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Background: Kidney autotransplantation is a useful technique to be reserved for cases in which kidney function is compromised by a complex anatomical configuration, such as long ureteral strictures and renal vascular anomalies not suitable for in situ reconstruction. Robot-assisted kidney autotransplantation (RAKAT) presents a novel, minimally invasive, and highly accurate approach. Objective: The aim of this study is to present the largest cohort of patients who underwent either extracorporeal (eRAKAT) or intracorporeal (iRAKAT) RAKAT, to confirm safety and feasibility and to compare the two approaches. Design, setting, and participants: We retrospectively analyzed prospectively followed patients undergoing eRAKAT and totally intracorporeal RAKAT in a total of three institutions. Surgical procedure: Extracorporeal RAKAT and iRAKAT. Measurements: Surgical and functional outcomes of patients subjected to eRAKAT and iRAKAT were measured. Results and limitations: Between January 2017 and February 2021, 29 patients underwent RAKAT: 15 eRAKAT and 14 iRAKAT. No statistical difference in the preoperative data was recorded. The analysis of intraoperative variables showed a statistically significant difference between eRAKAT and iRAKAT in cold ischemia time (median [interquartile range {IQR}]: 151 [125-199] vs 27.5 [20-55]; p < 0.001) and total ischemia time (median [IQR]: 196.2 [182-241] vs 81.5 [73-88]; p < 0.001). However, faster renal function recovery in favor of eRAKAT was observed during the first 90 d, with comparable renal function at 1 yr. The 90-d Clavien-Dindo >2 complications were 13.8%. It is important to stress that RAKAT, and above all iRAKAT, should be performed by surgeons with experience in robotic renal, vascular, and transplant surgery. Conclusions: Both eRAKAT and iRAKAT represent promising minimally invasive techniques in selected cases with acceptable ischemia time and comparable longterm operative outcomes. Patient summary: In selected patients, both extra-and intracorporeal robot-assisted kidney autotransplantation represent valid alternatives in case of long ureteral strictures and renal vascular anomalies not suitable for in situ reconstruction. (c) 2021 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) represents the gold standard treatment for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC); however, attempts have been made to treat upper urinary tract CIS (UT-CIS) conservatively. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of patients with primary UT-CIS treated in our center by means of RNU vs. bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) instillations.This retrospective study included patients with diagnosis of primary UT-CIS between 1990 and 2018. All patients had histological confirmation of UT-CIS in the absence of other concomitant UTUC. Histological confirmation was obtained by ureteroscopy with multiple biopsies. Patients were treated with BCG instillations, RNU or distal ureterectomy. Clinicopathological features and outcomes were compared between RNU and BCG groups.A total of 28 patients and 29 renal units (RUs) were included. Sixteen (57.1%) patients (17 RUs) received BCG. BCG was administered via nephrostomy tube in 4 patients, with a single-J ureteral stent in 5, and using a Double-J stent in 7. Complete response and persistence or recurrence were detected in ten (58.8%) and seven (41.2%) RUs treated with BCG, respectively. Eight (27.6%) RUs underwent RNU, and 4 (13.8%) Rus distal ureterectomy. No differences were found in recurrence-free survival (p=0.841) and cancer-specific survival (p=0.77) between the RNU and BCG groups.Although RNU remains the gold standard treatment for UT-CIS, our results confirm that BCG instillations are also effective. Histological confirmation of UT-CIS is mandatory before any treatment.

Purpose Nodal recurrent prostate cancer (PCa) after primary radical treatment represents a heterogeneous entity with many treatment options. In some cases, surgical removal of metastatic nodes seems to improve cancer control and delay systemic treatments. The objectives of this study were to analyze the available literature on salvage lymphadenectomy for the treatment of nodal recurrent PCa and to elucidate the real oncological benefit deriving from this procedure. Methods A PubMed search was performed using the following terms: prostate cancer, metastatic, oligometastatic, salvage lymphadenectomy, salvage lymph node dissection, salvage lymph node excision, and cytoreductive surgery. We included in the study all papers on salvage lymphadenectomy in nodal recurrent PCa, with no temporal limits. In addition, several papers addressing cytoreductive surgery and the biology of oligometastatic disease, published in different medical and basic research journals, were included. Results Salvage lymphadenectomy is still characterized by a lack of standardization in patient selection and surgical template. Its primary objectives are to prolong progression-free survival and to delay the need for systemic therapy. The improvements in preoperative imaging techniques in conjunction with the wide use of minimally invasive surgery have generated growing interest in this procedure. Conclusion Salvage lymphadenectomy is a promising treatment approach; however, its real oncological benefit is still far from proven. Prospective randomized trials need to be designed to improve understanding of this issue.

Background: Kidney transplantation (KT) is the best renal replacement treatment. The rewarming time is associated with ischemia/reperfusion damage. In both the open (open KT [OKT]) and the robotic (robotic-assisted KT [RAKT]) approaches, ice slush is used to maintain graft temperature (T degrees) below 20 degrees C. This may result in nonhomogeneous graft T degrees maintenance and, particularly during RAKT where the graft is completely inside the abdominal cavity, rises concerns regarding systemic hypothermia. Objective: To design a cold ischemia device (CID) to maintain a constant and homogeneous low graft T degrees during surgery. Design, setting, and participants: In IDEAL phase 0, a CID was developed and tested to determine its cooling effect on the kidney inside a closed system at 37.5 degrees C, by comparing it with kidney alone versus a gauze-jacket filled with ice slush. The CID was evaluated in pigs undergoing OKT and RAKT, assessing feasibility and adverse reactions. In IDEAL phase 1, the CID was tested in human OKT and RAKT. Surgical procedure: OKT and RAKT. Measurements: In all phases, T degrees was evaluated at scheduled time points. Results and limitations: In the preliminary tests of IDEAL phase 0, the CID was able to maintain a low graft T degrees and superiority to other groups (p = 0.002). In the in vivo animal model, the CID maintained a low and constant graft T degrees in OKT (n = 3) and RAKT (n = 3), with a mean T degrees at 50 min of 10.8 degrees C and 14.9 degrees C, respectively. IDEAL phase 1 demonstrated feasibility of both approaches (OKT, n = 2 and RAKT, n = 3) using the CID, and graft T degrees never exceeded 20 degrees C (mean T degrees: OKT 15.7 degrees C vs RAKT 18.3 degrees C). No complications were recorded. The main limitation consists in the low number of participants. Conclusions: The CID assured a constant low graft T degrees during rewarming time, in both OKT and RAKT. Patient summary: A cold ischemia device (CID) is the first step toward a feasible, safe, and reproducible method to maintain a low graft temperature during surgery. The employment of a CID may optimize the functional outcomes. (c) 2021 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Resumen La resonancia magnetica multiparametrica (RMmp) prostatica ha tenido recientemente un extenso desarrollo, convirtiendose en una herramienta clave en el diagnostico y la toma de decisiones terapeuticas en relacion al carcinoma prostatico (CaP). El rapido desarrollo tecnologico, asi como de lectura (PIRADS V2), exigen una permanente actualizacion del conocimiento en esta area. El objetivo de este articulo es presentar una revision actualizada sobre los aspectos tecnicos, los modelos de lectura y las indicaciones de la RMmp prostatica en relacion al CaP, en el marco de una vision multidisciplinaria. Actualmente esta establecida la utilidad de la RMmp ante un antigeno especifico de prostata elevado y una biopsia prostatica previa negativa; para estadificacion tumoral; en la evaluacion de candidatos a vigilancia activa; en la planificacion de tratamientos focales y para la evaluacion de la recurrencia tumoral. Otras indicaciones, como su uso en pacientes con sospecha de CaP pero sin biopsia previa, aunque se realizan en algunos centros, aun requieren una exhaustiva valoracion coste-beneficio para extender su empleo.

Prostatic multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI) has recently had a wide development becoming a key tool in the diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in prostate cancer (Pca). The fast development both in technology and in reading (PIRADS V2) requires a continuous updating of knowledge within this area. The aim of this article is to present an updated revision of technical aspects, reading patterns and prostatic MP-MRI in Pca, with a multidisciplinary approach. Currently guidelines establish the use of the MP-MRI when there is a high PSA and a negative prostatic biopsy; tumor staging; evaluation in candidates to active surveillance; focal treatments plans and tumoral recurrence evaluation. Although it is used in other indications in some centers, like its use in patients suspicious of Pca but with no previous biopsy, there is still the need of a cost/benefit assessment for its use to be wider.