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The quail raising in Brazil has increased through the last years and the incubation procedures are important to maintenance and improvement of quail egg production. To obtain a sufficient number of eggs to fill an incubator, eggs are usually accumulated in storage over a period from 1 day up to 3 weeks before incubation. The objective of this research was to verify the effect of egg storage on hatchability and egg weight loss for two lineages of Japanese quails. Sixty four Japanese quails were divided in two groups: G1 (n=32) for meat production and G2 (n=32) for egg production. They were used for serial egg collections that were performed every day, during 15 consecutively days, totaling 600 eggs. After collection they were placed in refrigerated room (20°C and 60% of relative humidity) and submitted to different periods of storage, from 0 day until 14 days, according to their collection day. The incubation occurred at 37.6°C and 60% RH. The weight measurements were done during storage, incubation and hatching. The results showed that for Meat type and Egg type quails, the egg hatchability was around 84% until 10 days of storage, and then this rate decreased significantly. Both types of quail eggs presented similar weight loss during storage and incubation. The research showed that quail eggs present great hatchability until 10 days of storage and that eggs submitted to storage present a reduced weight loss during incubation.

This study aimed at evaluating the alternative method of zinc oxide and fasting to induce molt in Japanese quails. A total number of 190 48-week-old quails was used. They were at end of laying cycle, and presented low egg production. Quails molted by zinc oxide (Z) were fed a diet containing 25,000 ppm of zinc oxide, and received water ad libitum. Quails treated by fasting (F) received no feed and a day of water restriction. The treatment period was determined by the experimental level of body weight loss (BWL). Birds were submitted to different levels of BWL in order to analyze reproductive system regression (ovary + oviduct), and livability. The following groups were established according to their BWL: Control (untreated quails); F 25 (25% BWL by F); F 35 (35% BWL by F); Z 25 (25% BWL by Z), and Z 35 (35% BWL by Z). Z 25 , Z 35 , and F 35 presented no significant differences in reproductive system weights after molting; however, their weights were lower than F 25 . Z 25 , Z 35 , and F 35 presented the following livability: 97.5, 72.5, and 90%. Japanese quails treated by the alternative method of zinc oxide, presenting body weight loss of 25%, showed low mortality rate, and adequate regression of the reproductive organs.

The objective of this research was to isolate and to verify the sensitivity to antimicrobial agents of strains of Salmonella sp. isolated from poultry products in the state of Ceara, Brazil. A total number of 114 samples was collected from 63 broiler carcasses derived from two processing plants and two supermarkets, and 51 excreta samples were collected in broiler farms located in the state of Ceara, which used three live production stages. Each excreta sample consisted of a fresh excreta pool from 100 birds. Samples were submitted to microbiological analyses, and the isolated Salmonella strains were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity. No Salmonella was isolated from excreta samples, while broiler carcass samples showed a high contamination rate of11.8%. Three serotypes were identified: Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, 50%; Salmonella enterica serovar Panama 33%, and Salmonella enterica serovar Newport, 17%. As to the susceptibility tests to antimicrobial agents, 100% of the isolated Salmonella strains showed resistance to Ampicillin and Tetracycline, and sensitivity to Gentamycin, Netilmycin, Carbenicillin, Chloramphenicol.

Um artificio atualmente bastante difundido para a imunizacao de aves em apenas uma unica administracao, seria a utilizacaode vacinas associadas; mas, segundo alguns pesquisadores, frangos de corte vacinados com vacinas associadas contendovirus vivos atenuados da doenca de Newcastle (DNC) e da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (BIG), podem sofrer um fenomenodenominado interferencia viral, incapacitando o sistema imunologico de estimular a producao de anticorpos (AC) protetores,produzindo uma competicao por epitopos, ou dirigindo a resposta imune em outros sentidos. Estes animais foram divididosem nove tratamentos e imunizados com vacinas contendo as cepas HB1 (HB1 e Clone 30) do virus da DNC e da cepaMassachusetts (H120 e Ma5) para o virus da BIG, em diversas combinacoes, administradas pela via ocular. Um tratamento (T11)deixado sem imunizacao foi utilizado como controle. Os tratamentos T2, T4 e T10 sofreram imunizacao apenas contra a DNCem separado ou associada no momento da vacinacao ou em laboratorio a BIG, sendo que nos tratamentos T5, T6, T7, T8 e T9foi incluida a vacinacao contra a infeccao da bursa de Fabricius (IBF). Os resultados mostram haver uma reducao na producaode AC contra a DNC quando esta foi associada a BIG (tratamento 4), ambas diluidas no mesmo frasco no momento davacinacao. Porem observou-se menor interferencia, a partir da utilizacao de uma vacina ja associada em laboratorio (tratamento10). Quanto a presenca do virus da IBF presente nos grupos G5 a G8, este parece favorecer o sistema imune atraves de umestimulo precoce deste, reduzindo a diferenca na quantidade de AC quando estas sao posteriormente associadas.

The phenomenon of viral interference between live vaccines against Newcastle Disease and infectious bronchitis has been reported since the 50's and many researchers have reported its prejudicial effects on avian immunization. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of associated vaccines on the interference between Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in broilers. There were 400 broiler chicks divided into five groups. The groups were submitted to mono or polyvalent vaccinations against IBV and NDV, except for the non-vaccinated control group (CG). Sera were collected at 35 and 45 days of age and submitted to serologic tests to assess antibody levels. It was observed the occurrence of interference in the immune response against NDV by the use of associated vaccines to NDV and IBV; however, the group that was immunized with commercial combined vaccines (IBV+NDV) presented antibody titers to NDV similar to the group that was given only vaccine against NDV. We concluded based on these preliminary studies that the interference of IBV on the immune response against NDV depends also whether the association between the two vaccines is done just before vaccination or in the manufacturing laboratory.

Foram avaliadas três vias de aplicação vacinal contra o vírus da doença de Newcastle em aves de criatório de fundo de quintal (AFQ) jovens e adultas. Um total de 135 AFQ foram distribuídas em tratamentos distintos de acordo com a via vacinal: via ocular (VO), água de bebida (VAB) e alimentar (VA). Cada tratamento foi representado por 40 aves (20 jovens e 20 adultas) e utilizou-se um grupo-controle de 15 aves não vacinadas. O programa de vacinação estabelecido constou de uma primovacinação e dois reforços vacinais, utilizando-se a cepa La Sota. Para aves jovens, os títulos obtidos pelas VO e VAB não diferiram aos 15, 45 e 140 dias, mas houve diferenças nos títulos das aves vacinadas pela VA. Nas aves adultas, a vacinação pela VO apresentou resultados mais elevados que as vacinações pelas VAB e VA na primeira resposta, aos 15 dias. Aos 45 dias, os títulos obtidos pela VAB foram mais baixos que os obtidos pela VO, e, aos 140 dias, não houve diferença entre as três vias avaliadas. Concluiu-se que as vacinações pelas VO e VAB constituem alternativas eficazes para vacinação de AFQ jovens e adultas. Three ways of vaccination against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) were evaluated in young and adults domestic backyard poultry (DBP). A total of 135 DBP was submitted to three different administration routes of ND vaccine: eye-drop, drinking water, and feed. Each treatment consisted of 40 birds (20 young and 20 adult) and a control group of 15 unvaccinated birds. The treatment consisted of a first vaccination and two boosters, using La Sota strain. For young birds, the eye-drop and drinking water vaccinations presented no differences at 15, 45, and 140 days, differing from the titers obtained by birds treated by feed vaccination method. In the adult birds, the eye-drop administration presented higher titers than by drinking water and feed approaches in the first response to the vaccination at 15 days. At 45 days, the results obtained by the drinking water had lower titers than those from the eye-drop. The three vaccination methods presented no difference at 140 days. In conclusion, the vaccination by eye-drop and drinking water methods constituted an efficient alternative of vaccination for adult and young DBP against Newcastle virus.

This work has the objective of verifying the interference of infectious bursal disease virus in the antibody production against Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus. The experiment was carried out with 640 day-old-chicks from a 42 weeks old hen flock. The birds were separated into eight experimental groups (n=80/group) and were submitted to different combinations of vaccinations, with live vaccines, to Newcastle disease, avian infectious bronchitis, and infectious bursal disease with diverse combinations of days of vaccination. We verified that the utilization of polyvalent vaccinal programs have a different efficacy comparing to monovalent vaccinations when Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and infectious bursal disease vaccinations are applied. This way, the use of vaccinations to infectious bursal disease in polyvalent vaccinal programs is desirable due to improvement of NDV response with the presence of IBV by the probable reduction of interference of IBV under NDV.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da estocagem em baixa temperatura (7,5±1 oC) sobre os parâmetros de incubacao e proporcao dos componentes de ovos de codornas japonesas para corte. Foram realizadas coletas de ovos de codornas japonesas ( Coturnix japonica ) durante 22 dias consecutivos, obtendo-se um total de 440 ovos. Estes foram identificados individualmente e pesados. Os ovos foram submetidos a diferentes periodos de estocagem, variando de zero ate vinte dias. Os ovos foram estocados em um refrigerador domestico (7,5±1 oC e 50% umidade relativa) apos a coleta diaria. Apos a estocagem, os ovos foram incubados a 37,5oC com 60%UR e viragem automatica a cada meia hora. Os pintinhos nascidos foram pesados individualmente. Os resultados demonstraram que a eclodibilidade foi satisfatoria em todos os grupos, sendo a eclodibilidade mais baixa nos ovos estocados por 20 dias (60%). A perda de peso dos ovos aumentou de acordo com o aumento dos dias de estocagem com valor maximo de 3,4% nos ovos do 20o dia. Nao foi encontrada relacao entre o tempo de estocagem e a perda de peso na incubacao.

Devido à escassez de estudos sobre muda forçada em aves alternativas de produção, este experimento teve o objetivo de realizar a muda forçada em galinhas D'Angola avaliando as perdas de peso corpóreo (PPC) que promovessem os melhores índices produtivos pós-muda. Com este propósito foram utilizadas 110 galinhas D'angola alojadas individualmente em gaiolas de poedeiras comerciais e, posteriormente, submetidas à muda forçada com 20000 ppm de óxido de zinco na ração. Estas passaram 21 dias recebendo ração e água ad libitum. Para análise da PPC relacionada à produtividade pós-muda foram utilizados 60 aves organizadas nos seguintes grupos: 24% (n=18); 26% (n=18); 28% (n=12) e acima de 30% (n=12). As outras 50 aves foram sacrificadas para o estudo do aparelho reprodutor, onde se verificou o tamanho e peso do oviduto e peso do ovário com PPC de 0% e sua regressão à medida que atingiam os níveis de PPC: 24%; 26%; 28% e acima de 30%. A média de retorno produtivo foi 60%, sendo o grupo com PPC de 24% com o melhor índice (100%), no entanto, este apresentou índice de produção insatisfatório juntamente com o grupo de PPC acima de 30%. A muda forçada em Galinhas D'Angola foi viável com índices de PPC em torno de 26% a 28% e inviáveis com níveis abaixo de 24% e acima de 30%. Em relação à regressão do aparelho reprodutor, os melhores resultados produtivos foram em torno de 65,15%, 90,49% e 94,27% para tamanho e peso do oviduto e peso do ovário, respectivamente.

The experiment was carried out to determine the antibody levels to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in 1120 broilers of two broiler flocks, both from the same parental flock and free from previous vaccination. Forty chicks of each line were alloted to the control group and the sera were tested by indirect ELISA. The vaccination program consisted on the administration of commercial vaccines against IBV at 10 and 25 days of age. Chicks with low levels of maternal antibodies (Mab) did not show significant titers to the first vaccinal stimulus. They presented a vaccinal response to the second vaccinal stimulus reaching the top around GMT 1100 at 45 days. Chicks with high Mab titers did not show significant titers to the primary and secondary vaccinal stimuli, reaching peak levels of GMT 500 at 45 days. No antibody response was detected after the primary vaccination at day 10. A delayed antibody response was detected after the secondary vaccination on day 25, indicating no previous priming. The maternal antibody titers can interfere on the response to the first and second vaccinal stimulus promoting the neutralization of the first vaccination and a different response to the second one, according to high or low maternal antibodies.