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Resumen Objetivo El presente estudio se diseno para determinar la influencia de un programa de entrenamiento domiciliario en la calidad seminal de adultos con diabetes tipo 2. Material y metodo Participaron un total de 60 adultos varones con diagnostico de diabetes tipo 2 distribuidos aleatoriamente en un grupo intervencion (n = 30) y otro control (n = 30). Los participantes incluidos en el grupo de intervencion desarrollaron un programa de entrenamiento domiciliario en tapiz rodante de 14 semanas, 3 sesiones/semana de 40 min a una intensidad del 55-70% FCmax (incrementando un 2,5% cada 2 semanas). Los parametros de calidad seminal ensayados fueron: volumen, concentracion y porcentaje de movilidad y morfologia normal. Asimismo se estudio el nivel de defensas antioxidantes en plasma seminal. Nuestro protocolo fue aprobado por un comite de etica institucional. Resultados Tras completar el programa de entrenamiento se observo un incremento significativo de la concentracion espermatica, asi como de los porcentajes de movilidad y de morfologia normal. Paralelamente, se observo un incremento del estatus total antioxidante en el plasma seminal. No se observaron cambios significativos en ninguna de las variables ensayadas en el grupo control. Conclusiones El programa de entrenamiento mejoro la calidad seminal en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Este hallazgo podria explicarse por una mejora de las defensas antioxidantes seminales inducida por el ejercicio.

Objective This was the first study conducted to determine the influence of home-based treadmill training on seminal quality in adults with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods Sixty sedentary adults with type 2 diabetes volunteered for the current study. Thirty were randomly allocated to the intervention group and performed a 14-week, home-based, treadmill training program, 3 sessions per week, consisting of a warm-up (10–15 min), 40 min treadmill exercise at a work intensity of 55–70% of peak heart rate (increasing by 2.5% each two weeks) measured during a maximal treadmill test, and cooling-down (5–10 min). The control group included the age of 30, and BMI matched adults with type 2 diabetes who did not take part in any training program. Seminal quality analysis included semen volume, sperm concentration, motility and normal morphologic features. Furthermore, total antioxidant status (TAS) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity were assessed in seminal plasma. This protocol was approved by an Institutional Ethics Committee. Results The home-based treadmill training significantly increased sperm concentration as well as percentages of total sperm motility and normal spermatozoa. Furthermore, TAS and GPX activity were increased after the completion of the training program. No significant changes in any of the measured variables were found in the control group. Conclusions Home-based treadmill training improved seminal quality in adults with type 2 diabetes. A secondary finding was that seminal antioxidant defense system was significantly increased after being exercised.

This study was designed to assess the influence of resistance training on salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels and hormone profile in sedentary adults with Down syndrome (DS). A total of 40 male adults with DS were recruited for the trial through different community support groups for people with intellectual disabilities. All participants had medical approval for participation in physical activity. Twenty-four adults were randomly assigned to perform resistance training in a circuit with six stations, 3 days per week for 12 weeks. Training intensity was based on functioning in the eight-repetition maximum (8RM) test for each exercise. The control group included 16 age-, gender-, and BMI-matched adults with DS. Salivary IgA, testosterone, and cortisol levels were measured by ELISA. Work task performance was assessed using the repetitive weighted-box-stacking test. Resistance training significantly increased salivary IgA concentration (P=0.0120; d=0.94) and testosterone levels (P=0.0088; d=1.57) in the exercising group. Furthermore, it also improved work task performance. No changes were seen in the controls who had not exercised. In conclusion, a short-term resistance training protocol improved mucosal immunity response as well as salivary testosterone levels in sedentary adults with DS.

Objective To evaluate the effect of the treatment with fesoterodine fumarate in patients with overactive bladder, as an alternative in case of failure of the usual anticholinergic treatment, due to either lack of therapeutic efficacy or intolerance to side effects. Material and method A retrospective review of 158 patients with overactive bladder was carried out. The patients were divided into two groups: the first group consisting of 56 patients where the anticholinergic treatment was shown to be ineffective, and the second group; 102 patients who presented intolerance to anticholinergic side effects. Results For the first group where fesoterodine fumarate was used to improve effectiveness of the anticholinergics, improvement in the components of urinary urgency ( p = 0.001), insufficient emptying ( p = 0.001), incontinence ( p = 0.009), and in the number of pads/day ( p p p = 0.015) was seen, as well as a significant clinical improvement. Conclusion Fesoterodine fumarate is an optimal treatment option when the clinical response to anticholinergics has not been satisfactory, either by the lack of therapeutic action or by intolerance to side effects, and especially when the treatment is expected to be long.

Resumen Objetivos Valorar el efecto del empleo del fumarato de fesoterodina como rescate ante un tratamiento previo fallido con anticolinergicos en pacientes con vejiga hiperactiva, por falta de efectividad terapeutica o por intolerancia a los efectos secundarios. Material y metodos Revision retrospectiva de 158 pacientes afectos de vejiga hiperactiva que se distribuyeron en 2 grupos, uno donde el fumarato de fesoterodina se empleo como rescate ante una inefectividad del anticolinergico previo (n = 56) y otro donde se empleo ante una intolerancia manifiesta al mismo (n = 102). Resultados En el grupo en el que se empleo como rescate a una inefectividad, se aprecio una mejoria en los componentes de urgencia miccional (p = 0,001), vaciado insuficiente (p = 0,001) eincontinencia de esfuerzo (p = 0,009), y en el numero de compresas/dia (p = 0,015), ademas de una mejora clinica significativa. Conclusiones El fumarato de fesoterodina es una alternativa de tratamiento valida si los resultados con otros anticolinergicos previamente no han sido satisfactorios, bien sea por falta de efecto terapeutico esperado, bien por intolerancia a los efectos secundarios, sobre todo cuando el tratamiento se plantea prolongado.

Introduction: From the previously published literature on the relationship between obesity and infertility, it is clear that male obesity negatively impacts semen quality. Accordingly, this study was conducted to determine whether regular exercise may improve semen quality in sedentary obese adults. Material and methods: Ninety obese adults were randomly allocated to the intervention (n = 45) or control group (n = 45). Participants in the intervention group performed a 16-week aerobic training program in a treadmill, three sessions per week, consisting of a warm-up (10-15 minutes), 35-50 minutes treadmill exercise (increasing five minutes per four weeks) at a work intensity of 50-65% of peak heart rate (increasing a 5% per four weeks) and cooling-down (5-10 minutes). Semen quality assessment included semen volume, sperm concentration and the percentages of progressive motility and normal morphology. Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and estradiol were determined by ELISA. Body composition and physical fitness were also assessed. Results: After the completion of the training program, sperm count, motility and normal morphology were significantly increased. A second key finding was that exercise improved reproductive hormone levels by increasing serum testosterone. Lastly, significant correlations were found between seminal outcomes and abdominal obesity. Conclusion: A short-term intervention program based on aerobic training improved semen quality in sedentary obese adults. This finding may be explained, at least in part, by an improvement of the reproductive hormone profile.

Introducción: recientes estudios han confirmado que el entrenamiento de fuerza en circuito podría reducir la masa grasa visceral en mujeres mayores obesas. Para seguir avanzando en esta línea de trabajo, nos propusimos determinar su impacto en marcadores de disfunción endotelial.Material y método: participaron voluntariamente 48 mujeres (70-75 años) con obesidad procedentes de la comunidad. De ellas, 24 fueron asignadas aleatoriamente al grupo experimental para desarrollar un programa de entrenamiento de fuerza en circuito de 6 estaciones durante 12 semanas con 3 sesiones/semana. Los marcadores de disfunción endotelial ensayados fueron: endotelina-1, molécula de adhesión intercelular-1 (ICAM-1) y molécula de citoadhesión vascular-1 (VCAM-1). Asimismo se evaluó su influencia en un test funcional para población mayor como el de sentarse levantarse en 30 segundos. Este protocolo fue aprobado por un comité de ética institucional. Resultados: tras completar el programa de intervención se observó un descenso significativo de los niveles plasmáticos de entotelina-1 (2,28 ± 0,7 vs. 1,98 ± 1,1 pg/ml; p = 0,019; d = 0,67) e ICAM-1 (290 ± 69 vs. 255 ± 76 ng/ml; p = 0,004; d = 0,92). También mejoró significativamente la puntuación del test funcional (18,7 ± 3,1 vs. 23,0 ± 3,6 repeticiones; p = 0,019; d = 0,98). Por el contrario, no se observaron cambios en el grupo control.Conclusión: el entrenamiento de fuerza en circuito mejora la disfunción endotelial presente en mujeres mayores obesas. Futuros estudios siguen siendo necesarios para consolidar su aplicación en clínica.

The present article reports the effect on survival as well as morpho-histochemical changes in the gills of juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus L., induced by acute action of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). First, LC50 at 96 h was found to be 7.5 mg/L of SDS. Second, lots with 20 individuals were exposed to SDS concentrations of 3, 5, 7, and 10 mg/L in order to obtain the exposure time required for 50% mortality of the specimens (384, 190, 12, and 4 h) and surface tension values (60.2, 56, 54.9, and 53.3 mN/m), respectively. Finally, histopathological lesions (clubbing and fusion of the secondary lamellae, hyperplasia and posterior rupture of the respiratory epithelium, destruction and shortening of gill filaments, and the presence of hemorrhagic foci) and histochemical alterations in the distribution of carbohydrates and proteins in the gills of treated specimens were noted. These morpho-histochemical changes in the gills provoked functional disorders (i.e. asphyxia and the loss of osmotic and ionic regulation) that may ultimately play an important role in the mortality of turbots exposed to SDS.

Abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS) and oxidative stress may impair seminal quality leading to derangements in fertility. Aim: To identify an association between abdominal obesity and markers of seminal oxidative damage in adults with MS. Material and Methods: Seventy males aged 25 to 40 years, with MS according to ATP-III criteria volunteered for this cross-sectional study. The control group included 70 healthy and normal weight adults. Semen analysis included volume, sperm concentration, motility and normal morphologic features. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were measured, fat mass was determined by bioelectrical impedance. Results: Sperm concentration and the percentage of sperms with normal motility and morphology were significantly lower in adults with MS, when compared to their healthy normal weight counterparts. Seminal levels of malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine were significantly higher among participants with MS. Significant correlations were found between WC and seminal markers of oxidative stress. Conclusions: Individuals with MS had an impaired seminal quality that may be explained, at least in part, by increased seminal oxidative damage.

Purpose To determine the influence of arm-crank exercise in reproductive hormone levels in adults with chronic SCI. Further objectives were to assess the influence of arm-crank exercise on muscle strength and body composition. Materials and Methods Seventeen male adults with complete SCI at or below the 5th thoracic level (T5) volunteered for this study. Participants were randomly allocated to the intervention (n = 9) or control group (n = 8) using a concealed method. The participants in the intervention group performed a 12-week arm-crank exercise program, 3 sessions/week, consisting of warming-up (10-15 min) followed by a main part in arm-crank (20-30 min [increasing 2 min and 30 seconds each three weeks]) at a moderate work intensity of 50-65% of heart rate reserve (HRR) (starting at 50% and increasing 5% each three weeks) and by a cooling-down period (5-10 min). Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and estradiol were determined by ELISA. Muscle strength (handgrip) and body composition (waist circumference [WC]) were assessed. Results After the completion of the training program, testosterone level was significantly increased (p = 0.0166;d = 1.14). Furthermore, maximal handgrip and WC were significantly improved. Lastly, a significant inverse correlation was found between WC and testosterone (r =- 0.35; p = 0.0377). Conclusion The arm-crank exercise improved reproductive hormone profile by increasing testosterone levels in adults with chronic SCI. A secondary finding was that it also significantly improved muscle strength and body composition in this group.

In recent years, there has been a growing concern as to the importance of exercise in the holistic management of individuals with Down syndrome (DS). In fact, several studies have reported that regular exercise may improve the health of these individuals, since it may help reduce obesity, insulin resistance and oxidative damage, among other problems. Similarly, exercise may improve the quality of life of individuals with DS by promoting their functional independence as well as their social integration in the workplace, since most of their jobs are based on physical tasks. In addition, an increasing number of sport events are being organised all over the world for individuals with DS by national federations and international institutions, such as the Special Olympics and International Paralympics Committee. In this regard, improving the physical performance of high performance athletes with mental retardation also requires specialised attention from a multidisciplinary team. Fortunately, anthropometric assessment, including body composition and somatotype analysis, may help these professionals not only achieve all these goals, but also achieve them safely. It should also be noted that this assessment is inexpensive, easy to perform and non-invasive. However, anthropometric assessment is not widely used by professionals in their daily practice to date, which may be explained, at least in part, by the dearth of available information in the literature. Consequently, this chapter has been written to provide an update on this topic for healthcare providers and sport-related professionals who work with individuals with DS.

The present article reports the effect on survival as well as on the morpho-histochemical changes in the trunk kidney of juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus, L. induced by acute action of the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The LC50 of SDS at 96 hours was found to be 7.5 mg/l. Lots of 20 juvenile turbots were exposed to SDS concentrations of 3, 5, 7 and 10 mg/l: the exposure time required for 50% mortality of the specimens was 384,190,12 and 4 hours and surface tension values were 60.2, 56, 54.9, and 53.3 mN/m, respectively. It should be mentioned that there was a relatively high resistance to SDS of turbot compared to other teleost species, which may be related to its benthic habit. Histopathological lesions and histochemical changes that appeared in the trunk kidney of specimens exposed to the concentrations mentioned were examined. The abnormalities observed in this organ included vacuolation and desquamation of epithelial cells and degeneration of glomeruli and tubules. At the histochemical level, we appreciated some changes in the normal distribution of carbohydrates and proteins. Although the precise mechanism by which the renal tissue injury occurs is unknown, the function of this vital organ was seriously affected and this fact may ultimately play an important role in the mortality of turbots exposed to SDS.

In the present study we have assessed the effect on the survival and the morpho-histochemical changes in the liver and intestine of young giltheads (fish-nursery), Sparus aurata, L., induced by acute action of the anionic tensioactive, alkyl benzene sulphonate (ABS). Firstly, the LC50 of ABS at 96 hours was found to be 0.6 mg/L. Secondly, lots with 50 young giltheads (fish-nursery) were exposed to ABS concentrations of 0.5, 1, 3 and 5 mg/L, to obtain the surface tension value and exposure time required for 50% mortality of the specimens at each tested concentration. Exposure to ABS caused several forms of histopathological damage in the liver (the radial arrangement of hepatocytes was lost) and intestine (destruction of the structure of villi and increase in thickness of the other three layers). In addition, changes in bio-macromolecule components (proteins in general, siderophile proteins, neutral mucopolysaccharides, glycogen and acid mucopolysaccharides) were observed. The degree of these alterations was dependent upon the ABS concentration. These changes could have detrimental effects on the growth and survival of the species.