Beaumont1, D. Beckett1, A. Begolli1, M. Beidler29, N. Bekris30,31, M. Beldishevski1, E. Belli32, F. Belli17, É. Belonohy1, M. Ben Yaala33, J. Benayas1, J. Bentley1, H. Bergsåker34, J. Bernardo2, M. Bernert18, M. Berry1, L. Bertalot13, H. Betar35, M. Beurskens36, S. Bickerton1, B. Bieg37, J. Bielecki38, A. Bierwage7, T. Biewer29, R. Bilato18, P. Bílková39, G. Birkenmeier18, H. Bishop1, J.P.S. Bizarro2, J. Blackburn1, P. Blanchard40, P. Blatchford1, V. Bobkov18, A. Boboc1, P. Bohm39, T. Bohm41, I. Bolshakova42, T. Bolzonella23, N. Bonanomi18, D. Bonfiglio23, X. Bonnin13, P. Bonofiglo43, S. Boocock1, A. Booth1, J. Booth1, D. Borba2,30, D. Borodin44, I. Borodkina39,44, C. Boulbe45, C. Bourdelle27, M. Bowden1, K. Boyd1, I.Bozicevic Mihalic46, S.C. Bradnam1, V. Braic47, L. Brandt48, R. Bravanec49, B. Breizman50, A. Brett1, S. Brezinsek44, M. Brix1, K. Bromley1, B. Brown1, D. Brunetti1,12, R. Buckingham1, M. Buckley1, R. Budny, J. Buermans51, H. Bufferand27, P. Buratti17, A. Burgess1, A. Buscarino28, A. Busse1, D. Butcher1, E.de la Cal9, G. Calabrò52, L. Calacci53, R. Calado2, Y. Camenen54, G. Canal55, B. Cannas25, M. Cappelli17, S. Carcangiu25, P. Card1, A. Cardinali17, P. Carman1, D. Carnevale53, M. Carr1, D. Carralero9, L. Carraro23, I.S. Carvalho2, P. Carvalho2, I. Casiraghi56, F.J. Casson1, C. Castaldo17, J.P. Catalan14, N. Catarino2, F. Causa12, M. Cavedon18, M. Cecconello16, C.D. Challis1, B. Chamberlain1, C.S. Chang43, A. Chankin18, B. Chapman1,57, M. Chernyshova58, A. Chiariello8, P. Chmielewski58, A. Chomiczewska58, L. Chone59, G. Ciraolo27, D. Ciric1, J. Citrin60, Ł. Ciupinski61, M. Clark1, R. Clarkson1, C. Clements1, M. Cleverly1, J.P. Coad1, P. Coates1, A. Cobalt1, V. Coccorese8, R. Coelho2, J.W. Coenen44, I.H. Coffey62, A. Colangeli17, L. Colas27, C. Collins29, J. Collins1, S. Collins1, D. Conka24, S. Conroy16, B. Conway1, N.J. Conway1, D. Coombs1, P. Cooper1, S. Cooper1, C. Corradino28, G. Corrigan1, D. Coster18, P. Cox1, T. Craciunescu63, S. Cramp1, C. Crapper1, D. Craven1, R. Craven1, M.Crialesi Esposito48, G. Croci56, D. Croft1, A. Croitoru63, K. Crombe51,64, T. Cronin1, N. Cruz2, C. Crystal32, G. Cseh22, A. Cufar65, A. Cullen1, M. Curuia66, T. Czarski58, H. Dabirikhah1, A.Dal Molin56, E. Dale1, P. Dalgliesh1, S. Dalley1, J. Dankowski38, P. David18, A. Davies1, S. Davies1, G. Davis1, K. Dawson1, S. Dawson1, I.E. Day1, M. De Bock13, G. De Temmerman13, G. De Tommasi8, K. Deakin1, J. Deane1, R. Dejarnac39, D. Del Sarto35, E. Delabie29, D. Del-Castillo-Negrete29, A. Dempsey67, R.O. Dendy1,57, P. Devynck27, A. Di Siena18, C. Di Troia17, T. Dickson1, P. Dinca63, T. Dittmar44, J. Dobrashian1, R.P. Doerner68, A.J.H. Donne´69, S. Dorling1, S. Dormido-Canto70, D. Douai27, S. Dowson1, R. Doyle67, M. Dreval71, P. Drewelow36, P. Drews44, G. Drummond1, Ph. Duckworth13, H. Dudding1,72, R. Dumont27, P. Dumortier51, D. Dunai22, T. Dunatov46, M. Dunne18, I. Duran39, F. Durodie51, R. Dux18, A. Dvornova27, R. Eastham1, J. Edwards1, Th. Eich18, A. Eichorn1, N. Eidietis32, A. Eksaeva44, H. El Haroun1, G. Ellwood13, C. Elsmore1, O. Embreus73, S. Emery1, G. Ericsson16, B. Eriksson16, F. Eriksson74, J. Eriksson16, L.G. Eriksson75, S. Ertmer44, S. Esquembri21, A.L. Esquisabel76, T. Estrada9, G. Evans1, S. Evans1, E. Fable18, D. Fagan1, M. Faitsch18, M. Falessi17, A. Fanni25, A. Farahani1, I. Farquhar1, A. Fasoli40, B. Faugeras45, S. Fazinic46, F. Felici40, R. Felton1, A. Fernandes2, H. Fernandes2, J. Ferrand1, D.R. Ferreira2, J. Ferreira2, G. Ferrò53, J. Fessey1, O. Ficker39, A.R. Field1, A. Figueiredo2, J. Figueiredo2,30, A. Fil1, N. Fil1,20, P. Finburg1, D. Fiorucci23, U. Fischer31, G. Fishpool1, L. Fittill1, M. Fitzgerald1, D. Flammini17, J. Flanagan1, K. Flinders1, S. Foley1, N. Fonnesu17, M. Fontana40, J.M. Fontdecaba9, S. Forbes1, A. Formisano8, T. Fornal58, L. Fortuna28, E. Fortuna-Zalesna61, M. Fortune1, C. Fowler1, E. Fransson74, L. Frassinetti34, M. Freisinger44, R. Fresa8, R. Fridström34, D. Frigione53, T. Fülöp73, M. Furseman1, V. Fusco24, S. Futatani17, D. Gadariya77, K. Gál69, D. Galassi40, K. Gałazka58, S. 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Zychor3 // 1 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal 3 National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland 4 Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russia 5 University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 6 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland 7 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193, Japan 8 Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy 9 Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain 10 NCSR ‘Demokritos’ 153 10, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece 11 NRC Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatov Square, Moscow 123182, Russia 12 Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, CNR, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy 13 ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France 14 Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Dept Ingn Energet, Calle Juan del Rosal 12, E-28040 Madrid, Spain 15 Troitsk Insitute of Innovating and Thermonuclear Research (TRINITI), Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia 16 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden 17 Dip.to Fusione e Tecnologie per la Sicurezza Nucleare, ENEA C. R. Frascati, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy 18 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, D-85748 Garching, Germany 19 National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan 20 MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America 21 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Grupo I2A2, Madrid, Spain 22 Centre for Energy Research, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary 23 Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy 24 University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga, LV 1586, Latvia 25 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi 09123 Cagliari, Italy 26 National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, 157 73 Zografou, Athens, Greece 27 CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France 28 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica Elettronica e Informatica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy 29 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, TN, United States of America 30 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Culham Science Centre, Culham, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 31 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 32 General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, United States of America 33 Department of Physics, University of Basel, Switzerland 34 Fusion Plasma Physics, EECS, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden 35 Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France 36 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Teilinsitut Greifswald, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany 37 Maritime University of Szczecin Faculty of Marine Engineering, Waly Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland 38 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland 39 Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic 40 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 41 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America 42 Magnetic Sensor Laboratory, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine 43 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, James Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08543, NJ, United States of America 44 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany 45 Université Cote d’Azur, CNRS, Inria, LJAD, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 02, France 46 Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 47 The National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania 48 Mechanics, SCI, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden 49 Fourth State Research, 503 Lockhart Dr, Austin, TX, United States of America 50 University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Fusion Studies, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America 51 Laboratory for Plasma Physics LPP-ERM/KMS, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium 52 University of Tuscia, DEIM, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100 Viterbo, Italy 53 Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, Italy 54 Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, PIIM, UMR 7345, 13013 Marseille, France 55 Instituto de Física, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua do Mat˜ao Travessa R Nr.187, CEP 05508-090 Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, Brasil 56 University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy 57 Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 58 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland 59 Aalto University, PO Box 14100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Finland 60 FOM Institute DIFFER, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 61 Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland 62 Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 63 The National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania 64 Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium 65 Slovenian Fusion Association (SFA), Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 66 The National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Ramnicu Valcea, Romania 67 Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland 68 University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America 69 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany 70 UNED, Dpto. Informática y Automática, Madrid, Spain 71 National Science Center ‘Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology’, Akademichna 1, Kharkiv 61108, Ukraine 72 York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 73 Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden 74 Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden 75 European Commission, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium 76 University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, TN, United States of America 77 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 78 Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain 79 Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain 80 Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IUSTI, UMR 7343, 13013 Marseille, France 81 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Astronautica, Elettrica ed Energetica, SAPIENZA Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy 82 Institute for Nuclear Research, Prospekt Nauky 47, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine 83 Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie—Centre d’Etude de l’Energie Nucléaire, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium 84 University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan 85 University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States of America 86 Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Bldg 309, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark 87 Institution ‘Project Center ITER’, Moscow, 123182, Russia 88 Faculty of Mathematics, Department of Experimental Physics, Physics and Informatics Comenius University Mlynska dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia 89 University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland 90 Institute of Physics, Opole University, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland 91 Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-174, Republic of Korea 92 Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 93 Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, Josep Pl. 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019, Barcelona, Spain 94 PELIN LLC, 27a, Gzhatskaya Ulitsa, Saint Petersburg, 195220, Russia 95 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America 96 Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy 97 ICREA and Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain 98 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 99 Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi—CNR and Dipartimento di Energia—Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy 100 Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands 101 Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America 102 Department of Material Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan 103 Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehová 78/7, 115 19 Praha 1, Czech Republic 104 College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States of America 105 University of California, 1111 Franklin St., Oakland, CA 94607, United States of America 106 University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 107 Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan 108 Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan 109 Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 110 Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America 111 Dipartimento di Fisica ‘G. Galilei’, Universita’ degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy 112 Space and Plasma Physics, EECS, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden 113 University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupoli Ioanninon, PO Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece 114 Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal 115 The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan 116 Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos g. 3, LT-44403, Kaunas, Lithuania 117 HRS Fusion, West Orange, NJ, United States of America 118 Ibaraki University Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan 119 Technische Universität Wien, Fusion@ÖAW Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Austria