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Copyright © 2020 The Authors. We are proposing optimal training conditions that can lead to an increase in the number of serial sarcomeres (SSN) and muscle fascicle length (FL) in spastic muscles. Therapeutic interventions for increasing FL in clinical populations with neurological origin, in whom relative shortness of muscle fascicles contributed to the presentation of symptoms such as spasticity, contracture, and limited functional abilities, do not generally meet these conditions, and therefore, result in less than satisfactory outcomes. Based on a review of literature, we argue that protocols of exercise interventions that led to sarcomerogenesis, and increases in SSN and FL in healthy animal and human models satisfied three criteria: 1) all involved eccentric exercise at appropriately high velocity; 2) resulted in positive strain of muscle fascicles; and 3) momentary deactivation in the stretched muscle. Accordingly, to increase FL in spastic muscles, new exercise protocols in which the three presumed criteria are satisfied, must be developed, and long-term muscle architectural and functional adaptations to such trainings must be examined. The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Charity

A set of guidelines is described for generating an initial organization of knowledge for distributed diagnosis of a process plant. The diagnostic knowledge is organized hierarchically by primary processing systems (commonly feed, reaction, and separation in chemical plants), subsystems, components, behaviors and malfunction modes. The resulting classification hierarchy decomposes the diagnostic problem solving into coordinated, distributed modules, where different modules may use different methods to address specific local subproblems. Classification hierarchies, organized in this way, provide effective modularity for organizing large-scale, knowledge-based diagnostic systems, which are difficult to construct without pertinent organizing principles. Such hierarchies provide a framework for systematic knowledge acquisition and maintenance. Application of the guidelines emphasizes readily available sources of knowledge, considers common design and operating objectives of process plants, draws upon operating expertise and builds on generic process characteristics. Application is illustrated for a fluidized catalytic cracking unit and a paraxylene production unit.

This paper describes a sharable engineering knowledge database for capturing and accessing information about the structure, functions and behaviors of chemical process systems. The database is configurable and designed for reuse across processes and for a variety of intelligent system applications. In this paper we present a formalism based on Functional Representation (FR) that is the unification of earlier variants dedicated to specific applications. Reuse for multiple applications is illustrated with a unified database example applied to both design critique and HAZOP.

This paper discusses characteristics of the ART2 (adaptive resonance theory) information processing model which emerge when applied to the problem of interpreting dynamic sensor data. Fast learn ART2 is employed in a supervised learning framework to classify process "fingerprints" generated from multi-sensor trend patterns. Interest in ART2 was motivated by the ability to provide closed classification regions, uniform hyperspherical clusters, feature extraction, and on-line adaption. Sensor data interpretation is briefly discussed with an emphasis on the unique attributes of the problem and the interaction with ART2 information processing principles. Pattern representations, e.g., time domain, which encode information in both magnitude and direction of the input vector are shown to be fundamentally incompatible with ART2. Complement coding is shown to solve this problem when the feature extraction capability of the ART2 network is disabled. Complement coding is also shown to preserve the clustering characteristics of the process "fingerprints" which are otherwise lost using the ART2 directional similarity measure. These issues are illustrated using an ART2-based monitoring system for a dynamically simulated chemical process.

The Raman spectra (2000-10 cm −1 ) of gaseous, liquid and solid oxalyl chloride, (CCIO) 2 , have been recorded, and the Raman spectrum of the liquid with qualitative depolarization values has been obtained. In addition to the six symmetry permitted Raman lines for the trans conformer, there are eight more Raman lines observed in the spectrum of the gas (ten for the liquid) which must be assigned to a second conformer. These data have been interpreted on the basis of a more stable trans rotamer and high-energy gauche conformer in equilibrium for the fluid phases. Variable-temperature studies of the Raman spectrum have been carried out and a conformational enthalpy difference of 289 ± 110 cm −1 (827 ± 315 cal mol −1 ) has been obtained for the gas. Additionally, variable-temperature studies of the infrared spectrum of the sample dissolved in xenon gave an enthalpy difference of 111 ± 49 cm −1 (317 ± 140 cal mol −1 ). The CCIO wag for the trans conformer has been assigned at 700 cm −1 which is a much higher frequency than any previously reported value for this fundamental. Assignments are also provided for most of the fundamentals for the gauche conformer. All these data are compared with the corresponding quantities obtained from ab initio calculations employing the RHF/3-21G ∗ , RHF/6-31G ∗ , RHF/6-311 + G ∗ , and MP2/6-31G ∗ basis sets. These data are also compared to the corresponding quantities for some similar molecules.

The Raman spectra 2000-10 cm−1 of gaseous, liquid and solid oxalyl chlorofluoride, CFOCClO, have been recorded. The infrared spectra (2000-20 cm−1) of the gas and solid have also been recorded. These data have been interpreted on the basis of an equilibrium between the trans (fluorine atom is oriented trans to the chlorine atom) and cis conformers in the fluid phases, with the trans rotamer being the more stable form. A variable-temperature study of the infrared spectrum of the sample dissolved in liquid xenon gives an enthalpy difference of 201 ± 94 cm−1 (0.574 ± 0.27 kcal mol−1). A similar variable-temperature study of the Raman spectrum of the liquid gives a conformational enthalpy difference of 461 ± 70 cm−1 (1.32 ± 0.2 kcal mol−1). A complete vibrational assignment is provided based on group frequencies, and infrared and Raman spectral intensities, along with support from the normal coordinate analysis utilizing force constants from the ab initio calculations. Optimized geometries, conformational stabilities, unscaled and scaled vibrational frequencies, and harmonic force fields are reported for both conformers from ab initio calculations utilizing the RHF3-21G∗, RHF6-31G∗ and/or MP26-31G∗ basis sets. These results are compared with the corresponding data obtained from both experiment and theory for some similar molecules.

The Raman (2000 to 10 cm −1 ) and infrared (2000 to 30 cm −1 spectra of both the gaseous and solid phases of fluorodichloroacetyl chloride, CCl 2 FCClO, have been recorded. In addition, the Raman spectrum of the liquid, along with qualitative depolarization ratios, has been obtained. These data have been interpreted on the basis of an equilibrium between the gauche and trans conformers (fluorine atom trans to the chlorine atom of the CClO top) in the gaseous and liquid phases. From the study of the Raman spectrum of the liquid at different temperatures, a value of 110 + 24 cm −1 (316 ± 68 cal mol −1 ) was determined for ΔH with the trans conformer being the more stable form. A similar study of the sample dissolved in liquid xenon gave a ΔH value of 177 + 14 cm −1 (506 ± 40 cal mol −1 ), again with the trans rotamer the more stable conformer. Therefore, the trans conformer is the predominate rotamer in the gas and liquid, and the only conformer present in the annealed solid. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for both conformers based on infrared band contours, Raman depolarization data, group frequencies, and normal coordinate calculations. Optimized geometries, conformational stabilities, unscaled and scaled vibrational frequencies, and harmonic force fields are reported for both conformers from ab initio calculations utilizing the RHF 3-21 G ∗ , RHF 6-31 G ∗ and/or MP 2 6-31 G ∗ basis sets. These results are compared with the corresponding results for some similar molecules.

The Raman (1900 to 10 cm −1 ) and infrared (1900 to 30 cm −1 ) spectra of chlorodifluoroacetyl chloride, CClF 2 CClO, in the gas and solid phases have been recorded. The Raman spectrum of the liquid, and qualitative depolarization ratios, have also been obtained. These data have been interpreted on the basis of an equilibrium between the gauche and trans conformers (chlorine atom trans to the other chlorine atom) in the gas and liquid phases. From the study of the Raman spectrum of the liquid at different temperatures, a value of 361 ± 40 cm −1 (1.03 ± 0.11 kcal mol −1 ) was determined for Δ H with the gauche conformer being the more stable form. A similar study of the sample dissolved in liquid xenon gave a Δ H value of 249 ± 60 cm −1 (0.71 ± 0.17 kcal mol −1 ), again with the gauche rotamer the more stable conformer. Therefore, the gauche conformer is the predominate rotamer in the gas and liquid and the only conformer present in the annealed solid. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for both conformers based on infrared band contours. Raman depolarization data, group frequencies and normal coordinate calculations. Optimized geometries, conformational stabilities, unscaled and scaled vibrational frequencies and harmonic force fields are reported for both conformers from ab initio calculations utilizing the RHF/3-21G*, RHF/6-31G* and/or MP2/6-31G* basis sets. These results are compared with the corresponding results for some similar molecules.

A machine methodology for generating qualitative interpretations (QIs) of 2-D sensor patterns is described. The approach enables a computer to interpret multisensor patterns under transient conditions at a level comparable to that of an experienced plant operator. Adaptive Resonance Theory introduced by Grossberg (1976a, b) is utilized with modification to provide human-like memory attributes. The methodology offers a more robust and adaptable means to interface symbolic knowledge-based systems with numeric plant operating systems. Exemplar-based, supervised learning is utilized to construct a high dimensional QI-map. During run-time, qualitative interpretations are generated for input patterns based on their location on this QI-map. Demonstration results for a dynamically simulated chemical process are presented.

The Raman spectra (3100–10 cm−1) of gaseous, liquid and solid acetyl chloride (CH3CClO) and acetyl-d3 chloride (CD3CClO) were recorded and qualitative depolarization values were obtained for the liquid. Additionally, the infrared spectra (3100–50 cm−1) of the gas and solid were recorded. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for both isotopomers. The assignments are supported by normal coordinate calculations utilizing force constants from the ab initio calculations. The methyl torsion is observed at 162.8 cm−1 from which a threefold barrier of internal rotation of 622 cm−1 (1779 cal mol−1) is calculated. Utilizing the frequencies for the isolated CH stretching frequencies from the CHD2CClO molecule, r0 parameters of 1.093 and 1.096 A were obtained for the CHs and CHa bond distances. The heavy atom r0 structural parameters were obtained from previously reported rotational constants from ten isotopomers. Ab initio calculations were carried out employing the RHF/3–21G*, RHF/6–31G* and MP2/6–31G* basis sets to obtain the vibrational frequencies, force constants, infrared and Raman intensities, structural parameters and barriers to internal rotation. The theoretical results were compared with the experimental quantities when appropriate.

We present the results of specific heat measurements on single crystals of C 60 in (pure) fcc and (toluene containing) orthorhombic phases. The orientational ordering phase transitions are at surprisingly close temperatures (260K and 239K) for the two polytypes. The single crystal results are compared with DSC measurements on powders.

A framework that provides the ability to generate qualitative interpretations (QIs) from multisensor trend patterns for monitoring, control, and optimization of chemical plants is presented. QIs are transformations of sensor and quality product data into useful symbolic abstractions. The framework is founded on the principles of similarity-based pattern recognition. Although demonstrated for normality identification, the machine methodology is general-purpose and applicable to any context-dependent QI problem. The objective of this approach is to create a QI-map of known pattern classes that consists of spatially distinguishable regions of patterns in an n-dimensional representation space. Creation of a QI-map is a two-step process: unsupervised map generation followed by supervised labeling. The application of the ART2 neural network for clustering in the QI-map is described. The application of the ART2-based QI-map approach to process monitoring of a recycle reactor is also described. >

From a combination of infrared and Raman spectral data and ab initio calculations, the conformational stabilities have been determined for the difluoroacetyl halides in vapor, liquid and solid phases.

From a combination of the Raman spectral data and ab initio calculations, the relative conformational stabilities have been determined for the oxalyl halides in both the gaseous and liquid states.

The application of diagnostic knowledge-based systems to continuous operations involving gas-solid or gas-liquid-solid reactions is analyzed. As a complex reasoning activity, diagnosis is decomposed into its constituent information-processing tasks(IPTs). The important IPTs are described in terms of their input, output, knowledge representation and inferencing strategy. How these tasks interact and are integrated to form a framework for constructing knowledge based diagnostic systems is described. A three phase ebullated bed hydrocracking units is used to illustrate the concepts of the task-based method for building knowledge-based systems. It is shown that this approach provides a natural basis for bringing together a variety of technologies into a comprehensive system for automated diagnosis.

We present the Task framework for building knowledge-based diagnostic systems for chemical process plants. The details of the framework are illustrated in terms of a specific knowledge-based system called CATCRACKER, for process and malfunction diagnosis in fluid catalytic cracking processes

We present details about X-ray yields measured with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) diagnostics in soft and moderately hard X-ray bands from laser-driven, doped-aerogel targets shot on 07/14/06 during the OMEGA II test series. Yields accurate to {+-}25% in the 5-15 keV band are measured with Livermore's HENWAY spectrometer. Yields in the sub-keV to 3.2 keV band are measured with LLNL's DANTE diagnostic, the DANTE yields are accurate to 10-15%. SNL ran a PCD-based diagnostic that also measured X-ray yields in the spectral region above 4 keV, and also down to the sub-keV range. The PCD and HENWAY and DANTE numbers are compared. The time histories of the moderately hard (h{nu} > 4 keV) X-ray signals are measured with LLNL's H11 PCD, and from two SNL PCDs with comparable filtration. There is general agreement between the H11 PCD and SNL PCD measured FWHM except for two of the shorter-laser-pulse shots, which is shown not to be due to analysis techniques. The recommended X-ray waveform is that from the SNL PCD p66k10, which was recorded on a fast, high-bandwidth TDS 6804 oscilloscope. X-ray waveforms from target emission in two softer spectral bands are also shown; themore » X-ray emissions have increasing duration as the spectral content gets softer.« less

We present details about X-ray yields measured with LLNL and SNL diagnostics in soft and moderately hard X-ray bands from laser-driven, doped-aerogel targets shot on 07/14/06 during the OMEGA II test series. Yields accurate to {+-}25% in the 5-15 keV band are measured with Livermore's HENWAY spectrometer. Yields in the sub-keV to 3.2 keV band are measured with LLNL's DANTE diagnostic, the DANTE yields may be 35-40% too large. SNL ran a PCD-based diagnostic that also measured X-ray yields in the spectral region above 4 keV, and also down to the nearly sub-keV range. The PCD and HENWAY and DANTE numbers are compared. The time histories of the X-ray signals are measured with LLNL's H11 PCD, and from two SNL PCDs with comparable filtering. There is a persistent disagreement between the H11 PCD and SNL PCD measured FWHM, which is shown not to be due to analysis techniques. The recommended X-ray waveform is that from the SNL PCD p66k10, which was recorded on a fast, high-bandwidth TDS 6804 oscilloscope, and which are not plotted here.

Abstract The unique and heretofore unknown combination of gas storage in man made salt caverns with LNG importation presents the possibility for LNG receiving terminals with very large storage capacity and gas send out flow rate. In particular, the use of salt formations for cavern development and LNG receiving in the Gulf of Mexico has the potential for offshore facilities combining easy ship access, large storage, and very large send out to the gas pipeline grid. This paper describes such a facility, its components, capabilities, and operating characteristics as well as an overview of some of the design decisions made as the Basis of Design takes form. This offshore facility will be further described in greater detail as a part of a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) cooperative research project commissioned by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and having cost sharing participants from a wide array of energy industry companies. Introduction LNG has been a very small part of the U.S. natural gas supply over the last thirty years. Some forecasts project that LNG imports could make up as much as fifteen percent (15%) of future natural gas supplies to the United States. This means that the capability to receive natural gas in the form of LNG, process that gas if necessary and distribute that gas to a gas hungry nation will require a significant increase in capacities throughout the delivery system. Further complicating the large increase in LNG import expectations is the fact that all LNG is not equal. Depending upon the country of origin and the specific liquefaction plant, the LNG produced can have significant variation in composition. Some plants produce LNG at a little over a thousand Btu/scf others far exceed eleven hundred Btu/scf. All LNG is clean and dry, with low sulfur and low CO2, but the variation in gas liquid content provides an opportunity and a challenge for the gas processing industry. Table for Source, Lean and Rich (Available in full paper) There are more than forty LNG receiving terminals in the world. They are the same basic design, differing mostly in size. They consist of a dock to moor an LNG ship, cryogenic loading arms for the product transfer, cryogenic liquid storage tanks, LNG pumps capable of achieving pipeline pressures, and some form of heat exchangers or vaporizers to warm the LNG to pipeline compatible temperatures as it leaves the facility. This basic design has not changed since its introduction in Japan where more than half of the worlds LNG terminals exist, see fig. 1 for a tank based process. Significant scale increases have been introduced into the world's LNG business in liquefaction and shipping. Offshore salt cavern based terminals can provide the corresponding scale increases needed in LNG receiving terminals with storage capacity and send-out volumes far exceeding the tank based terminal model.

An array of silicon diodes with appropriate K-edge filters was used to determine the high-energy (6-500 keV) photon spectra of a high-temperature tungsten plasma using a 4.6-MJ, 83-kV plasma flow switch. The detector array used ten different filter material/thickness combinations. The observed X-ray emission had a duration of >600 ns (FWHM at 350 ns), with the peak X-ray power occurring approximately 250 ns after the peak of the voltage spike. The X-ray spectra deconvolved from observed detector signals indicated a peak power of approximately 325 MW above 8 keV with a peak plasma temperature of 46 keV from an exponential fit to the spectra above 20 keV. >

A knowledge-based approach for diagnosis of electronic circuits in avionics systems is discussed. The knowledge-based methodology is generic and was designed for accurate and efficient identification of malfunctioning circuit components in diagnostic situations involving single-component malfunctions, multiple independent malfunctions, and multiple interacting malfunctions. The resulting methodology integrates the features of two knowledge-based techniques. Hierarchical classification (HC), a compiled knowledge approach, is used to efficiently identify single and multiple malfunctions. An approach called diagnostically focused simulation, which refines the HC results with causal reasoning, is then used to resolve whether multiple malfunctions are the result of independent component failures or whether an interaction exists that relates the malfunction behaviors. A generally-applicable shell incorporating the methodology was developed in a commercial software package and applied to the development of a diagnostic system for a black and white television circuit. >

The ACTS Mobile Terminal (AMT) is a ground based mobile satellite communications terminal designed to operate with the NASA Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS). With a scheduled launch in mid-1993, propagation experiments will begin in late 1993. This will be done to characterize the communications path between a fixed communication site in Cleveland, Ohio and a mobile terminal in Southern California via ACTS. The terminal uplink frequency is 29.634 GHz/spl plusmn/150 MHz and the downlink frequency is 19.914 GHz/spl plusmn/150 MHz. A pilot signal at 29.630 GHz will be transmitted from the fixed site for antenna tracking by the mobile terminal. This paper summarizes the system design and performance measurements of the Loopback Translator, a satellite simulator to be used in testing the fixed and mobile terminal hardware prior to the ACTS launch. The Translator provides full duplex, single stage up and down conversion between the 3.373 GHz Intermediate Frequency (IF) and the transmit/receive frequencies.

The two approaches to diagnostic knowledge-based systems, model-based reasoning and compiled reasoning systems, are compared. The focus of this comparison is the basic problem-solving strategies and knowledge representation issues involved in these two broad categories of diagnostic reasoners. The investigation highlights the differences in the approaches. Two representative shells are used to build prototype diagnostic systems for the same device, using the same experts. The compiled knowledge shell used in this study is CSRL, a generic task tool developed at the Ohio State University. The model-based shell used was the fault isolation system (FIS), a tool developed by the US Navy specifically for the diagnosis of electronic and analog devices. The device for this study was a black-and-white TV. The compiled-knowledge and model-based approaches are compared based on run-time behavior, knowledge requirements, knowledge acquisition, training utility, and potential integration with avionics systems. >

We present a 400 W class-E amplifier for industrial applications. The transistor is the International Rectifier IRFP450LC power MOSFET. The amplifier operates at 13.56 MHz and uses a drive level of 12 W to attain a drain efficiency of 86% and an overall efficiency of 84%. All harmonics are more than 40 dB below the carrier.

A 16-channel tunnel diode grid oscillator has been fabricated. The grid oscillates at 1.86 GHz with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 1.3 mW. Frequency components were observed at multiples of one-third of the main frequency, but at power levels at least 16 dB lower. The average single-sideband (SSB) noise level was measured to be -76 dBc/Hz at an offset of 100 kHz from the carrier.

This document describes the TRANSIMS software architecture and high-level design for the first Interim Operational Capability (IOC-1). Our primary goal in establishing the TRANSIMS software architecture is to lay down a framework for IOC-1. We aim to make sure that the various components of TRANSIMS are effectively integrated, both for IOC-1 and beyond, so that TRANSIMS remains flexible, expandable, portable, and maintainable throughout its lifetime. In addition to outlining the high-level design of the TRANSIMS software, we also set forth the software development environment and software engineering practices used for TRANSIMS.

An assessment was performed to determine the effects of aging on the performance and availability of surge protective devices (SPDs), used in electrical power and control systems in nuclear power plants. Although SPDs have not been classified as safety-related, they are risk-important because they can minimize the initiating event frequencies associated with loss of offsite power and reactor trips. Conversely, their failure due to age might cause some of those initiating events, e.g., through short circuit failure modes, or by allowing deterioration of the safety-related component(s) they are protecting from overvoltages, perhaps preventing a reactor trip, from an open circuit failure mode. From the data evaluated during 1980--1994, it was found that failures of surge arresters and suppressers by short circuits were neither a significant risk nor safety concern, and there were no failures of surge suppressers preventing a reactor trip. Simulations, using the ElectroMagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) were performed to determine the adequacy of high voltage surge arresters.

This report will provide a summary report of work performed under Subcontract B324681 from November 1 through December 14, 1995 and covers work relevant to Subtasks 1-11. The work performed under this contract was presented and reviewed at the NIF Radiation Sciences Users Group meeting held on November 29-30. Present where senior representatives from the NIF Project, the DOE Office of the NIF, the DOE ICF program, and the Defense Nuclear Agency. This report is divided into seven sections, not including the Introduction to include; Potential Test Capability, Operational Scenarios, Facilitization Issues, Security Issues, Performance/Cost/Risk Considerations, a Summary of Requested Modifications to the NIF and finally, Conclusions. Within each section will be a short narrative and a copy of the view graph presentation.

The infrared (3200 to 20 cm) and Raman (3200 to 10 cm) spectra of gaseous and solid difluoroacetylchloride (CF2HCCIO), chlomdifluoroacetyl chloride (CF2C1CCIO), and bromodifluoroacetyl chloride(CF2BrQ0) have been recorded. Additionally, the Raman spectra of the liquids with qualitative depolarization data have also been obtained. These spectral data have been interpreted on the basis that these molecules exist inthe fluid phases as a mixture of the trans and gauche conformers. Ab initio calculations employing various basissets have been used to obtain the more stable rotamer for all of these molecules. 2. INTRODUCTIONIn some recent studies we investigated rotational isomerism in dichioroacetyl fluoride' and dichioroacetyl chloride2 by Raman and infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with ab initio calculations. Both experimental data and theoretical calculations indicated a trans/gauche equilibrium in the gas phase for both compounds. As acontinuation of these earlier investigations we have recorded the infrared and Raman spectra of difluoroacetyl

A general purpose, multi-dimensional material model typically used for metals has been used to characterize the shock loading response of B4C, SiC and TiB2 which are considered candidate ballistic armor materials. The model predictions show excellent agreement with measured particle velocity or stress waveforms recorded during uniaxial shock compression experiments. Unique strength behavior has been observed including significant pressure dependence for TiB2. Analysis of the ceramic material behavior suggests that a) the Hugoniot Elastic Limit (HEL) is not a useful figure of merit (FOM) for ranking ceramics as armor materials and b) ceramic modeling which assumes perfectly plastic behavior can lead to significant error in predicted stress levels and wave propagation velocities. A more useful FOM for ceramics that normalizes strength at an operating stress by the material's density (σ*/ρ) is proposed as an alternative.

Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide produced by epithelial cells in the stomach which increases food intake. Hypothalamic ghrelin receptors are thought to play an important role in the regulation of energy balance. However, ghrelin receptors are also expressed in several extra-hypothalamic brain regions, including the hippocampal formation. Previous work from our lab and others suggest that ghrelin is important for learning and memory. Specifically, intra-hippocampal ghrelin administration increases memory retention in a Step-Down Passive Avoidance test and ghrelin-deficient mice exhibit attenuated performance of the Novel Object Recognition task. In the current study, we utilized ghrelin receptor-deficient mice (GHS-R -/-) to confirm that ghrelin-signaling is necessary for the acquisition of a hippocampal-dependent spatial memory task. Consistent with previous reports, GHS-R -/- mice weigh less and have reduced average food intake relative to wild-type (WT) controls. GHS-R -/- and WT mice ( n 's=8/group) were trained in a Morris water maze task. GHS-R -/- mice exhibited significantly increased escape latencies relative to their WT controls, supporting the conclusion that ghrelin receptor signaling is required for the acquisition of a truly hippocampal-dependent task. Additional studies examine the role of GSH-R in the acquisition of non-hippocampal dependent tasks including learned meal-initiation and conditioned fear. Overall, these data confirm and extend out previous findings that ghrelin is a key mediator of hippocampal-dependent learning processes.

The scope and schedule of the first phase of a two-unit control system replacement at the Reid Gardner Station are described. This project was undertaken so that the tie-in of control system equipment coincided with major boiler rework and without additional outage time for the control system replacement work. The units in this project were typical in size and equipment type. >

Differential cross sections are reported for ..pi../sup +/+/sup 3,4/He elastic scattering at 260, 295, and 310 MeV and ..pi../sup -/+/sup 3,4/He at 295 MeV. The angular distributions )except for ..pi../sup -/+/sup 3/He) confirm the fixed angle (thetaapprox. =75/sup 0/) minimum seen at lower energies (caused by the (3,3) ..pi..+N resonance dominance) and show a deep minimum at thetaapprox. =110/sup 0/. Comparisons are made to ..pi..+d and the current discussion of pion excitation of intermediate dibaryon and ..delta..N states.

An efficient knowledge-based system approach to malfunction diagnosis in chemical processing plants is discussed. The approach involves a hierarchical diagnostic structure in which the nodes represent specific malfunction hypotheses. Instead of being a static collection of knowledge, the hierarchy is a collection of small individual specialists coordinated to arrive at an overall di Each specialist contains compiled and qualitative domain knowledge for evaluating the malfunction hypothesis. This malfunction hierarchy is particularly effective in handling multiple symptom and multiple malfunction situations. Conclusions are based on a working prototype system which has been built and tested to demonstrate the computational methodology.

The authors have measured ( pi +or-, p) spectra for 3,4He and 27Al at theta =20 degrees and report on the two-nucleon pion absorption over the energy range 50-300 MeV. The pi +NN to Np and pi -pp to pn yields for T=0 NN systems in 3,4He are found to be larger than expected relative to pi +d to pp while they are smaller for T=1 systems and show a significant difference between 3He and 4He.

The differential cross section for elastic scattering of pions from deuterium has been measured for momenta of 408, 441, 539, and 600 MeV/c. The measurements confirm the energy dependence of a pronounced minimum around 100/sup 0/, previously observed with lower-precision experiments. Our results are compared to calculations including effects of excitation of dibaryon resonances in the deuteron.

We have measured the differential cross section d/sup 2/sigma/d..cap omega.. dT and estimated the total cross section sigma/sub T/ for the double charge exchange reaction /sup 4/He(..pi../sup +/,..pi../sup -/)4p at 140, 200, and 295 MeV. The values for sigma/sub T/ are at least an order of magnitude larger than predictions based on sequential single charge exchange ..pi..-N scatterings. It is possible, therefore, that /sup 4/He(..pi../sup +/,..pi../sup -/) is dominated by other processes, such as the formation of a ..delta.. in the intermediate state or scattering from meson exchange currents.

Diagnosis in chemical processing plants is recognized as an activity in which efficiency is achieved through structure in both the knowledge and the problem-solving strategy. By exploiting this structure in diagnostic expert systems, an efficient methodology for navigating the solution space of possible plant malfunctions results. One approach to computationally describing this structure is in terms of a small, finite set of underlying tasks which comprise the diagnostic activity. Since the task descriptions are independent of a particular application, the integration of the tasks forms a framework which is generally applicable to diagnosis in the domain. Within the context of this approach, a framework for a diagnostic expert system in the chemical plant domain is shown to consist fundamentally of a primary task associated with plant sensors and an auxiliary task associated with product quality data. The framework provides a means of appropriately leveraging both compiled and model-based knowledge.

A flexible and reliable positioning system for automatic control of experiments is described. Its main components are a stepper motor and two electro-mechanical counters. The system is used primarily for angular correlation measurements. Data acquisition, detector positioning, instrument resetting, etc. are fully automatic. With little modification the system is readily adaptable to many other applications.

Publisher Summary The residual effect of fertilizer commonly refers to the favourable response of crops to the major nutrients applied to a previous crop. In addition, certain secondary and minor nutrients may remain and bring about beneficial results. Legumes and other crop residues grown as a result of previously applied fertilizer may decompose to effect increases in the yield of currently growing crops. Residual effects of soluble nitrogen fertilizers come about largely through this means. As fertilizer applications are increased, in expectation of high yields, the chances of unbalance and other injurious effects increase. Changes in fertilizer carriers are reducing the possibility of secondary nutrient benefits or of injurious effects from secondary nutrients and accompanying ions, such as chlorides. This chapter draws attention to some of these commonly disregarded effects of heavy applications of present-day high-grade fertilizers.