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Practice change is essential if environmental agencies are to incorporate diverse values in decision making, but little is currently known about what constrains or enables such change. Over a 19-month period, we observed how environmental professionals responded to an agency request that they consider a wider range of values in strategic bushfire management planning than had been considered in past practice. Through participant observation, interviews and document analysis, we examined how practices did and did not change and what contributed to these outcomes. Practices for assessing well understood values (e.g. towns and houses, ecological resilience) were refined, while practices for handling less familiar values (e.g. animal welfare, economic values and Indigenous cultural heritage) were either maintained, adapted or transformed, with outcomes varying across values and regions. The findings partly confirm expected biases toward values that can be spatially located and quantified, and point to other conditions supporting change to incorporate new types of values: alignment between policy and planning guidance, alignment between a value and priorities of professionals and agencies involved in planning, collaboration that supported input from cross-agency actors, and scope for experimentation. We discuss the practical implications of these findings for agencies seeking to incorporate values in environmental planning.

Researchers in conservation fields have recently highlighted the potential for visual storytelling to convey environmental messages to large audiences. However, an effective model for how such narratives can produce environmental outcomes, such as human–nature connection and pro‐environmental behaviour (PEB), has not yet been developed. Substantial evidence now suggests that narrative is an effective means of changing beliefs, attitudes and behaviours. This effect is demonstrated in diverse disciplines and understood within the theoretical frameworks of narrative persuasion. We propose a conceptual framework for understanding the impacts of environmental films on environmental behaviours, and connection with nature. Linking insights from the narrative persuasion field with those of conservation psychology, we identify three promising pathways through which environmental films might influence their audiences: (a) reduced resistance to environmental messages, (b) interactions with audience identity and (c) meaningful media experiences. This analysis raises key questions and illuminates priority areas for future research, with an aim to complement and extend existing calls to better appreciate the role of film in addressing environmental problems. Research moving forward should focus on understanding the role environmental films can play in connecting people with nature, promoting PEB and the relationship between the two. Specifically, more attention should be paid to the role of deictic shift in encouraging environmental outcomes, the relation between audiences and characters and the power for film to support self‐expansion. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Environmental decision-making is recognised as requiring integration of biophysical and social knowledge, but integration of knowledges based in different epistemic assumptions is challenging. We used an action research approach to observe integration in the development of a landscape decision support system (DSS) for forest and fire management in Victoria, Australia. We found two different knowledge integration processes, conceptually-driven to shape the structure of the DSS and technically-driven through modelling. Project framing dominated by biophysical sciences and technically-driven integration presented a barrier to many potential social science contributions that could connect a DSS with the surrounding social and decision contexts. Nonetheless, some conceptually-driven integration occurred when social researchers contributed their analysis of values of the public to the DSS design. The need for this integration emerged through initial conflict over disciplinary understandings of ‘value’. While initially uncomfortable, this opened the way to differentiate knowledge related to the term and to negotiate some conceptual synthesis and an agreed multidisciplinary list of values to structure the DSS. Technically-driven integration occurred through incorporation of social and biophysical metrics in model software. Our research highlights that bridging concepts such as values and related frameworks act as boundary objects that help in overcoming barriers to integration between social and biophysical knowledge. Integration is itself a potential boundary object and early discussions to differentiate and clarify how the term is understood can help in designing interdisciplinary processes. Critically, projects need adequate time for interdisciplinary differentiation, tolerance amongst the team for uncomfortable conversations, and leadership that fosters interdisciplinary interactions to achieve a high degree of knowledge integration.

There are calls to consider the views of the diverse public in bushfire policy, planning, and management, yet those who do not typically participate in social research and/or government community engagement activities are generally under-represented. A mixed method research design was used, including a survey, intercept and in-depth interviews to study a diversity of views. Concepts of social values, knowledge and practices were drawn on first to examine participants’ relationship to bushfire and second to discuss bushfire engagement. We identified and analyzed three relationships to bushfire: Irrelevant to me; Terror at my door; A rural concern. Participants’ values were more focused on people, pets, and special things than in earlier research and they generally perceived bushfire as solely a domain for experts. There is an opportunity to find ways to resonate with their values and relationships to bushfire, and to shape bushfire research and practice.

We screened nonequine animals with unexplained neurologic signs or death in South Africa during 2010-2018 for Shuni virus (SHUV). SHUV was detected in 3.3% of wildlife, 1.1% of domestic, and 2.0% of avian species. Seropositivity was also demonstrated in wildlife. These results suggest a range of possible SHUV hosts in Africa.

Alphaviruses from Africa, such as Middelburg virus (MIDV), and Sindbis virus (SINV), were detected in horses with neurologic disease in South Africa, but their host ranges remain unknown. We investigated the contribution of alphaviruses to neurologic infections and death in wildlife and domestic animals in this country. During 2010-2018, a total of 608 clinical samples from wildlife and nonequine domestic animals that had febrile, neurologic signs or unexplained deaths were tested for alphaviruses. We identified 32 (5.5%) of 608 alphavirus infections (9 SINV and 23 MIDV), mostly in neurotissue of wildlife, domestic animals, and birds. Phylogenetic analysis of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene confirmed either SINV or MIDV. This study implicates MIDV and SINV as potential causes of neurologic disease in wildlife and nonequine domestic species in Africa and suggests a wide host range and pathogenic potential.

Experience in applying research suggests that new knowledge requires development and change before it can be applied in everyday settings, but there has been little examination of how this occurs. Through two case studies of new knowledge about social values being developed for a bushfire agency in Victoria, Australia, we follow how pre-existing social research findings about “valued attributes” are shaped and changed as they were applied in two different organisational activities of planning guidance and community engagement. We form a conceptual framework of reduction and amplification, stretching, re-articulation, and crystallisation to observe how the social research findings were drawn on, modified, and incorporated into the future directions of the organisation. In finding that the social research was stretched and crystallised differently in the two case studies, we consider how organisational context and relationships influence how social research findings are shaped and changed. We consider implications for theory and practice in fostering integration between academic research and real-world application.

The testicular excurrent duct system undergoes several physiological and morphological changes during the reproductive stage or breeding season in mammals, birds, and reptiles. Studies on normal age-related histomorphological changes in the excurrent duct system of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) remain unreported, despite the extensive use of this bird as an avian model in research studies. The current study investigated the histological, ultrastructural, and histometric changes in the testicular excurrent duct system of the Japanese quail during three reproductive stages, namely prepubertal, pubertal, and adult. Simple squamous to low cuboidal cells formed the epithelia of the rete testis in prepubertal and pubertal birds, while in adult birds the lining was low cuboidal to cuboidal. In pubertal and adult birds, the nonciliated Type I epithelial cells of the proximal efferent duct displayed a subapical endocytotic apparatus comprising coated pits, coated apical tubules, and endosomes. There was a significant increase (p ≤ .001) in epithelial heights of all ducts of the excurrent duct system in the mature, sexually active, adult birds when compared to the other age groups. The luminal and tubular diameters, and the cross-sectional areas of efferent ducts and the epididymal duct unit increased significantly (p ≤ .001) with age. It is concluded that the morphology and morphometry of the excurrent ducts of the testis of the Japanese quail change as birds mature.

West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 is associated with neurologic disease in horses and humans in South Africa. Surveillance in wildlife and nonequine domestic species during 2010–2018 identified WNV in 11 (1.8%) of 608 animals with severe neurologic and fatal infections, highlighting susceptible hosts and risk for WNV epizootics in Africa.

A growing body of evidence indicates that opioids regulate mechanisms activated during the stress response. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of methadone dependency on blood glucose, lipids and glucose-modulating hormones in male and female Wistar rats.This study was performed on 40 Wistar rats weighing 150–350 g, in four methadone exposure and control groups of both males and females. All rats were weighed at the beginning and end of the study and their fasting blood glucose was measured using a glucometer. In order to induce addiction, methadone was injected intraperitoneal for 10 consecutive days at 5 mg/kg dose. The control group received the same volume of only normal saline. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed and their blood serum collected to measure cortisol, glucagon, adrenaline and lipid profile levels.There was a significant decrease in the mean final blood glucose of methadone-treated versus control male rats (p = 0.02). There was no significant glucose difference, however, in female rats. Furthermore, a decrease in the mean serum levels of triglyceride, cortisol, and adrenaline occurred in male rats of methadone-dependent compared with control animals, but there was no significant difference in these values in female rats. Our results showed that methadone significantly reduced serum glucose as well as triglyceride levels only in male rats, this being associated with a reduction in the level of counter-regulating hormones of carbohydrate metabolism. Changes in lipid profiles, however, occurred independently of gender.

Incorporating values of the public in decisions is a way to approach accountability, transparency and inclusiveness in disaster management, but may not be an easy fit with existing systems. In this study, we analysed a bushfire risk planning system in Victoria, Australia, to identify where and how values, and value conflicts, are managed in decision-making. Using a modified institutional approach, we found a diverse set of seven strategies by which values are managed in different parts and levels of the planning system. At the policy level, cycling through time and multiple objective setting established priorities and frameworks for staff at lower levels. At the strategic planning level, a bias to measurable values and institutional norms for relying on science limited consideration of some social values. In a previously undescribed strategy for managing values, ‘risk prioritisation’, technical risk analysis was used to prioritise places for protection, overshadowing difficult questions of value. Finally, in moving to decisions, both team deliberation and weighting strategies were used to balance values. Staff recognised a need for new tools and processes for managing some social values. An obvious opportunity for incorporating values of the public in this system is to include them in the sets of multiple objectives that guide planning. Staff also saw opportunities to expand community engagement and develop qualitative ways to justify decisions, but these faced some challenges within longstanding institutional norms for basing decisions on ecological and bushfire sciences.

Automated meteorological measurements from northern Snowdonia, particularly Snowdon Summit (1085m), are described and presented here for the first time. In particular, a long time series of radiative measurements has been acquired. Up‐ and down‐welling shortwave global solar irradiance and longwave irradiance, including surface reflectivity (albedo) from Snowdon Summit and the nearby site Marchlyn Mawr (660m) since 2004 are described and discussed.

Equine encephalosis virus (EEV) is a neglected virus endemic to South Africa and is considered to generally result in mild disease in equines. Specimens were analyzed from live horses that presented with undefined neurological, febrile, or respiratory signs, or sudden and unexpected death. Between 2010 and 2017, 111 of 1523 (7.3%) horse samples tested positive for EEV using a nested real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Clinical signs were reported in 106 (7.2%) EEV positive and 1360 negative horses and included pyrexia (77/106, 72.6%), icterus (20/106, 18.9%) and dyspnea (12/106, 11.3%). Neurological signs were inversely associated with EEV infection (OR &lt, 1, p &lt, 0.05) relative to EEV negative cases despite a high percentage of animals presenting with neurological abnormalities (51/106, 48.1%). Seventeen of the EEV positive horses also had coinfections with either West Nile (5/106, 4.7%), Middelburg (4/106, 3.8%) or African Horse sickness virus (8/106, 7.6%). To investigate a possible genetic link between EEV strains causing the observed clinical signs in horses, the full genomes of six isolates were compared to the reference strains. Based on the outer capsid protein (VP2), serotype 1 and 4 were identified as the predominant serotypes with widespread reassortment between the seven different serotypes.

We designed and trialled a virtual reality application, Melbourne 2100, that simulates a flooded CBD in a future Melbourne impacted by climate change. We hypothesised that experiencing dystopian futures in VR can make abstract and distal climate change more concrete for people, provoking public engagement and discussion. This paper presents the first stage of a project to design and trial our system with members of the public. We describe our design process, the application we built, and the results of a user study. Observations and interviews yielded feedback that will inform the ongoing development both the application and our methods for gauging its impact. The study indicates that VR is a viable medium for engaging the public with the critical issue of climate change.

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is widely used as a plasticizer in personal care and medical products and is known to induce toxicity in the male reproductive organs in both mammals and birds. In this study, there was investigation of the effects of DBP on the epithelium of the rete testis, proximal, and distal efferent ductules and epididymal duct of adult Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) following treatment with varying doses during the pre-pubertal and peri-pubertal periods. Pre-pubertal quail (n = 25) 4 weeks post-hatching were dosed orally with 10, 50, 200 and 400 mg DBP/kg/d, for 30 days and control birds were administered corn-oil only (n = 5 per group). Histo-metrically, there was lesser (P 0.001) epithelial heights of the rete testis and efferent ductules in all quail DBP-treated groups, but not in the epididymal duct epithelium. There were no morphological change effects as a result of DBP treatments in the rete testis epithelium, while there were epithelial cytoplasmic vacuoles detected in the distal efferent ductule and epididymal duct of birds treated with 50, 200 and 400 mg DPB/kg/d. There were several lesions, including degenerative changes, cytoplasmic vacuoles, apoptosis and autophagy in the epithelium of the proximal efferent ductule in quail treated with 200 and 400 mg DBP/kg/d. Overall, the results indicate that treatment with DBP during the pre-pubertal period induced dose-dependent histometric and morphological changes in the epithelium of the epididymal region. It is concluded that the proximal efferent ductule was a highly sensitive component of the epididymal tissues of Japanese quail following treatment with DBP during the pre-pubertal period.

Social values underpin complex social-ecological challenges, such as sustainability. However, there are many ways of conceptualising values and valuing, and this divergence limits conversations across research disciplines, hindering the practical incorporation of values into sustainability decision making. We identify two key tensions in the disparate and fragmented ways of understanding the nature of values: context dependence and level of abstractness. We consider how these tensions apply across a breadth of concepts relevant to understanding the importance of socio-ecological systems to people, including valued attributes and assets, cultural values, and connection to place. We propose a conceptual framework structured by these tensions to orient multiple value concepts in relation to each other. We present the conceptual framework as being ontologically plural, and epistemologically flexible, providing a framework for mapping value concepts across different levels of abstractness and context dependency. The framework offers a means to span the breadth of value concepts and acts as a starting point for fostering cross-disciplinary conversations. We discuss the implications of the framework for researchers engaging with multiple theoretical traditions, as well as for practitioners grappling with how to make sense of what is important to the communities.

Accumulating evidence indicates that time spent in natural environments promotes creativity, but few researchers have considered how this occurs. We evaluate two candidate mechanisms, attention restoration and mind wandering. We compare the accounts in terms of attentional focus, brain network activation, cognitive effects, and the temporal progression of these processes across the stages of creativity. Based on this analysis, we propose that (1) gentle shifts between externally oriented soft fascination and internally oriented mind wandering can occur during nature experience; (2) this provides the basis for mutually reinforcing pathways that enhance attention control following nature experience; and (3) mind wandering might support additional benefits for creativity, including flexibility and new associations of ideas. We propose research to test the proposed pathways, including the conditions under which environments influence creativity, the ebb and flow of attention orientation during environmental experience, and the links between attentional focus, brain network activation and creativity.

Managers of public forests are required to balance multiple values of forests. Developing policies to represent these can be impeded by uncertainty regarding how to understand and describe values relevant to forests. This paper addresses one source of ambiguity by examining forest values at two levels of abstraction: Core values of people (principles that guide in life), and valued attributes of forests (qualities of forests important to people). We used in-depth interviews with 36 members of the public in Victoria, Australia to describe the values relevant to forests at both levels.We then examined relationships between values based on a survey of members of the Victorian public (n = 915). Our study revealed valued attributes encompassing natural, production, cultural and experiential categories.We demonstrated a broader range of core values relevant to forest management than previously recognized: Security (safety and stability of society) and hedonism (pleasure and sensory gratification) were expressed in addition to biospheric, altruistic and egoistic values. Associations between core values and valued attributes revealed biospheric values underpin variation in the importance given to production and natural attributes of forests. The core value of security also underpinned multiple valued attributes. By revealing a comprehensive yet succinct range of values associated with forests, this research supports development of forest policy congruent with expectations of society.

Research indicates that heightened individual engagement in nature can improve psychological benefits of nature experiences, yet the current literature lacks robust consideration for how this occurs. Constrained nature experiences – such as busy, noisy urban environments – may undermine individual capacities to engage with nature, prompting the question of how engagement functions across different nature experiences. To address this gap, we draw on mindfulness as a framework to examine the pathways in which engagement in nature supports psychological restoration and connection with nature. We appraise existing literature and identify three key mechanisms underpinning mindful engagement in nature: perceptual sensitivity, decentering, and non-reactivity. This new framework provides a basis to examine mindful engagement in constrained nature experiences, where we find that the self-regulatory mechanisms of mindful engagement have a more direct role in supporting outcomes.

During 2008–2015 in South Africa, we conducted West Nile virus surveillance in 1,407 animals with neurologic disease and identified mostly lineage 2 cases in horses (7.4%, 79/1,069), livestock (1.5%, 2/132), and wildlife (0.5%, 1/206); 35% were fatal. Geographic correlation of horse cases with seropositive veterinarians suggests disease in horses can predict risk in humans.

Summary An 11-year-old Thoroughbred mare was diagnosed with sialolithiasis of the right parotid salivary duct. A firm nonpainful subcutaneous mass was palpable in the right maxillary region adjacent to premolar 4 (tooth 108). Radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations identified a discrete mineralised ovoid mass that was hyperechoic and produced an acoustic shadow. Surgical excision of the mass was performed under standing sedation using a transcutaneous approach and the excised sialolith submitted for histopathological and mineral composition analyses. Histological examination found no evidence of a nidus at the sialolith's core. Mineral analysis of the sialolith revealed its composition to be 40% calcium phosphate (apatite) and 60% calcium carbonate. The mare recovered with no post-operative complications and was clinically unremarkable 2 years later.

Criteria and indicators (C & I) have proven an essential tool for managers implementing sustainable forest management, but have been less effective for communication with the wider community. We demonstrate a new bottom-up approach to developing socially relevant C & I using social analysis and psychology-based concepts and methods. Our conceptual framework links the concepts of valued attributes and environmental cues with, respectively, criteria and indicators. We illustrate our approach using thirty-six semi-structured interviews of individual members of the general public and of stakeholder groups in Victoria, southern Australia. The interviews included a modified cognitive mapping task to identify attributes of forests valued by the interviewees, as well as cues used by them to know if a valued attribute was present or had changed. Seven broad valued attributes of forests were identified: Natural; Experiential; Productive; Setting; Social/Economic; Learning; and Cultural. Four broad categories of cues were identified: Biophysical; Social/Psychological; Economic; and Management/Planning. Cues were translated into a set of measurable ‘socially relevant’ indicators of forest management. Comparison with existing frameworks revealed some similarities, but that an important component of public evaluations, Experiential and Setting valued attributes, was largely absent from C & I used in Victoria, which are based on the Montreal Process framework. Some socially relevant indicators aligned with existing indicators, but others were poorly represented, particularly sensory indicators that are concerned with subjective experiences of forests. Our approach demonstrates a new way of developing C & I and has a strong conceptual basis that enables more explicit consideration and communication of a comprehensive range of social values and cues in environmental management systems.

Summary The intestinal trematode Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus (G. aegyptiacus) has been recognised in equids around the world for many years, but its pathogenicity is yet to be confirmed. This report describes seven cases of severe G. aegyptiacus infestation, including six cases of caecal intussusception.

Values of the public are a key and dynamic component of bushfire governance SES. Learning to work with these values is a significant challenge for government and environmental managers and an important aspect of policy transition in many contexts. During such transitions, collaborative research can play a key role in social learning, but this may be particularly challenging for agencies with dominant expertise in technical and ecological domains. We examined how collaborative research supported social learning to incorporate values of the public in bushfire governance in the State of Victoria, Australia. Following disruption of a major bushfire, new policy directions were established, including greater attention to expectations and participation of communities in bushfire management. Among other actions, the state environmental agency supported this policy transition by establishing a 3-year research collaboration to better understand and incorporate values of the public in their decision making. As both participants and observers of this research, we analyzed publications, unpublished internal reports, and notes from meetings and workshops to identify how the collaborative research facilitated and constrained learning. Analysis revealed how collaborative research presents interruptions in the form of questioning of plans and routines (including of researchers), joint concept development, collection and sharing of new information, tensions within the research collaboration, idea generation building on research insights, and action research to develop new tools or frameworks. These forms of disruption operated in different ways, involving different groups of actors, levels of collaboration, and opportunities for feedback, and these in turn had implications for the forms of learning that occurred. Collaborative research also identified constraints to learning that, in some instances, set the stage for further learning, for example through capacity building and further research.

Australian cities have been slow to implement green roofs. This is because there are many potential barriers to their widely acceptance as a nature based solution that can make cities more liveable and help them adapt to, and mitigate, climate change. Due to significant differences in rainfall, temperature, available substrates and suitable vegetation relying on northern hemisphere research and experience is problematic as many of the environmental and economic benefits of green roofs are location specific. This paper aims to 1. Synthesise a decade of Australian green roof research that has sought to overcome these barriers, 2. Assess the current status of the Australian green roof industry and remaining knowledge gaps, and 3. Provide a roadmap for future progress developed in multidisciplinary industry workshops. Many of these insights will be applicable to areas with similar seasonally hot and dry climates or emerging green roof markets. We identified that significant progress has been made in addressing the barriers to green roofs in Australia. Research has focused on developing green roofs for local conditions and quantifying their benefits. Substrate research has investigated the suitability of locally available materials with a focus on how water retention additives and organic waste materials can increase plant available water and therefore survival. By taking a plant physiology approach Australian researchers have gained a strong functional understanding of suitable green roof plants and the benefits they provide, considerably expanding the available palette beyond the succulents commonly used internationally. Research has quantified green roofs’ stormwater retention and building insulation and energy benefits and provided evidence that they benefit well-being and performance, important for employee productivity.

The Orthobunyavirus genus, family Peribunyaviridae, contains several important emerging and re-emerging arboviruses of veterinary and medical importance. These viruses may cause mild febrile illness, to severe encephalitis, fetal deformity, abortion, hemorrhagic fever and death in humans and/or animals. Shuni virus (SHUV) is a zoonotic arbovirus thought to be transmitted by hematophagous arthropods. It was previously reported in a child in Nigeria in 1966 and horses in Southern Africa in the 1970s and again in 2009, and in humans with neurological signs in 2017. Here we investigated the epidemiology and phylogenetic relationship of SHUV strains detected in horses presenting with febrile and neurological signs in South Africa. In total, 24/1820 (1.3%) horses submitted to the zoonotic arbovirus surveillance program tested positive by real-time reverse transcription (RTPCR) between 2009 and 2019. Cases were detected in all provinces with most occurring in Gauteng (9/24, 37.5%). Neurological signs occurred in 21/24 (87.5%) with a fatality rate of 45.8%. Partial sequencing of the nucleocapsid gene clustered the identified strains with SHUV strains previously identified in South Africa (SA). Full genome sequencing of a neurological case detected in 2016 showed 97.8% similarity to the SHUV SA strain (SAE18/09) and 97.5% with the Nigerian strain and 97.1% to the 2014 Israeli strain. Our findings suggest that SHUV is circulating annually in SA and despite it being relatively rare, it causes severe neurological disease and death in horses.

Rural land use change is frequently characterised by conflicting beliefs about the likely social, economic or environmental consequences of a new or unfamiliar land use. How a land use is perceived, interpreted, and understood, is an important determinant of public response and attitudes towards that land use. Understanding factors influencing the formation of beliefs and attitudes towards a land use can help land planners anticipate and manage land use conflict and promote culturally sustainable landscapes. Previous qualitative study has demonstrated an association between conflicting beliefs about large scale plantation forestry, a contentious land use occurring in many parts of the world, and diverse meanings attributed to the rural landscape. This association is tested in a large scale postal survey (n = 930) of residents in north-west Tasmania. Consistent with the previous qualitative study, results indicate an association between conflicting beliefs about the likely outcomes of plantation forestry and contrasting representations of the rural landscape. Plantation forestry was more likely to be associated with negative beliefs about outcomes, and evaluated negatively, by people representing the rural landscape as a place for nature conservation and amenity than those representing the landscape in terms of production. These findings support the proposition that beliefs about a land use are shaped within the social context of shared place meanings in a way that promotes existing representations of the rural landscape.

This special issue aims to explore a variety of strands of research enquiry into social licence to operate and forestry. Emerging from a successful technical session at the 2014 IUFRO World Congress, we present eight conference and invited papers. These papers are aligned into three themes - theoretical approaches, pragmatic use and governance. The theoretical approaches include a systematic review, social licence and social acceptance, and social licence as a social contract. The pragmatic theme includes an analysis of social licence in the media and two analyses of the social licence and corporate social responsibility nexus. The governance theme encompasses two papers, one exploring public opposition to government policy through a social licence framework and the other social licence from an indigenous perspective.

Plant conservation initiatives lag behind and receive considerably less funding than animal conservation projects. We explored a potential reason for this bias: a tendency among humans to neither notice nor value plants in the environment. Experimental research and surveys have demonstrated higher preference for, superior recall of, and better visual detection of animals compared with plants. This bias has been attributed to perceptual factors such as lack of motion by plants and the tendency of plants to visually blend together but also to cultural factors such as a greater focus on animals in formal biological education. In contrast, ethnographic research reveals that many social groups have strong bonds with plants, including nonhierarchical kinship relationships. We argue that plant blindness is common, but not inevitable. If immersed in a plant-affiliated culture, the individual will experience language and practices that enhance capacity to detect, recall, and value plants, something less likely to occur in zoocentric societies. Therefore, conservation programs can contribute to reducing this bias. We considered strategies that might reduce this bias and encourage plant conservation behavior. Psychological research demonstrates that people are more likely to support conservation of species that have human-like characteristics and that support for conservation can be increased by encouraging people to practice empathy and anthropomorphism of nonhuman species. We argue that support for plant conservation may be garnered through strategies that promote identification and empathy with plants.

Natural grasslands are threatened globally. In south-eastern Australia, remnants of critically endangered natural grasslands are increasingly being isolated in urban areas. Urbanisation has led to reduced fire frequency and woody plant encroachment in some patches. Grasslands are currently being managed under the assumption that desirable management actions to address these threats (prescribed burning and removing woody vegetation) (1) lead to improved conservation outcomes and (2) are restricted by negative public attitudes. In this study, we tested these two assumptions in the context of native grassland conservation reserves in Melbourne, Australia. Firstly, we investigated differences in species and functional trait composition between patches that had been recently burnt, patches that were unburnt and patches subject to woody vegetation encroachment. We found that the functional traits of species converged in areas subject to woody plant encroachment and areas frequently disturbed by fire. Burning promoted native species, and patches of woody plants supressed the dominant grass, providing a wider range of habitat conditions. Secondly, we surveyed 477 residents living adjacent to these grassland conservation reserves to measure values, beliefs and attitudes and the acceptance of prescribed burning and removing woody vegetation. We found conflict in people&rsquo, s attitudes to grasslands, with both strongly positive and strongly negative attitudes expressed. The majority of residents found prescribed burning an acceptable management practice (contrary to expectations) and removing trees and shrubs from grasslands to be unacceptable. Both cognitive factors (values and beliefs) and landscape features were important in influencing these opinions. This research provides some guidance for managing urban grassland reserves as a social&ndash, ecological system, showing that ecological management, community education and engagement and landscape design features can be integrated to influence social and ecological outcomes.

Cutaneous neoplasia occurs commonly in dogs and owners in consultation with their veterinarian must decide when to perform surgery to obtain a histopathological diagnosis. The objective of this study was to identify breed predispositions for canine cutaneous neoplasms and determine factors associated with malignancy. This retrospective case-series evaluated histopathology reports from two veterinary pathology laboratories in South Africa during a six-month study period. Breed predispositions were analysed using log-linear models and risk factors for malignancy were evaluated using binary logistic regression. Data were available for 2553 cutaneous neoplasms from 2271 dogs. The most frequent neoplasms were mast cell tumours (21.1per cent), histiocytoma (9.4per cent), haemangiosarcoma (8.3per cent), melanocytoma (5.8per cent) and lipoma (5.1per cent). Boxers (relative proportion (RP)=38.9; 95% CI 2.3 to 646), pugs (7.6; 1.4 to 41.0), Staffordshire bull terriers (7.0; 1.9 to 26.3), boerboels (3.8; 1.3 to 10.7), Labrador retrievers (2.7; 1.0 to 7.0) and mixed breed dogs (2.2; 1.1 to 4.4) had a higher frequency of mast cell tumours. Jack Russell terriers (OR=2.5; 95% CI 1.8 to 3.5), Rottweilers (2.3; 1.3 to 3.9), pit bull terriers (2.2; 1.1 to 4.3) and Staffordshire bull terriers (1.6; 1.0 to 2.6) were more likely to have malignant neoplasms. Dog signalment might facilitate prognosis determination for cutaneous canine neoplasia before receiving a histopathological diagnosis.

A non-ossified unilateral subcutaneous fibroma was diagnosed in the distal femoral region of a 5-year-old Nooitgedacht mare. Histopathological examination of the excised mass revealed long interweaving bundles of semi-mature monotonous collagenous connective tissue with fusiform nuclei without mitotic figures. The mare made an uneventful recovery following surgical removal of the neoplasm. Subcutaneous fibromas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of skin swellings associated with the limbs of horses.

Both domestic and wild carnivore species are commonly diagnosed with rabies virus (RABV) infection in South Africa. Although the majority of confirmed rabies cases in wild carnivore species are reported from the yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata), the rest are from other wild carnivores including the highly endangered wild dog (Lycaon pictus). Lyssavirus infection was confirmed in two wild dogs and a spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) in the Madikwe Game Reserve, North West province in South Africa, in 2014 and 2015, using a direct fluorescent antibody test and immunohistochemistry. There had been no new wild dog introductions to the Madikwe Game Reserve for many years and the wild dogs were last vaccinated against rabies approximately 11 years prior to the incident. The first euthanised wild dog was the last surviving of a break-away pack of 6, and the second was the last of a larger pack of 18, the rest of which died with no carcasses being found or carcasses too decomposed for sampling. Subsequent antigenic typing of the lyssaviruses indicated that they were canid RABVs. The RABVs originating from 22 wild carnivore species, 7 dogs, and a caprine, mostly from the North West province, were genetically characterised by targeting a partial region of the nucleoprotein gene. The nucleotide sequence analyses of these viruses and two previously characterised RABVs confirmed that the outbreak viruses were also canid rabies, phylogenetically clustering with virus isolates originating from black-backed jackals recovered between 2012 and 2015 from the North West province, and domestic dogs from neighbouring communal areas. The source(s) of the mortalities and possible reservoir host(s) for the virus could only be speculated upon from data on specific predator numbers, movements and behaviour, kills, park management and the changing environmental ecology, which were monitored closely in Madikwe over several years. The most likely rabies sources were from boundary fence contacts between wild carnivores within the park, with domestic dogs or cats and/or naturally occurring wild carnivores outside the park. The associated risk of zoonotic infection and threat to important and endangered predators may be mitigated through regional rabies control primarily in domestic dogs and cats, as well as by preventative vaccination of at-risk park employees and their pets. The importance of ongoing prophylactic rabies protection by regular vaccination of highly endangered wildlife carnivores and the submission of carcasses for rabies diagnosis of any wild or domestic animals behaving uncharacteristically or found dead is emphasised.

For forest managers, 'social licence to operate' involves implicit acceptance and approval of practices by local communities and stakeholders. Based in social relations of trust rather than formal agreements, social licence overlaps with a psychological concept, 'social acceptability', which has been used in examining similar issues with a focus on understanding public perspectives on forest management. This paper draws on social acceptability research conducted in forested landscapes in Australia over the past two decades to explore how social acceptability can inform understanding of social licence. This body of work reveals the diversity of views among publics and local residents, the multiple factors underpinning social acceptability judgements (scenic beauty, trust, beliefs about impacts, normative beliefs, and - most centrally - social values), how social acceptance changes across time, and the complex task of influencing social acceptance. The findings confirm that social licence should be considered as multiple 'licences', as acceptance varies among a given group of people, and that establishing social licence depends not only on trust, but on changes in practice to mitigate both short-term and long-term negative consequences of forestry on valued outcomes. The main new insight for social licence from acceptability studies is that variations in social acceptance have a basis in social values. This evidence challenges a common focus on community engagement and impact assessment as strategies for achieving social licence; rather it suggests that forest managers must also consider how their fundamental management objectives align with the mix of values in society. While academic research into social licence is more nuanced, there is a risk that the metaphor of a social 'licence' that implies something tangible, enduring and singular may not provide the desired encouragement to managers to develop the deep understanding of public and community perspectives on their activities that is needed to achieve lasting social relationships.

Old World alphaviruses were identified in 52 of 623 horses with febrile or neurologic disease in South Africa. Five of 8 Sindbis virus infections were mild; 2 of 3 fatal cases involved co-infections. Of 44 Middelburg virus infections, 28 caused neurologic disease; 12 were fatal. Middelburg virus likely has zoonotic potential.

Based on attention restoration theory we proposed that micro-breaks spent viewing a city scene with a flowering meadow green roof would boost sustained attention. Sustained attention is crucial in daily life and underlies successful cognitive functioning. We compared the effects of 40-s views of two different city scenes on 150 university students' sustained attention. Participants completed the task at baseline, were randomly assigned to view a flowering meadow green roof or a bare concrete roof, and completed the task again at post-treatment. Participants who briefly viewed the green roof made significantly lower omission errors, and showed more consistent responding to the task compared to participants who viewed the concrete roof. We argue that this reflects boosts to sub-cortical arousal and cortical attention control. Our results extend attention restoration theory by providing direct experimental evidence for the benefits of micro-breaks and for city green roofs.

The multifaceted dynamics of values underpin many social-ecological challenges, but there are limited approaches for grappling with them. Participatory scenario planning can be a useful tool to explore and evaluate different approaches in natural disaster management. We developed value-based scenario planning as a general framework and process and applied it to the context of bushfire management in Victoria, Australia. From our application, three scenarios resulted: developing self-reliant people and communities; a safe society: separating people and fuel; and living with nature and bushfire. We found that values could guide the development of relatable scenarios and that value-based scenarios supported the understanding of complex relationships between abstract and concrete values and natural disaster management and planning. We found that scenarios led people to think outside of their area of comfort and fostered reflection, discussion, and consideration for how to bridge value differences. Future applications of value-based scenarios could support communication between decision-making agencies and the public in the face of uncertainty, complexity, and value conflict.

Plantations are expanding in many parts of the world, often accompanied by public debate. If policy makers and plantation managers seek to better align land use policy with social values and to reduce social conflict, they require a clear understanding of public expectations of land use, and the kinds of plantations that are socially acceptable. This paper presents results of a large postal survey (n = 2167) conducted in two regions of southern Australia. Residents of Tasmania and southwest Western Australia reported their acceptance of a range of plantations characterised with regard to factors such as type of product, location and size of plantation and ownership. Participants also indicated their beliefs about the impacts of commercial eucalypt plantations. The results showed that participants generally prioritised public good outcomes over individual gains from rural land use, and tended to view plantations as providing more benefits for owners than positive outcomes for the environment or the broader community. Plantations were more acceptable when grown for timber rather than pulp, when planted in areas with good water availability and poorer soils, when planted on part of a property rather than a whole property, and when owned by an individual landholder rather than a plantation company. Results are interpreted to highlight the implications for plantation policy and management in the Australian context, and to illustrate how social research can inform these practices.

The pathology in mice infected with neurovirulent South African lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) strains has not previously been described. Three- to 4-month-old male BALBc mice were infected with South African neurovirulent lineage 2 (SPU93/01) or lineage 1 (NY385/99) WNV strains and the gross and microscopic central nervous system (CNS) and extra-CNS pathology of both investigated and compared. Mice infected with both lineages showed similar illness, paralysis, and death from days 7 to 11 postinfection (PI). Two survivors of each lineage were euthanized on day 21 PI. WNV infection was confirmed by nested real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of tissues, mostly brain, in the majority of mice euthanized sick or that died and in 1 healthy lineage 2 survivor. Gross lesions caused by both lineages were identical and included marked gastric and proximal small intestinal fluid distension as described in a previous mouse study, but intestinal microscopic lesions differed. CNS lesions were subtle. Immunohistochemical (IHC)–positive labeling for WNV E protein was found in neurons multifocally in the brain of 3 lineage 1–infected and 3 lineage 2–infected mice from days 9 to 11 PI, 4 of these including brainstem neurons, and of cecal myenteric ganglion neurons in 1 lineage 2–infected day 8 PI mouse. Findings supported hypotheses in hamsters that gastrointestinal lesions are likely of brainstem origin. Ultrastructurally, virus-associated cytoplasmic vesicular or crystalline structures, or amorphous structures, were found to label IHC positive in control-positive avian cardiomyocytes and mouse thalamic neurons, respectively, and WNV-like 50-nm particles, which were scarce, did not label.

Living, or green roofs, are increasingly built in cities for their environmental benefits, however there is little evidence about how to maximise their aesthetic appeal. Because preferences for landscapes can be determined by vegetation characteristics we surveyed the preferences of 274 Australian office workers using 40 living roof images which systematically manipulated plant life-form, foliage colour, flowering, diversity and height. These preferences were compared to those for a bare concrete roof. The potential restorativeness of the most preferred living roof and the concrete roof were also assessed. Results showed that all living roofs were preferred over the concrete roof; however preferences differed according to vegetation characteristics. The most preferred and restorative living roof had taller, green, grassy and flowering vegetation, while lower-growing red succulent vegetation was least preferred. Participants preferred a productive landscape, with green foliage and flowering consistently preferred. Participants with a stronger connection to nature consistently assigned higher preferences to taller, compared to lower-growing, vegetation. Increasing diversity was associated with higher preferences overall, but decreasing preferences for highly preferred vegetation. This research makes an important contribution to understanding employee preferences in the unique context of urban living roof landscapes.

While a relatively small body of research links green roofs to psychological benefits such as aesthetic enjoyment and improved concentration, these outcomes are becoming important objectives in green roof design. Claims regarding benefits of green roofs are therefore often derived from research on psychological benefits of ground-level urban greenspaces. Compared with other urban landscapes, green roofs have limited space and accessibility, reducing the opportunity for physical exercise and the opportunity for larger masses of vegetation, particularly trees. Given these differences, there is a risk that the psychological benefits of green roofs are overstated or may only apply to a subset of green roof designs. Guidance for designing green roofs for psychological benefits may also be misleading if it fails to consider the unique green roof context. To address these challenges, we review research on psychological benefits of green roofs through a social-ecological lens on human-environment interactions. We consider how experiences of green roofs arise from an interaction between characteristics of the physical environment (including characteristics of green roof vegetation, wind patterns, and surrounding buildings), social climate (including social factors influencing access and use, and social norms for nature in cities), activities that can be undertaken on a green roof (such as exercise, socialisation, rest and relaxation), and individual resources and adaptation (for example, prior mood and opportunities to change environments to support individual needs). We explore how these factors interact with each other and with broader natural, built and socio-cultural systems that might encourage or inhibit opportunities to view, access, and enjoy green roofs. We conclude with recommendations regarding how green roofs can be designed to promote psychological benefits and identify future research needs.

There is increasing evidence that green space, including the urban forest, is linked to significant human health benefits both mentally and physically. This has led to some urban forestry programmes designed with the specific goal of improving human health. In this paper, empirical research to identify how urban forestry might best contribute to such benefits is reviewed. Four questions are considered: (1) What health outcomes should agencies aim to improve? (2) What kinds of urban forestry should be prioritised for human health? (3) What kinds of activities and social programmes should agencies support? (4) What kinds of partnerships are required to harness the health benefits of urban forestry? To ground this review in practice, the findings are related to two UK urban forestry programmes: (1) Cydcoed in Wales and (2) Woods In and Around Towns in Scotland. Strategies should ensure provision of urban forest, including street trees, very close to residences to promote the restorative benefits of urban for...

A characteristic of land use disputes is the different ways a contentious land use is interpreted and represented by opposing groups. While there is evidence that land use conflict is partly explained by differences in place meanings, there is little understanding of how competing place meaning might explain different beliefs about a land use. In this study social representation theory and place theory provide a framework to examine the association between meanings attributed to the rural landscape and different beliefs about large scale plantation forestry. A mixed-method approach involving a visual-based Q-sorting task, word association task and qualitative analysis of interview questions was used to investigate shared place meanings attributed to the rural landscape and social representations of plantation forestry. Analysis of thirty-one semi-structured interviews conducted with rural and regional residents of north-west Tasmania, Australia, identified an association between shared place meanings and the way plantation forestry was represented: plantation forestry was more likely to be represented as posing an unacceptable risk by those attributing a range of lifestyle and amenity related meanings to the rural landscape, while participants attributing meanings more focused on production were likely to represent plantation forestry as both risk and benefit. These results support the contention that shared place meanings provide the context in which a controversial land use is socially interpreted in a way that conforms to the meanings of the group.

Perceptions of the acceptability of alternative "variable retention" timber harvests, that keep trees standing in harvested areas, were compared between regions beset by major forestry conflicts. Data from similar studies of similar harvest systems were compared between Oregon and Tasmania. These comparisons were related to attitudes and to differences in ecosystems, silvicultural prescriptions, forestry outcomes, aesthetics, and social-political context. Findings showed that perceptions measured in one region cannot be assumed valid in another. Substantial regional differences arose not from general sociological differences but from differences in local forestry outcomes. These largely arose from different regeneration requirements of commercial tree species and consequent differences in the design of otherwise analogous harvests. Comparisons of perceptions by people with similar attitudes yielded substantial regional differences. Those prioritizing ecological conservation were mainly influenced by habitat outcomes, and consequently preferred harvests with aggregated tree retention patterns in Tasmania but not in Oregon. People sympathetic to timber industry interests in both regions showed little association between forestry outcomes and acceptability and favoured more intensive harvests. Tasmanian harvest advocates perceived harvests that keep more standing trees as less acceptable than those in Oregon. This may be due to sampling differences or to greater risk perceptions towards new harvest designs in Tasmania. Tasmanians generally disliked clearfelling more than Oregonians, likely due to different political narratives framing these perceptions or to higher aesthetic impacts in Tasmania due to burning. Dispersed retention was perceived as more acceptable in Oregon than in Tasmania, likely because Oregon had much higher post-harvest tree densities. Regional differences in wildfire-risk and logger-safety were not strongly associated with different acceptability perceptions because these were confounded by other more influential concerns. More and better cross-regional studies of environmental perceptions are needed and would benefit from more standardized or coordinated methods.