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[EN] Usually, goat dairy farms have a major problem with the kids they produce for sale, due to their low average daily gain, high feed conversion ratio and poor body conformation, which leads to poor profitability. This paper proposes a solution by crossing the dams not used for replacement with males of a meat breed in a mixed rearing system. The results show that crossbred kids (Murciano-GranadinaxBoer) reached the minimum slaughter weight a week earlier than Murciano-Granadina purebred kids, and that there is a decrease of energy content in milk and in the consumption by the kids as their age increases, which shows the importance of having a concentrated feed that complements their needs to express all the genetic potential for growth observed in the references, especially in the crossing of these two breeds. In addition to this, farms that follow this strategy will also be able to improve their profitability through a higher quantity of milk sold. In dairy goats, the low average daily gain and the high conversion ratio for milk and concentrate of the kids mean that their sale price does not offset the costs generated. The hypothesis proposes that a crossbreeding of the Murciano-Granadina breed (MG) with the Boer breed (MGxBoer) will improve the profitability of the kids sold. Thus, the effect of two different groups of kids (purebred MG and crossbred MGxBoer) on birth weight (BW), mortality, average daily gain (ADG), the time for minimum slaughter weight (7 kg) and its variation factors were studied. MGxBoer kids had a 27% greater BW than purebred MG kids (2885 +/- 84 g and 2275 +/- 74 g, respectively), similar ADG (156 +/- 6 g and 142 +/- 6 g, respectively) and mortality (18% and 20%, respectively), and reached minimum slaughter weight a week sooner. ADG was less and less as the lactation period progressed due to a lower milk consumption and milk energy value, which highlights the importance of providing a concentrate that will compensate for this reduced energy content. In conclusion, the results show that MGxBoer crossbred kids reached the minimum slaughter weight a week earlier than purebred MG kids, and highlighted the improvement of farm profitability through the increase of milk sold and the need to provide a concentrate feed to enhance the growth of the kids., This research was funded by the project RTA2013-00107 (INIA) with ERDF funds.

[EN] Reducing methane emissions in ruminants with the recycling of agro-industrial by-products is of great importance today. Pruning waste from citrus trees is currently burned or incorporated into soil. Regarding rice straw, this waste is traditionally eliminated through controlled burning, releasing into the atmosphere large amounts of greenhouse gases as well. The aim of this study was to convert this recovered waste into a new animal feed capable of reducing methane emissions in ruminants. The interest in use waste by-products for ruminant nutrition is increasing. Therefore, we replace the beet pulp and cereal straw from dry-non-pregnant goats' diet with orange leaves and rice straw with the objective of studying their effect upon intake, digestibility, energy efficiency, carbon and nitrogen balance, and methane emissions. Considering the huge quantities of crops by-products and pruning waste such as rice straw and citrus leaves produced annually worldwide, and their potential pollution capacity, recycling as feed for livestock is an alternative. The objective was to study these by-products effect on energy balance and methane emissions in 10 Murciano-Granadina goats at maintenance. The control diet (CTR) included barley straw and beet pulp while the experimental diet (ORG) consisted of rice straw and orange leaves. Differences were found for energy intake (248 kJ/kg of BW0.75 greater for CTR than ORG). The intake of metabolizable energy was 199 kJ/kg of BW0.75 lower in ORG than CTR, and the energy efficiency was higher with CTR (0.61) than ORG (0.48). Protein retained in the body was 9 g/goat greater with CTR than ORG, and fat retention in the body was approximately 108 g/goat greater with CTR than ORG. Despite more unfavorable energy balance in response to feeding ORG than CTR, the retention of body energy was always positive. Reductions in CH4 emissions were detected when goats were fed ORG diet (from 22.3 to 20.0 g/d). Overall results suggested that feeding orange leaves and rice straw was effective in reducing CH4 emissions without adversely affecting energy balance., This study was supported by LIFE Project, Spain (ref. LIFE2016/CCM/ES/000088 LOW CARBON FEED).

Objective To correlate the vitreous concentration of transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF β-1) with the degree of clinical severity of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Design A prospective, observational, cross-sectional study carried out on cases and controls. Participants The study included 40 patients with a diagnosis of PVR secondary to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Methods Vitreous was obtained in patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy by rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, who were treated during the period from August 2015 to June 2016, in a national reference centre for ophthalmological care in Mexico City, Mexico. The levels of TGFβ-1 were quantified by ELISA technique. An ANOVA test was performed for the comparison of the different groups, together with a post hoc Dunns test. A statistically significant difference was considered when obtaining p Results The levels of TGFβ-1 were quantified, and the following means were found for each group: In the group with PVR grade A, 1150.6 ± 452.08 pg/ml, PVR grade B: 1129.6 ± 365.54 pg/ml, and PVR grade C: 1146.4 ± 330.21 pg/ml. The statistical analysis did not find significant differences when comparing the different PVR groups (p = 0.53). However, when performing the differential analysis for each level of severity, a statistically significant increase in the expression of TGFβ-1 was observed in the group of patients with PVR-A at a greater number of days of evolution of the detachment (p = 0.03). There were no statistically significant differences for PVR-B and PVR-C (p = 0.16 and p = 0.16, respectively). Conclusion Although the levels of TGFβ-1 are not directly related to the clinical severity grade, suggesting that there must be other factors involved in the advanced stages of PVR, TGFβ-1 may have greater relevance during the initial stages of the clinical course by promoting the epithelial–mesenchymal transition due to its greater expression in PVR-A. Thus, it can be concluded that each isoform plays a very particular role in the complex process of PVR.

[EN] The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of substituting alfalfa with orange leaves on energy, nitrogen and carbon balance, methane emission, and milk performance in dairy goats. Ten Murciano-Granadina dairy goats in mid lactation (43.5 +/- 3.59 kg of body weight [BW]) were selected in a crossover design experiment, where each goat received two treatments in 2 periods. One group of five goats was fed a mixed ration with 450 g of pelleted alfalfa and 550 g of pelleted concentrate/kg of dry matter (ALF diet), and the other diet replaced alfalfa with orange leaves (ORG diet). Inclusion of ORG than ALF diet reduced (P = 0.041) dry matter intake. The metabolizable energy intake was identical between treatments (901 kJ/kg of BW0.75, on average) and, the efficiency of metabolizable energy for milk production was 0.73. Retention of energy was lower (P = 0.001) in ORG diet than ALF diet. Carbon and nitrogen intake (P = 0.022 and P = 0.004, respectively) was greater for diet ALF than ORG, with no differences in milk carbon and nitrogen. The ORG diet reduced (P = 0.037) milk fat 3 g/kg, and CH4 (P = 0.001) 6 g/d. One of the milk fatty acids positively correlated with CH4 production was C16:0; it was greater (P < 0.05) in ALF than ORG diet. When CH4 was expressed over OM digestibility and milk basis, differences were preserved. Results suggest that orange leaves are effective in reducing CH4 emission without detrimental effect on nutrients balance and milk yield., This study was supported by HELIOTEC S.L., La Vall d'Uixo, Castellon de la Plana, Valencia, Spain, though LIFE Ecocitric Project and, LIFE2016/CCM/ES/000088 LOW CARBON FEED.

[EN] The objective of this experiment was to find out the effect of lemon leaves on energy and C-N balances, methane emission, and milk performance in dairy goats. Lemon leaves were used to replace alfalfa as forage in a diet for Murciano-Granadina goats. Ten Murciano-Granadina dairy goats (44.1 +/- 4.47 kg of BW) in late lactation (185 +/- 7.2 d) were selected in a crossover design experiment, where each goat received 2 treatments in 2 periods. One group was fed a mixed ration with 450 g of pelleted alfalfa per kilogram of DM (ALF diet) and, the other group replaced alfalfa with 450 g of pelleted lemon leaves per kilogram DM (LEM diet). The concentrate was pelleted, being the same for the two groups (forage to concentrate ratio was 45/55). The goats were allocated to individual metabolism cages. After 14 d of adaptation, feed intake, total fecal and urine output, and milk yield were recorded daily over a 5-d period. Then, gas exchange measurements were recorded individually by an open-circuit indirect calorimetry system using a head box. Higher dietary lipids in LEM diet reduced DMI (200 g/d) and energy intake (251 kJ/kg of BW0.75), although no differences between treatments were observed for ME intake (998 kJ/kg of BW0.75, on average) and oxidation of nutrients (64% and 25% for carbohydrates and fat oxidation, respectively, on heat production from oxidation basis). Greater (P < 0.05) milk fat values for C18:2n6t and CLA 9c11t + 9t11c were found in LEM compared with ALF diet. Goats fed LEM diet produced significantly fewer CH4 emissions than ALF diet (18%). Likewise, the use of lemon leaves as forage reduced the amount of CH4 in 2.7 g/kg of milk. Results suggest that lemon leaves are effective in reducing CH4 emission without detrimental effect on milk yield., This study was supported by HELIOTEC S.A., Vall de Uxo, Castellon de la Plana, Valencia, Spain, through LIFE Ecocitric Project, and LIFE LOW CARBON FEED PROJECT reference LIFE16/CCM/000088.

[EN] The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of substituting alfalfa (Medicago sativa) with maralfalfa (Pennisetum sp.) on energy, nitrogen and carbon balance, methane emission, and milk performance in dairy goats. Ten Murciano-Granadina dairy goats in late lactation (45.7 ± 2.96 kg of body weight[BW]) were selected in a 2-treatment and crossover design experiment where each goat received both treatments in 2 periods. One group of five goats was fed a mixed ration with alfalfa as forage (A diet) and the other diet replaced alfalfa with maralfalfa (M diet) in a forage concentrate ratio of 40/60. Diets were isoenergetic and isoproteic. The goats were allocated to individual metabolism cages. After 17 d of adaptation, feed intake, total faecal and urine output and milk yield were recorded daily over a 5 d period. Then, gas exchange measurements were recorded individually by a mobile open-circuit indirect calorimetry system using a head box. Daily dry matter intake was higher on A than on M diets (1.8 vs. 1.6, for A and M respectively), but no differences was observed in metabolizable energy intake (1089 kJ/kg of BW0.75, on average). Greater values in M than A were found in rumen propionic acid (17.5 vs. 15.6 mol/100 mol, respectively) and milk C15:0 (0.81 vs. 0.62 g/100 g), C17:0 (0.33 vs. 0.24 g/100 g) fatty acids, indicating predominance of amylolytic fermentation. Milk uric acid, a potential biomarker of rumen nitrogen flow and feed efficiency, was higher in A than M (133 vs. 102 mol/L). Higher milk yield (1.8 vs. 1.7 kg/d) and CH4 emissions (28.5 vs. 25.9 g/d) in A compared to M diet were observed, respectively. Use of tropical grasses such as maralfalfa in temperate climates could be a strategy for farmers to incorporate forage into feed for flocks, as milk chemical composition did not change markedly and maralfalfa inclusion reduced CH4 emissions by goats (although this reduction did not occur in CH4 emission compared to dry matter intake and milk yield). © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The antagonistic effect of various antidepressants and of alprazolam on muscarinic and histamine H1 receptors has been studied in the guinea-pig ileum, and those on histamine H2