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1. Isotope effects on intrinsic rotation in hydrogen, deuterium and tritium plasmas

Author

M.F.F. Nave, E. Delabie, J. Ferreira, J. Garcia, D. King, M. Lennholm, B. Lomanowski, F. Parra, P.R. Fernandez, J. Bernardo, M. Baruzzo, M. Barnes, F. Casson, J.C. Hillesheim, A. Hubber, E. Joffrin, A. Kappatou, C.F. Maggi, A. Mauriya, L. Meneses, M. Romanelli, F. Salzedas, and JET Contributors, JET Contributors, and Faculdade de Engenharia

Subjects
Physical sciences [Natural sciences], Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Física [Ciências exactas e naturais], Condensed Matter Physics, Física, Engenharia nuclear, Física, Physics, Nuclear engineering, Physical sciences
Abstract

The isotope effect on intrinsic rotation was studied at the Joint European Torus (JET) tokamak. With the unique capability of JET to operate with tritium (T), for the first time, experiments in hydrogen (H), deuterium (D) and T in Ohmic plasmas were compared. Two rotation reversals per isotope type are observed in plasma density scans spanning the linear and the saturated Ohmic confinement regimes. A clear isotope mass dependence is observed at the higher densities. The magnitude of the core rotation was found to depend on isotope mass, with stronger co-current rotation observed in H. Change on intrinsic rotation characteristics coexist with a stronger thermal energy confinement in T.

Published
2023

2. Isotope Effects on Intrinsic Toroidal Rotation and Rotation Reversals

Author

M. F. F. Nave, E. Delabie, J. Ferreira, J. Garcia, D. King, M. Lennholm, B. Lomanowski, F. Parra, P. Rodriguez- Fernandez, J. Bernardo, M. Baruzzo, M. Barnes, F. Casson, J.C. Hillesheim, A. Hubber, E. Joffrin, A. Kappatou, C. F. Maggi, A. Mauriya, L. Meneses, M. Romanelli, F. Salzedas, JET Contributors, and Faculdade de Engenharia

Subjects
Physical sciences [Natural sciences], Física [Ciências exactas e naturais], Física, Engenharia nuclear, Física, Physics, Nuclear engineering, Physical sciences
Abstract

JET is the largest tokamak in operation and the main link between smaller machines, where intrinsic rotation has been mostly studied, and ITER the next step in fusion research. While the main ion in present tokamak plasmas is a single hydrogen isotope, mainly Deuterium (D) in JET, future nuclear fusion machines, such as ITER, will operate with a mixture of D and Tritium (T). Recent experimental campaigns at JET performed a series of experiments with different hydrogen isotopes, designed to clarify the impact that isotope mass has on physics questions, and in particular transport and confinement questions, relevant for reliable predictions for ITER. This talk will report on experiments that studied for the first time the isotope effect on intrinsic rotation in a tokamak plasma, by comparing rotation measurements in Hydrogen (H), D and T in Ohmic plasmas. One of the objects of the JET intrinsic rotation experiments was to study rotation reversals, a puzzling phenomenon commonly observed in small and medium size tokamaks, where a transition from monotonic to non-monotonic rotation profiles is observed at a critical density, in some cases leading to plasmas with central and outer regions flowing in opposite directions. At JET, as the density increased, two consecutive core rotation reversals were observed. The first, shows a change from peaked co- current rotation to hollow profiles with the core in some cases counter-current rotating, similarly to observations in smaller tokamaks. Further increasing the density leads to restoration of monotonic profiles. The magnitude of the core rotation was found to depend on isotope type, stronger co-current rotation observed in H. Core counter-rotation was observed with D and T but not with H. Gyrokinetic calculations, show that the low-density rotation reversal, for all three isotopes, occurs close to the density of transition from dominant TEM to ITG instabilities. The type of instability cannot be associated to different directions of core rotation since for all three isotopes, co-rotation is observed with dominant TEM for the low- densities and ITG for high-densities. Non-linear modeling of rotation profiles with the low- flow model show changes of sign in rotation gradient, qualitatively consistent with the observation of peaked to hollow to peaked profiles as the density increased .These results have strong implications for ITER, as rotation extrapolations from present day experiments, mostly based on D plasmas, might not recover in full the physics mechanisms playing a role in momentum transport.

Published
2022

3. Three-Dimensional Inhomogeneity of Electron-Temperature-Gradient Turbulence in the Edge of Tokamak Plasmas

Author

J.F. Parisi, F.I. Parra, C.M. Roach, M.R. Hardman, A.A. Schekochihin, I.G. Abel, N. Aiba, J. Ball, M. Barnes, B. Chapman-Oplopoiou, D. Dickinson, W. Dorland, C. Giroud, D.R. Hatch, J.C. Hillesheim, J. Ruiz Ruiz, S. Saarelma, D. St-Onge, and null JET Contributors

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, fluctuations, mode turbulence, FOS: Physical sciences, topography of turbulence, Condensed Matter Physics, microturbulence, Physics - Plasma Physics, finite aspect ratio, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), magnetic geometry, pedestal turbulence, instabilities, Physics::Plasma Physics, plasma turbulence, confinement, transport, Physics::Space Physics, multiscale turbulence, electron-temperature-gradient instability, simulations, tokamaks, flow shear, driven
Abstract

Nonlinear multiscale gyrokinetic simulations of a Joint European Torus edge pedestal are used to show that electron-temperature-gradient (ETG) turbulence has a rich three-dimensional structure, varying strongly according to the local magnetic-field configuration. In the plane normal to the magnetic field, the steep pedestal electron temperature gradient gives rise to anisotropic turbulence with a radial (normal) wavelength much shorter than in the binormal direction. In the parallel direction, the location and parallel extent of the turbulence are determined by the variation in the magnetic drifts and finite-Larmor-radius (FLR) effects. The magnetic drift and FLR topographies have a perpendicular-wavelength dependence, which permits turbulence intensity maxima near the flux-surface top and bottom at longer binormal scales, but constrains turbulence to the outboard midplane at shorter electron-gyroradius binormal scales. Our simulations show that long-wavelength ETG turbulence does not transport heat efficiently, and significantly decreases overall ETG transport -- in our case by $\sim$40 \% -- through multiscale interactions., 17 pages, 14 figures

Published
2022

4. Recent progress in L-H transition studies at JET: tritium, helium, hydrogen and deuterium

Author

E.R. Solano, E. Delabie, G. Birkenmeier, C. Silva, J.C. Hillesheim, P. Vincenzi, A.H. Nielsen, J.Juul Rasmussen, A. Baciero, S. Aleiferis, I. Balboa, A. Boboc, C. Bourdelle, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, M. Chernyshova, R. Coelho, T. Craciunescu, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, E.de la Luna, J. Flanagan, M. Fontana, J.M. Fontdecaba, L. Frassinetti, D. Gallart, J. Garcia, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, W. Gromelski, R. Henriques, L. Horvath, P. Jacquet, I. Jepu, A. Kappatou, D.L. Keeling, D. King, E. Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, E. Litherland-Smith, V. Kiptily, K. Kirov, A. Loarte, B. Lomanowski, C.F. Maggi, M.J. Mantsinen, A. Manzanares, M. Maslov, A.G. Meigs, I. Monakhov, R.B. Morales, D. Nina, C. Noble, V. Parail, F.Parra Diaz, E. Pawelec, G. Pucella, D. Réfy, E. Righi-Steele, F.G. Rimini, T. Robinson, S. Saarelma, M. Sertoli, A. Shaw, S. Silburn, P. Sirén, Ž. Štancar, H. Sun, G. Szepesi, D. Taylor, E. Tholerus, S. Vartanian, G. Verdoolaege, B. Viola, H. Weisen, T. Wilson, JET Contributors, and JET Contributors

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Plasma Physics, tritium, L–H transition, Physics::Atomic Physics, helium, isotope, Condensed Matter Physics, L-H transition
Abstract

We present an overview of results from a series of L–H transition experiments undertaken at JET since the installation of the ITER-like-wall (JET-ILW), with beryllium wall tiles and a tungsten divertor. Tritium, helium and deuterium plasmas have been investigated. Initial results in tritium show ohmic L–H transitions at low density and the power threshold for the L–H transition (P LH) is lower in tritium plasmas than in deuterium ones at low densities, while we still lack contrasted data to provide a scaling at high densities. In helium plasmas there is a notable shift of the density at which the power threshold is minimum ( n ¯ e , min ) to higher values relative to deuterium and hydrogen references. Above n ¯ e , min (He) the L–H power threshold at high densities is similar for D and He plasmas. Transport modelling in slab geometry shows that in helium neoclassical transport competes with interchange-driven transport, unlike in hydrogen isotopes. Measurements of the radial electric field in deuterium plasmas show that E r shear is not a good indicator of proximity to the L–H transition. Transport analysis of ion heat flux in deuterium plasmas show a non-linearity as density is decreased below n ¯ e , min . Lastly, a regression of the JET-ILW deuterium data is compared to the 2008 ITPA scaling law.

Published
2022

5. Effect of the divertor configuration on the JET edge radial electric field

Author

C. Silva, E.R. Solano, J.C. Hillesheim, E. Delabie, G. Birkenmeier, L. Gil, C. Giroud, R.B. Morales, D. Nina, and JET Contributors

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Paper, radial electric field, divertor configuration, L-H power threshold, flow shear, Doppler backscattering, JET, ddc
Abstract

The role of the divertor configuration and divertor plasma physics on the L–H transition is poorly understood, leading to large uncertainties in predicting the L–H power threshold in future devices. This contribution reports on edge perpendicular plasma flow measurements by Doppler backscattering in JET L–H transition experiments with the outer divertor strike-point at different positions: horizontal target (HT), vertical target (VT), and in the corner configuration (between the HT and VTs). The edge perpendicular flow was found to be significantly affected by changes in the divertor configuration in the region inside the separatrix. Our results do not show evidence for the existence of a critical edge flow shear needed to achieve H-mode for different divertor configurations, with a larger shear observed for the VT configuration. No significant change in the shear flow and in the density fluctuation level is measured preceding the L–H transition in the region just inside the separatrix. The dynamics of the L–H transitions are also influenced by the divertor configuration with divertor oscillations (DOs) observed only in the HT configuration. Interestingly, DOs are associated with marked changes in the edge perpendicular flow around the separatrix.

Published
2022

6. Effect of resistivity on the pedestal MHD stability in JET

Author

H. Nyström, L. Frassinetti, S. Saarelma, G.T.A. Huijsmans, C. Perez von Thun, C.F. Maggi, J.C. Hillesheim, and JET contributors

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract

The ELM triggering mechanism in tokamaks is not yet fully understood. For example, in the JET tokamak with ITER-like wall (commonly called JET-ILW), the ELMs are sometimes triggered before the ideal peeling-ballooning (PB) boundary is reached. This typically occurs for shots with high input power and high gas rate. The discrepancy between model and experiment has in previous works been clearly correlated with the relative shift between the electron temperature and density pedestals. The discrepancy has also been correlated with the resistivity in the middle-bottom of the pedestal. The present work shows that resistive MHD can have a significant impact on the PB stability of JET pedestals. The inclusion of resistivity removes the correlation between the discrepancy from the PB stability and the relative shift (the difference between the position of the electron temperature and density pedestals) and significantly improves the agreement between PB model and experimental results. The work also shows that the key parameter is the resistivity at the pedestal bottom, near the separatrix, while the resistivity near the middle/top of the pedestal has a negligible effect on the PB stability of JET plasmas.

Published
2022

7. The role of ETG modes in JET–ILW pedestals with varying levels of power and fuelling

Author

B. Chapman-Oplopoiou, D.R. Hatch, A.R. Field, L. Frassinetti, J.C. Hillesheim, L. Horvath, C.F. Maggi, J.F. Parisi, C.M. Roach, S. Saarelma, and J. Walker

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract

We present the results of GENE gyrokinetic calculations based on a series of JET–ITER-like-wall (ILW) type I ELMy H-mode discharges operating with similar experimental inputs but at different levels of power and gas fuelling. We show that turbulence due to electron-temperature-gradient (ETGs) modes produces a significant amount of heat flux in four JET–ILW discharges, and, when combined with neoclassical simulations, is able to reproduce the experimental heat flux for the two low gas pulses. The simulations plausibly reproduce the high-gas heat fluxes as well, although power balance analysis is complicated by short ELM cycles. By independently varying the normalised temperature gradients ( ω T e ) and normalised density gradients ( ω n e ) around their experimental values, we demonstrate that it is the ratio of these two quantities η e = ω T e / ω n e that determines the location of the peak in the ETG growth rate and heat flux spectra. The heat flux increases rapidly as η e increases above the experimental point, suggesting that ETGs limit the temperature gradient in these pulses. When quantities are normalised using the minor radius, only increases in ω T e produce appreciable increases in the ETG growth rates, as well as the largest increases in turbulent heat flux which follow scalings similar to that of critical balance theory. However, when the heat flux is normalised to the electron gyro-Bohm heat flux using the temperature gradient scale length L T e , it follows a linear trend in correspondence with previous work by different authors.

Published
2022

8. The power threshold of H-mode access in mixed hydrogen–tritium and pure tritium plasmas at JET with ITER-like wall

Author

G. Birkenmeier, E.R. Solano, E. Lerche, D. Taylor, D. Gallart, M.J. Mantsinen, E. Delabie, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, E. Pawelec, J.C. Hillesheim, F. Parra Diaz, C. Silva, S. Aleiferis, J. Bernardo, A. Boboc, D. Douai, E. Litherland-Smith, R. Henriques, K.K. Kirov, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, M. Maslov, F.G. Rimini, S.A. Silburn, P. Sirén, H. Weisen, JET Contributors, and Barcelona Supercomputing Center

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Física::Física de fluids [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Isòtops, L–H transition, Tritium plasmas, Paper, magnetic confinement fusion, fusion plasmas, L-H transition, JET tokamak, tritium plasmas, Tritium, Condensed Matter Physics, jet tokamak, ddc, Physics::Plasma Physics, Fusion plasmas, Physics::Space Physics, Magnetic confinement fusion, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Tokamaks, l-h transition
Abstract

The heating power to access the high confinement mode (H-mode), PLH, scales approximately inversely with the isotope mass of the main ion plasma species as found in (protonic) hydrogen, deuterium and tritium plasmas in many fusion facilities over the last decades. In first dedicated L–H transition experiments at the Joint European Torus (JET) tokamak facility with the ITER-like wall (ILW), the power threshold, PLH, was studied systematically in plasmas of pure tritium and hydrogen–tritium mixtures at a magnetic field of 1.8 T and a plasma current of 1.7 MA in order to assess whether this scaling still holds in a metallic wall device. The measured power thresholds, PLH, in Ohmically heated tritium plasmas agree well with the expected isotope scaling for metallic walls and the lowest power threshold was found in Ohmic phases at low density. The measured power thresholds in ion cyclotron heated plasmas of pure tritium or hydrogen–tritium mixtures are significantly higher than the expected isotope mass scaling due to higher radiation levels. However, when the radiated power is taken into account, the ion cyclotron heated plasmas exhibit similar power thresholds as a neutral beam heated plasma, and are close to the scaling. The tritium plasmas in this study tended to higher electron heating fractions and, when heated with ion cyclotron waves, to relatively higher radiation fractions compared to other isotopes potentially impeding access to sustained H-modes. The authors thank P.A. Schneider, F. Ryter, A. Nielsen, and A. Kappatou for fruitful discussions and for help with data analysis tools. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom Research and Training Programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. G. Birkenmeier received funding from the Helmholtz Association under Grant No. VH-NG-1350. Peer Reviewed "Article signat per 27 autors/es: G. Birkenmeier, E.R. Solano, E. Lerche, D. Taylor, D. Gallart, M.J. Mantsinen, E. Delabie, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, E. Pawelec, J.C. Hillesheim, F. Parra Diaz, C. Silva, S. Aleiferis, J. Bernardo, A. Boboc, D. Douai, E. Litherland-Smith, R. Henriques, K.K. Kirov, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, M. Maslov, F.G. Rimini, S.A. Silburn, P. Sirén, H. Weisen and JET Contributors"

Published
2022

9. Gyrokinetic analysis and simulation of pedestals to identify the culprits for energy losses using ‘fingerprints’.

Author

M. Kotschenreuther, X. Liu, D.R. Hatch, S. Mahajan, L. Zheng, A. Diallo, R. Groebner, TEAM, the DIII-D, J.C. Hillesheim, C.F. Maggi, C. Giroud, F. Koechl, V. Parail, S. Saarelma, E. Solano, A. Chankin, and Contributors, JET

Subjects
ELECTRON energy loss spectroscopy, ENERGY dissipation, FUSION reactors
Abstract

Fusion performance in tokamaks hinges critically on the efficacy of the edge transport barrier (ETB) in suppressing energy losses. The new concept of ‘fingerprints’ is introduced to identify the instabilities that cause transport losses in the ETBs of many of today’s experiments, from among widely posited candidates. Analysis of the gyrokinetic-Maxwell equations and gyrokinetic simulations of experiments reveals that each mode type produces characteristic ratios of transport in the various channels: density, heat, and impurities. This, together with experimental observations of transport in some channel or of the relative size of the driving sources of channels, can identify or determine the dominant modes causing energy transport. In multiple H-mode cases with edge-localized modes that are examined, these fingerprints indicate that magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)-like modes are apparently not the dominant agent of energy transport; rather, this role is played by micro-tearing modes (MTMs) and electron temperature gradient (ETG) modes, and in addition, possibly by ion temperature gradient/trapped electron modes (ITG/TEM) on JET (Joint European Torus). MHD-like modes may dominate the electron particle losses. Fluctuation frequency can also be an important means of identification, and is often closely related to the transport fingerprint. The analytical arguments unify and explain previously disparate experimental observations on multiple devices, including DIII-D, JET, and ASDEX-U. Detailed simulations of two DIII-D ETBs also demonstrate and corroborate this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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10. Direct gyrokinetic comparison of pedestal transport in JET with carbon and ITER-like walls.

Author

D.R. Hatch, M. Kotschenreuther, S.M. Mahajan, G. Merlo, A.R. Field, C. Giroud, J.C. Hillesheim, C.F. Maggi, C. Perez von Thun, C.M. Roach, S. Saarelma, and Contributors, JET

Subjects
PLASMA sheaths, JET transports, PEDESTALS, ELECTRON temperature, ION temperature, CARBON
Abstract

This paper compares the gyrokinetic instabilities and transport in two representative JET pedestals, one (pulse 78697) from the JET configuration with a carbon wall (C) and another (pulse 92432) from after the installation of JET’s ITER-like Wall (ILW). The discharges were selected for a comparison of JET-ILW and JET-C discharges with good confinement at high current (3 MA, corresponding also to low ) and retain the distinguishing features of JET-C and JET-ILW, notably, decreased pedestal top temperature for JET-ILW. A comparison of the profiles and heating power reveals a stark qualitative difference between the discharges: the JET-ILW pulse (92432) requires twice the heating power, at a gas rate of e s−1, to sustain roughly half the temperature gradient of the JET-C pulse (78697), operated at zero gas rate. This points to heat transport as a central component of the dynamics limiting the JET-ILW pedestal and reinforces the following emerging JET-ILW pedestal transport paradigm, which is proposed for further examination by both theory and experiment. ILW conditions modify the density pedestal in ways that decrease the normalized pedestal density gradient a/Ln, often via an outward shift in relation to the temperature pedestal. This is attributable to some combination of direct metal wall effects and the need for increased fueling to mitigate tungsten contamination. The modification to the density profile increases , thereby producing more robust ion temperature gradient (ITG) and electron temperature gradient driven instability. The decreased pedestal gradients for JET-ILW (92432) also result in a strongly reduced shear rate, further enhancing the ion scale turbulence. Collectively, these effects limit the pedestal temperature and demand more heating power to achieve good pedestal performance. Our simulations, consistent with basic theoretical arguments, find higher ITG turbulence, stronger stiffness, and higher pedestal transport in the ILW plasma at lower . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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11. Role of the pedestal position on the pedestal performance in AUG, JET-ILW and TCV and implications for ITER.

Author

L. Frassinetti, M.G. Dunne, U. Sheikh, S. Saarelma, C.M. Roach, E. Stefanikova, C. Maggi, L. Horvath, S. Pamela, E. de la Luna, E. Wolfrum, M. Bernert, P. Blanchard, B. Labit, A. Merle, L. Guimarais, S. Coda, H. Meyer, J.C. Hillesheim, and Team, the ASDEX Upgrade

Subjects
PLASMA sheaths, SPECIFIC gravity, PEDESTALS
Abstract

The role of the pedestal position on the pedestal performance has been investigated in AUG, JET-ILW and TCV. When the pedestal is peeling-ballooning (PB) limited, the three machines show a similar behaviour. The outward shift of the pedestal density relative to the pedestal temperature can lead to the outward shift of the pedestal pressure which, in turns, reduces the PB stability, degrades the pedestal confinement and reduces the pedestal width. Once the experimental density position is considered, the EPED model is able to correctly predict the pedestal height. An estimate of the impact of the density position on a ITER baseline scenario shows that the maximum reduction in the pedestal height is 10% while the reduction in the fusion power is between 10% and 40% depending on the assumptions for the core transport model used. In other plasmas, where the pedestal density is shifted even more outwards relative to the pedestal temperature, the pedestal does not seem PB limited and a different behaviour is observed. The outward shift of the density is still empirically correlated with the pedestal degradation but no change in the pressure position is observed and the PB model is not able to correctly predict the pedestal height. On the other hand, the outward shift of the density leads to a significant increase of ηe and ηi (where ηe,i is the ratio of density to temperature scale lengths, ) which leads to the increase of the growth rate of microinstabilities (mainly ETG and ITG) by 50%. This suggests that, in these plasmas, the increase in the turbulent transport due to the outward shift of the density might play an important role in the decrease of the pedestal performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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12. Long-lived coupled peeling ballooning modes preceding ELMs on JET.

Author

C. Perez von Thun, L. Frassinetti, L. Horvath, S. Saarelma, L. Meneses, E. de la Luna, M. Beurskens, J. Boom, J. Flanagan, J.C. Hillesheim, C.F. Maggi, S.J.P. Pamela, E.R. Solano, and Contributors, JET

Subjects
PHASE oscillations, LINEAR codes, DISTRIBUTION (Probability theory), OSCILLATIONS, DENSITY currents
Abstract

In some JET discharges, type-I edge localised modes (ELMs) are preceded by a class of low-frequency oscillations (Perez et al 2004 Nucl. Fusion44 609). While in many cases the ELM is triggered during the growth phase of this oscillation, it is also observed that this type of oscillation can saturate and last for several tens of ms until an ELM occurs. In order to identify the nature of these modes, a wide pre-ELM oscillation database, including detailed pedestal profile information, has been assembled and analysed in terms of MHD stability parameters. The existence domain of these pre-ELM oscillations and the statistical distribution of toroidal mode numbers (n) up to n  =  16 have been mapped in ballooning alpha () and either edge current density () or pedestal collisionality () coordinates and compared to linear MHD stability predictions. The pre-ELM oscillations are reliably observed when the ratio is high enough for the pedestal to access the coupled peeling-ballooning (PB) domain (aka stability nose). Conversely, when the pedestal is found to be in or near the high-n ballooning domain (which is at low ratio), ELMs are usually triggered promptly, i.e. with no detectable pre-ELM oscillations, or with pre-ELM oscillations only observable on ECE whose n appears to be too high to be resolved by the magnetics. Individual discharges can sometimes exhibit a fairly wide range of pre-ELM mode numbers, but for a wider database, the statistical n-number domains are found to be well ordered along the stability boundary and behave as expected from PB theory: the higher the ratio, the lower the mode’s measured n tends to be. Within the measurement uncertainties, the measured n is usually found to be compatible with the most unstable n predicted by the linear stability code MISHKA1. These results confirm the earlier hypothesis that these modes are coupled peeling-ballooning modes, and extend and generalise to higher-mode numbers the work by Huysmans et al (1998 Nucl. Fusion38 179), who identified the lowest n modes as pure external kink modes. Since the destabilisation of PB modes is widely accepted to give rise to ELMs, the mode saturation and delayed ELM triggering that is sometimes observed is rather unexpected. Possibilities to reconcile the extended lifetime of these modes with current ELM models are briefly discussed, but will require further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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13. Overview of JET results for optimising ITER operation

Author

J. Mailloux, N. Abid, K. Abraham, P. Abreu, O. Adabonyan, P. Adrich, V. Afanasev, M. Afzal, T. Ahlgren, L. Aho-Mantila, N. Aiba, M. Airila, M. Akhtar, R. Albanese, M. Alderson-Martin, D. Alegre, S. Aleiferis, A. Aleksa, A.G. Alekseev, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, J. Algualcil, M. Ali, M. Allinson, B. Alper, E. Alves, G. Ambrosino, R. Ambrosino, V. Amosov, E.Andersson Sundén, P. Andrew, B.M. Angelini, C. Angioni, I. Antoniou, L.C. Appel, C. Appelbee, S. Aria, M. Ariola, G. Artaserse, W. Arter, V. Artigues, N. Asakura, A. Ash, N. Ashikawa, V. Aslanyan, M. Astrain, O. Asztalos, D. Auld, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, F. Bairaktaris, J. Balbin, L. Balbinot, I. Balboa, M. Balden, C. Balshaw, N. Balshaw, V.K. Bandaru, J. Banks, Yu.F. Baranov, C. Barcellona, A. Barnard, M. Barnard, R. Barnsley, A. Barth, M. Baruzzo, S. Barwell, M. Bassan, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, L. Baumane, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, P.S. Beaumont, D. Beckett, A. Begolli, M. Beidler, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, E. Belli, F. Belli, É. Belonohy, M. Ben Yaala, J. Benayas, J. Bentley, H. Bergsåker, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, H. Betar, M. Beurskens, S. Bickerton, B. Bieg, J. Bielecki, A. Bierwage, T. Biewer, R. Bilato, P. Bílková, G. Birkenmeier, H. Bishop, J.P.S. Bizarro, J. Blackburn, P. Blanchard, P. Blatchford, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, P. Bohm, T. Bohm, I. Bolshakova, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, D. Bonfiglio, X. Bonnin, P. Bonofiglo, S. Boocock, A. Booth, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, C. Boulbe, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, K. Boyd, I.Božičević Mihalić, S.C. Bradnam, V. Braic, L. Brandt, R. Bravanec, B. Breizman, A. Brett, S. Brezinsek, M. Brix, K. Bromley, B. Brown, D. Brunetti, R. Buckingham, M. Buckley, R. Budny, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burgess, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, D. Butcher, E.de la Cal, G. Calabrò, L. Calacci, R. Calado, Y. Camenen, G. Canal, B. Cannas, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, P. Card, A. Cardinali, P. Carman, D. Carnevale, M. Carr, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, J.P. Catalan, N. Catarino, F. Causa, M. Cavedon, M. Cecconello, C.D. Challis, B. Chamberlain, C.S. Chang, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, M. Chernyshova, A. Chiariello, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, L. Chone, G. Ciraolo, D. Ciric, J. Citrin, Ł. Ciupinski, M. Clark, R. Clarkson, C. Clements, M. Cleverly, J.P. Coad, P. Coates, A. Cobalt, V. Coccorese, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, A. Colangeli, L. Colas, C. Collins, J. Collins, S. Collins, D. Conka, S. Conroy, B. Conway, N.J. Conway, D. Coombs, P. Cooper, S. Cooper, C. Corradino, G. Corrigan, D. Coster, P. Cox, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, C. Crapper, D. Craven, R. Craven, M.Crialesi Esposito, G. Croci, D. Croft, A. Croitoru, K. Crombé, T. Cronin, N. Cruz, C. Crystal, G. Cseh, A. Cufar, A. Cullen, M. Curuia, T. Czarski, H. Dabirikhah, A.Dal Molin, E. Dale, P. Dalgliesh, S. Dalley, J. Dankowski, P. David, A. Davies, S. 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Huber, T. Huddleston, G.T.A. Huijsmans, P. Huynh, A. Hynes, M. Iliasova, D. Imrie, M. Imríšek, J. Ingleby, P. Innocente, K. Insulander Björk, N. Isernia, I. Ivanova-Stanik, E. Ivings, S. Jablonski, S. Jachmich, T. Jackson, P. Jacquet, H. Järleblad, F. Jaulmes, J.Jenaro Rodriguez, I. Jepu, E. Joffrin, R. Johnson, T. Johnson, J. Johnston, C. Jones, G. Jones, L. Jones, N. Jones, T. Jones, A. Joyce, R. Juarez, M. Juvonen, P. Kalniņa, T. Kaltiaisenaho, J. Kaniewski, A. Kantor, A. Kappatou, J. Karhunen, D. Karkinsky, Yu Kashchuk, M. Kaufman, G. Kaveney, Ye.O. Kazakov, V. Kazantzidis, D.L. Keeling, R. Kelly, M. Kempenaars, C. Kennedy, D. Kennedy, J. Kent, K. Khan, E. Khilkevich, C. Kiefer, J. Kilpeläinen, C. Kim, Hyun-Tae Kim, S.H. Kim, D.B. King, R. King, D. Kinna, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, T. kiviniemi, G. Kizane, M. Klas, C. Klepper, A. Klix, G. Kneale, M. Knight, P. Knight, R. Knights, S. Knipe, M. Knolker, S. Knott, M. Kocan, F. Köchl, I. Kodeli, Y. Kolesnichenko, Y. Kominis, M. Kong, V. Korovin, B. Kos, D. Kos, H.R. Koslowski, M. Kotschenreuther, M. Koubiti, E. Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, K. Koziol, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, M. Kresina, K. Krieger, N. Krishnan, A. Krivska, U. Kruezi, I. Książek, A.B. Kukushkin, H. Kumpulainen, T. Kurki-Suonio, H. Kurotaki, S. Kwak, O.J. Kwon, L. Laguardia, E. Lagzdina, A. Lahtinen, A. Laing, N. Lam, H.T. Lambertz, B. Lane, C. Lane, E.Lascas Neto, E. Łaszyńska, K.D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, G. Learoyd, Chanyoung Lee, S.E. Lee, S. Leerink, T. Leeson, X. Lefebvre, H.J. Leggate, J. Lehmann, M. Lehnen, D. Leichtle, F. Leipold, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Leon Gutierrez, B. Lepiavko, J. Leppänen, E. Lerche, A. Lescinskis, J. Lewis, W. Leysen, L. Li, Y. Li, J. Likonen, Ch. Linsmeier, B. Lipschultz, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland-Smith, F. Liu, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. Lobel, B. Lomanowski, P.J. Lomas, J.M. López, R. Lorenzini, S. Loreti, U. Losada, V.P. Loschiavo, M. Loughlin, Z. Louka, J. Lovell, T. 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Meisl, S. Meitner, S. Menmuir, K. Mergia, S. Merriman, Ph. Mertens, S. Meshchaninov, A. Messiaen, R. Michling, P. Middleton, D. Middleton-Gear, J. Mietelski, D. Milanesio, E. Milani, F. Militello, A.Militello Asp, J. Milnes, A. Milocco, G. Miloshevsky, C. Minghao, S. Minucci, I. Miron, M. Miyamoto, J. Mlynář, V. Moiseenko, P. Monaghan, I. Monakhov, T. Moody, S. Moon, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, J. Morales, R.B. Morales, S. Mordijck, L. Moreira, L. Morgan, F. Moro, J. Morris, K.-M. Morrison, L. Msero, D. Moulton, T. Mrowetz, T. Mundy, M. Muraglia, A. Murari, A. Muraro, N. Muthusonai, B. N’Konga, Yong-Su Na, F. Nabais, M. Naden, J. Naish, R. Naish, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, V. Naulin, M.F.F. Nave, I. Nedzelskiy, G. Nemtsev, V. Nesenevich, I. Nestoras, R. Neu, V.S. Neverov, S. Ng, M. Nicassio, A.H. Nielsen, D. Nina, D. Nishijima, C. Noble, C.R. Nobs, M. Nocente, D. Nodwell, K. Nordlund, H. Nordman, R. Normanton, J.M. Noterdaeme, S. Nowak, E. Nunn, H. Nyström, M. Oberparleiter, B. Obryk, J. O'Callaghan, T. Odupitan, H.J.C. Oliver, R. Olney, M. O’Mullane, J. Ongena, E. Organ, F. Orsitto, J. Orszagh, T. Osborne, R. Otin, T. Otsuka, A. Owen, Y. Oya, M. Oyaizu, R. Paccagnella, N. Pace, L.W. Packer, S. Paige, E. Pajuste, D. Palade, S.J.P. Pamela, N. Panadero, E. Panontin, A. Papadopoulos, G. Papp, P. Papp, V.V. Parail, C. Pardanaud, J. Parisi, F.Parra Diaz, A. Parsloe, M. Parsons, N. Parsons, M. Passeri, A. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, C.Paz Soldan, A. Peacock, M. Pearce, E. Peluso, C. Penot, K. Pepperell, R. Pereira, T. Pereira, E.Perelli Cippo, P. Pereslavtsev, C. Perez von Thun, V. Pericoli, D. Perry, M. Peterka, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, N. Petrella, M. Peyman, M. Pillon, S. Pinches, G. Pintsuk, W. Pires de Sá, A. Pires dos Reis, C. Piron, L. Pionr, A. Pironti, R. Pitts, K.L. van de Plassche, N. Platt, V. Plyusnin, M. Podesta, G. Pokol, F.M. Poli, O.G. Pompilian, S. Popovichev, M. Poradziński, M.T. Porfiri, M. Porkolab, C. 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Sarychev, O. Sauter, P. Sauwan, N. Scapin, F. Schluck, K. Schmid, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, P.A. Schneider, D. Schwörer, G. Scott, M. Scott, D. Scraggs, S. Scully, M. Segato, Jaemin Seo, G. Sergienko, M. Sertoli, S.E. Sharapov, A. Shaw, H. Sheikh, U. Sheikh, A. Shepherd, A. Shevelev, P. Shigin, K. Shinohara, S. Shiraiwa, D. Shiraki, M. Short, G. Sias, S.A. Silburn, A. Silva, C. Silva, J. Silva, D. Silvagni, D. Simfukwe, J. Simpson, D. Sinclair, S.K. Sipilä, A.C.C. Sips, P. Sirén, A. Sirinelli, H. Sjöstrand, N. Skinner, J. Slater, N. Smith, P. Smith, J. Snell, G. Snoep, L. Snoj, P. Snyder, S. Soare, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, A. Somers, C. Sommariva, K. Soni, E. Sorokovoy, M. Sos, J. Sousa, C. Sozzi, S. Spagnolo, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, D. Spong, D. Sprada, S. Sridhar, C. Srinivasan, G. Stables, G. Staebler, I. Stamatelatos, Z. Stancar, P. Staniec, G. Stankūnas, M. Stead, E. Stefanikova, A. Stephen, J. Stephens, P. Stevenson, M. Stojanov, P. Strand, H.R. Strauss, S. Strikwerda, P. Ström, C.I. Stuart, W. Studholme, M. Subramani, E. Suchkov, S. Sumida, H.J. Sun, T.E. Susts, J. Svensson, J. Svoboda, R. Sweeney, D. Sytnykov, T. Szabolics, G. Szepesi, B. Tabia, T. Tadić, B. Tál, T. Tala, A. Tallargio, P. Tamain, H. Tan, K. Tanaka, W. Tang, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, A.S. Teimane, G. Telesca, N. Teplova, A. Teplukhina, D. Terentyev, A. Terra, D. Terranova, N. Terranova, D. Testa, E. Tholerus, J. Thomas, E. Thoren, A. Thorman, W. Tierens, R.A. Tinguely, A. Tipton, H. Todd, M. Tokitani, P. Tolias, M. Tomeš, A. Tookey, Y. Torikai, U. von Toussaint, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya, I. Turner, M. Turner, M.M. Turner, M. Turnyanskiy, G. Tvalashvili, S. Tyrrell, M. Tyshchenko, A. Uccello, V. Udintsev, G. Urbanczyk, A. Vadgama, D. Valcarcel, M. Valisa, P.Vallejos Olivares, O. Vallhagen, M. Valovič, D. Van Eester, J. Varje, S. Vartanian, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Vayakis, M. Vecsei, J. Vega, S. Ventre, G. Verdoolaege, C. Verona, G.Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, E. Viezzer, L. 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Zocco, A. Zohar, V. Zoita, S. Zoletnik, V.K. Zotta, I. Zoulias, W. Zwingmann, I. Zychor, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Culham Science Centre, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Uppsala University, European Commission, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Universidade Lisboa, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Milan - Bicocca, General Atomics, ITER, University of Toyama, CEA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Technical University of Madrid, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Royal Military Academy, Seoul National University, Chalmers University of Technology, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, JET Contributor, Mailloux, Joelle, Chiariello, Andrea, Martone, Raffaele, Formisano, Alessandro, Mattei, Massimiliano, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Mecànica de Fluids, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Albanese, Raffaele, Ambrosino, Giuseppe, Ambrosino, Roberto, Coccorese, Vincenzo, De Tommasi, Gianmaria, Fresa, Raffaele, Pironti, Alfredo, Quercia, Antonio, Rubinacci, Guglielmo, Et, Al, Mailloux, J, Abid, N, Abraham, K, Abreu, P, Adabonyan, O, Adrich, P, Afanasev, V, Afzal, M, Ahlgren, T, Aho-Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Akhtar, M, Albanese, R, Alderson-Martin, M, Alegre, D, Aleiferis, S, Aleksa, A, Alekseev, A, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Algualcil, J, Ali, M, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, Amosov, V, Sunden, E, Andrew, P, Angelini, B, Angioni, C, Antoniou, I, Appel, L, Appelbee, C, Aria, S, Ariola, M, Artaserse, G, Arter, W, Artigues, V, Asakura, N, Ash, A, Ashikawa, N, Aslanyan, V, Astrain, M, Asztalos, O, Auld, D, Auriemma, F, Austin, Y, Avotina, L, Aymerich, E, Baciero, A, Bairaktaris, F, Balbin, J, Balbinot, L, Balboa, I, Balden, M, Balshaw, C, Balshaw, N, Bandaru, V, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barcellona, C, Barnard, A, Barnard, M, Barnsley, R, Barth, A, Baruzzo, M, Barwell, S, Bassan, M, Batista, A, Batistoni, P, Baumane, L, Bauvir, B, Baylor, L, Beaumont, P, Beckett, D, Begolli, A, Beidler, M, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Belli, E, Belli, F, Belonohy, E, Ben Yaala, M, Benayas, J, Bentley, J, Bergsaker, H, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Berry, M, Bertalot, L, Betar, H, Beurskens, M, Bickerton, S, Bieg, B, Bielecki, J, Bierwage, A, Biewer, T, Bilato, R, Bilkova, P, Birkenmeier, G, Bishop, H, Bizarro, J, Blackburn, J, Blanchard, P, Blatchford, P, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Bohm, P, Bohm, T, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Bonfiglio, D, Bonnin, X, Bonofiglo, P, Boocock, S, Booth, A, Booth, J, Borba, D, Borodin, D, Borodkina, I, Boulbe, C, Bourdelle, C, Bowden, M, Boyd, K, Mihalic, I, Bradnam, S, Braic, V, Brandt, L, Bravanec, R, Breizman, B, Brett, A, Brezinsek, S, Brix, M, Bromley, K, Brown, B, Brunetti, D, Buckingham, R, Buckley, M, Budny, R, Buermans, J, Bufferand, H, Buratti, P, Burgess, A, Buscarino, A, Busse, A, Butcher, D, de la Cal, E, Calabro, G, Calacci, L, Calado, R, Camenen, Y, Canal, G, Cannas, B, Cappelli, M, Carcangiu, S, Card, P, Cardinali, A, Carman, P, Carnevale, D, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Carvalho, I, Carvalho, P, Casiraghi, I, Casson, F, Castaldo, C, Catalan, J, Catarino, N, Causa, F, Cavedon, M, Cecconello, M, Challis, C, Chamberlain, B, Chang, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, B, Chernyshova, M, Chiariello, A, Chmielewski, P, Chomiczewska, A, Chone, L, Ciraolo, G, Ciric, D, Clark, M, Clarkson, R, Clements, C, Cleverly, M, Coad, J, Coates, P, Cobalt, A, Coccorese, V, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Coffey, I, Colangeli, A, Colas, L, Collins, C, Collins, J, Collins, S, Conka, D, Conroy, S, Conway, B, Conway, N, Coombs, D, Cooper, P, Cooper, S, Corradino, C, Corrigan, G, Coster, D, Cox, P, Craciunescu, T, Cramp, S, Crapper, C, Craven, D, Craven, R, Esposito, M, Croci, G, Croft, D, Croitoru, A, Crombe, K, Cronin, T, Cruz, N, Crystal, C, Cseh, G, Cufar, A, Cullen, A, Curuia, M, Czarski, T, Dabirikhah, H, Dal Molin, A, Dale, E, Dalgliesh, P, Dalley, S, Dankowski, J, David, P, Davies, A, Davies, S, Davis, G, Dawson, K, Dawson, S, Day, I, De Bock, M, De Temmerman, G, De Tommasi, G, Deakin, K, Deane, J, Dejarnac, R, Del Sarto, D, Delabie, E, Del-Castillo-Negrete, D, Dempsey, A, Dendy, R, Devynck, P, Di Siena, A, Di Troia, C, Dickson, T, Dinca, P, Dittmar, T, Dobrashian, J, Doerner, R, Donne, A, Dorling, S, Dormido-Canto, S, Douai, D, Dowson, S, Doyle, R, Dreval, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Drummond, G, Duckworth, P, Dudding, H, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Dunai, D, Dunatov, T, Dunne, M, Durodie, F, Dux, R, Dvornova, A, Eastham, R, Edwards, J, Eich, T, Eichorn, A, Eidietis, N, Eksaeva, A, El Haroun, H, Ellwood, G, Elsmore, C, Embreus, O, Emery, S, Ericsson, G, Eriksson, B, Eriksson, F, Eriksson, J, Eriksson, L, Ertmer, S, Esquembri, S, Esquisabel, A, Estrada, T, Evans, G, Evans, S, Fable, E, Fagan, D, Faitsch, M, Falessi, M, Fanni, A, Farahani, A, Farquhar, I, Fasoli, A, Faugeras, B, Fazinic, S, Felici, F, Felton, R, Fernandes, A, Fernandes, H, Ferrand, J, Ferreira, D, Ferreira, J, Ferro, G, Fessey, J, Ficker, O, Field, A, Figueiredo, A, Figueiredo, J, Fil, A, Fil, N, Finburg, P, Fiorucci, D, Fischer, U, Fishpool, G, Fittill, L, Fitzgerald, M, Flammini, D, Flanagan, J, Flinders, K, Foley, S, Fonnesu, N, Fontana, M, Fontdecaba, J, Forbes, S, Formisano, A, Fornal, T, Fortuna, L, Fortuna-Zalesna, E, Fortune, M, Fowler, C, Fransson, E, Frassinetti, L, Freisinger, M, Fresa, R, Fridstrom, R, Frigione, D, Fulop, T, Furseman, M, Fusco, V, Futatani, S, Gadariya, D, Gal, K, Galassi, D, Galazka, K, Galeani, S, Gallart, D, Galvao, R, Gao, Y, Garcia, J, Garcia-Munoz, M, Gardener, M, Garzotti, L, Gaspar, J, Gatto, R, Gaudio, P, Gear, D, Gebhart, T, Gee, S, Gelfusa, M, George, R, Gerasimov, S, Gervasini, G, Gethins, M, Ghani, Z, Gherendi, M, Ghezzi, F, Giacalone, J, Giacomelli, L, Giacometti, G, Gibson, C, 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Horsten, N, Horton, A, Horton, L, Horvath, L, Hotchin, S, Howell, R, Hu, Z, Huber, A, Huber, V, Huddleston, T, Huijsmans, G, Huynh, P, Hynes, A, Iliasova, M, Imrie, D, Imrisek, M, Ingleby, J, Innocente, P, Bjork, K, Isernia, N, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Ivings, E, Jablonski, S, Jachmich, S, Jackson, T, Jacquet, P, Jarleblad, H, Jaulmes, F, Rodriguez, J, Jepu, I, Joffrin, E, Johnson, R, Johnson, T, Johnston, J, Jones, C, Jones, G, Jones, L, Jones, N, Jones, T, Joyce, A, Juarez, R, Juvonen, M, Kaltiaisenaho, T, Kaniewski, J, Kantor, A, Kappatou, A, Karhunen, J, Karkinsky, D, Kashchuk, Y, Kaufman, M, Kaveney, G, Kazakov, Y, Kazantzidis, V, Keeling, D, Kelly, R, Kempenaars, M, Kennedy, C, Kennedy, D, Kent, J, Khan, K, Khilkevich, E, Kiefer, C, Kilpelainen, J, Kim, C, Kim, H, Kim, S, King, D, King, R, Kinna, D, Kiptily, V, Kirjasuo, A, Kirov, K, Kirschner, A, Kiviniemi, T, Kizane, G, Klas, M, Klepper, C, Klix, A, Kneale, G, Knight, M, Knight, P, Knights, R, Knipe, S, Knolker, M, Knott, S, Kocan, M, Kochl, F, Kodeli, I, Kolesnichenko, Y, Kominis, Y, Kong, M, Korovin, V, Kos, B, Kos, D, Koslowski, H, Kotschenreuther, M, Koubiti, M, Koziol, K, Krasilnikov, A, Krasilnikov, V, Kresina, M, Krieger, K, Krishnan, N, Krivska, A, Kruezi, U, Kukushkin, A, Kumpulainen, H, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurotaki, H, Kwak, S, Kwon, O, Laguardia, L, Lagzdina, E, Lahtinen, A, Laing, A, Lam, N, Lambertz, H, Lane, B, Lane, C, Neto, E, Lawson, K, Lazaros, A, Lazzaro, E, Learoyd, G, Lee, C, Lee, S, Leerink, S, Leeson, T, Lefebvre, X, Leggate, H, Lehmann, J, Lehnen, M, Leichtle, D, Leipold, F, Lengar, I, Lennholm, M, Gutierrez, E, Lepiavko, B, Leppanen, J, Lerche, E, Lescinskis, A, Lewis, J, Leysen, W, Li, L, Li, Y, Likonen, J, Linsmeier, C, Lipschultz, B, Litaudon, X, Litherland-Smith, E, Liu, F, Loarer, T, Loarte, A, Lobel, R, Lomanowski, B, Lomas, P, Lopez, J, Lorenzini, R, Loreti, S, Losada, U, Loschiavo, V, Loughlin, M, Louka, Z, Lovell, J, Lowe, T, Lowry, C, Lubbad, S, Luce, T, Lucock, R, Lukin, A, Luna, C, de la Luna, E, Lungaroni, M, Lungu, C, Lunt, T, Lutsenko, V, Lyons, B, Lyssoivan, A, Machielsen, M, Macusova, E, Maenpaa, R, Maggi, C, Maggiora, R, Magness, M, Mahesan, S, Maier, H, Maingi, R, Malinowski, K, Manas, P, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manyer, J, Manzanares, A, Maquet, P, Marceca, G, Marcenko, N, Marchetto, C, Marchuk, O, Mariani, A, Mariano, G, Marin, M, Marinelli, M, Markovic, T, Marocco, D, Marot, L, Marsden, S, Marsh, J, Marshall, R, Martellucci, L, Martin, A, Martone, R, Maruyama, S, Maslov, M, Masuzaki, S, Matejcik, S, Mattei, M, Matthews, G, Matveev, D, Matveeva, E, Mauriya, A, Maviglia, F, Mayer, M, Mayoral, M, Mazzi, S, Mazzotta, C, Mcadams, R, Mccarthy, P, Mcclements, K, Mcclenaghan, J, Mccullen, P, Mcdonald, D, Mcguckin, D, Mchugh, D, Mcintyre, G, Mckean, R, Mckehon, J, Mcmillan, B, Mcnamee, L, Mcshee, A, Meakins, A, Medley, S, Meekes, C, Meghani, K, Meigs, A, Meisl, G, Meitner, S, Menmuir, S, Mergia, K, Merriman, S, Mertens, P, Meshchaninov, S, Messiaen, A, Michling, R, Middleton, P, Middleton-Gear, D, Mietelski, J, Milanesio, D, Milani, E, Militello, F, Asp, A, Milnes, J, Milocco, A, Miloshevsky, G, Minghao, C, Minucci, S, Miron, I, Miyamoto, M, Mlynar, J, Moiseenko, V, Monaghan, P, Monakhov, I, Moody, T, Moon, S, Mooney, R, Moradi, S, Morales, J, Morales, R, Mordijck, S, Moreira, L, Morgan, L, Moro, F, Morris, J, Morrison, K, Msero, L, Moulton, D, Mrowetz, T, Mundy, T, Muraglia, M, Murari, A, Muraro, A, Muthusonai, N, Na, Y, Nabais, F, Naden, M, Naish, J, Naish, R, Napoli, F, Nardon, E, Naulin, V, Nave, M, Nedzelskiy, I, Nemtsev, G, Nesenevich, V, Nestoras, I, Neu, R, Neverov, V, Ng, S, Nicassio, M, Nielsen, A, Nina, D, Nishijima, D, Noble, C, Nobs, C, Nocente, M, Nodwell, D, Nordlund, K, Nordman, H, Normanton, R, Noterdaeme, J, Nowak, S, Nunn, E, Nystrom, H, Oberparleiter, M, Obryk, B, O'Callaghan, J, Odupitan, T, Oliver, H, Olney, R, O'Mullane, M, Ongena, J, Organ, E, Orsitto, F, Orszagh, J, Osborne, T, Otin, R, Otsuka, T, Owen, A, Oya, Y, Oyaizu, M, Paccagnella, R, Pace, N, Packer, L, Paige, S, Pajuste, E, Palade, D, Pamela, S, Panadero, N, Panontin, E, Papadopoulos, A, Papp, G, Papp, P, Parail, V, Pardanaud, C, Parisi, J, Diaz, F, Parsloe, A, Parsons, M, Parsons, N, Passeri, M, Patel, A, Pau, A, Pautasso, G, Pavlichenko, R, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Soldan, C, Peacock, A, Pearce, M, Peluso, E, Penot, C, Pepperell, K, Pereira, R, Pereira, T, Cippo, E, Pereslavtsev, P, von Thun, C, Pericoli, V, Perry, D, Peterka, M, Petersson, P, Petravich, G, Petrella, N, Peyman, M, Pillon, M, Pinches, S, Pintsuk, G, de Sa, W, dos Reis, A, Piron, C, Pionr, L, Pironti, A, Pitts, R, van de Plassche, K, Platt, N, Plyusnin, V, Podesta, M, Pokol, G, Poli, F, Pompilian, O, Popovichev, S, Poradzinski, M, Porfiri, M, Porkolab, M, Porosnicu, C, Porton, M, Poulipoulis, G, Predebon, I, Prestopino, G, Price, C, Price, D, Price, M, Primetzhofer, D, Prior, P, Provatas, G, Pucella, G, Puglia, P, Purahoo, K, Pusztai, I, Putignano, O, Putterich, T, 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M, Taylor, D, Teimane, A, Telesca, G, Teplova, N, Teplukhina, A, Terentyev, D, Terra, A, Terranova, D, Terranova, N, Testa, D, Tholerus, E, Thomas, J, Thoren, E, Thorman, A, Tierens, W, Tinguely, R, Tipton, A, Todd, H, Tokitani, M, Tolias, P, Tomes, M, Tookey, A, Torikai, Y, von Toussaint, U, Tsavalas, P, Tskhakaya, D, Turner, I, Turner, M, Turnyanskiy, M, Tvalashvili, G, Tyrrell, S, Tyshchenko, M, Uccello, A, Udintsev, V, Urbanczyk, G, Vadgama, A, Valcarcel, D, Valisa, M, Olivares, P, Vallhagen, O, Van Eester, D, Varje, J, Vartanian, S, Vasilopoulou, T, Vayakis, G, Vecsei, M, Vega, J, Ventre, S, Verdoolaege, G, Verona, C, Rinati, G, Veshchev, E, Vianello, N, Viezzer, E, Vignitchouk, L, Vila, R, Villari, R, Villone, F, Vincenzi, P, Vinyar, I, Viola, B, Virtanen, A, Vitins, A, Vizvary, Z, Vlad, G, Vlad, M, Vondracek, P, de Vries, P, Wakeling, B, Walkden, N, Walker, M, Walker, R, Walsh, M, Wang, E, Wang, N, Warder, S, Warren, R, Waterhouse, J, Watts, C, Wauters, T, Weckmann, A, Maxwell, 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Subjects
Technology, TOKAMAKS, PLASMAS, overview, CONFINEMENT, plasma facing components (PFC), ILW, tritium operations, d-t preparation, deuterium, D–T preparation, nuclear technology, JET with ITER-like wall, isotope, Física::Física de fluids::Física de plasmes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Settore FIS/01, GAS HANDLING-SYSTEM, JET, Overview, ITER-like wall (ILW), D-T preparation, energetic particles, scenario development, Shattered Pellet Injection (SPI), plasma-wall interactions (PWI), tritium, Physics, Settore ING-IND/18 - Fisica dei Reattori Nucleari, shutdown dose-rate, gas handling-system, Condensed Matter Physics, simulation, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, ilw, confinement, Physical Sciences, SIMULATION, JET with ITER-like wallisotope, ddc:620, performance, plasma facing components (pfc), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, DEUTERIUM, jet with iter-like wall, Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, Physics, Fluids & Plasmas, BERYLLIUM, divertor, TRITIUM, Science & Technology, Reactors de fusió, tritium operation, Nuclear energy, PERFORMANCE, beryllium, SHUTDOWN DOSE-RATE, Fusion reactors, Physics and Astronomy, JET programme, Energia nuclear, DIVERTOR, ddc:600
Abstract

The JET 2019–2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major neutral beam injection upgrade providing record power in 2019–2020, and tested the technical and procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle (a) physics in the coming D–T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design and operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D–T benefited from the highest D–D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 1223 autors/autores: J. Mailloux1, N. Abid1, K. Abraham1, P. Abreu2, O. Adabonyan1, P. Adrich3, V. Afanasev4, M. Afzal1, T. Ahlgren5, L. Aho-Mantila6, N. Aiba7, M. Airila6, M. Akhtar1, R. Albanese8, M. Alderson-Martin1, D. Alegre9, S. Aleiferis10, A. Aleksa1, A.G. Alekseev11, E. Alessi12, P. Aleynikov13, J. Algualcil14, M. Ali1, M. Allinson1, B. Alper1, E. Alves2, G. Ambrosino8, R. Ambrosino8, V. Amosov15, E.Andersson Sunden16, P. Andrew13, B.M. Angelini17, C. Angioni18, I. Antoniou1, L.C. Appel1, C. Appelbee1, S. Aria1, M. Ariola8, G. Artaserse17, W. Arter1, V. Artigues18, N. Asakura7, A. Ash1, N. Ashikawa19, V. Aslanyan20, M. Astrain21, O. Asztalos22, D. Auld1, F. Auriemma23, Y. Austin1, L. Avotina24, E. Aymerich25, A. Baciero9, F. Bairaktaris26, J. Balbin27, L. Balbinot23, I. Balboa1, M. Balden18, C. Balshaw1, N. Balshaw1, V.K. Bandaru18, J. Banks1, Yu.F. Baranov1, C. Barcellona28, A. Barnard1, M. Barnard1, R. Barnsley13, A. Barth1, M. Baruzzo17, S. Barwell1, M. Bassan13, A. Batista2, P. Batistoni17, L. Baumane24, B. Bauvir13, L. Baylor29, P.S. Beaumont1, D. Beckett1, A. Begolli1, M. Beidler29, N. Bekris30,31, M. Beldishevski1, E. Belli32, F. Belli17, É. Belonohy1, M. Ben Yaala33, J. Benayas1, J. Bentley1, H. Bergsåker34, J. Bernardo2, M. Bernert18, M. Berry1, L. Bertalot13, H. Betar35, M. Beurskens36, S. Bickerton1, B. Bieg37, J. Bielecki38, A. Bierwage7, T. Biewer29, R. Bilato18, P. Bílková39, G. Birkenmeier18, H. Bishop1, J.P.S. Bizarro2, J. Blackburn1, P. Blanchard40, P. Blatchford1, V. Bobkov18, A. Boboc1, P. Bohm39, T. Bohm41, I. Bolshakova42, T. Bolzonella23, N. Bonanomi18, D. Bonfiglio23, X. Bonnin13, P. Bonofiglo43, S. Boocock1, A. Booth1, J. Booth1, D. Borba2,30, D. Borodin44, I. Borodkina39,44, C. Boulbe45, C. Bourdelle27, M. Bowden1, K. Boyd1, I.Bozicevic Mihalic46, S.C. Bradnam1, V. Braic47, L. Brandt48, R. Bravanec49, B. Breizman50, A. Brett1, S. Brezinsek44, M. Brix1, K. Bromley1, B. Brown1, D. Brunetti1,12, R. Buckingham1, M. Buckley1, R. Budny, J. Buermans51, H. Bufferand27, P. Buratti17, A. Burgess1, A. Buscarino28, A. Busse1, D. Butcher1, E.de la Cal9, G. Calabrò52, L. Calacci53, R. Calado2, Y. Camenen54, G. Canal55, B. Cannas25, M. Cappelli17, S. Carcangiu25, P. Card1, A. Cardinali17, P. Carman1, D. Carnevale53, M. Carr1, D. Carralero9, L. Carraro23, I.S. Carvalho2, P. Carvalho2, I. Casiraghi56, F.J. Casson1, C. Castaldo17, J.P. Catalan14, N. Catarino2, F. Causa12, M. Cavedon18, M. Cecconello16, C.D. Challis1, B. Chamberlain1, C.S. Chang43, A. Chankin18, B. Chapman1,57, M. Chernyshova58, A. Chiariello8, P. Chmielewski58, A. Chomiczewska58, L. Chone59, G. Ciraolo27, D. Ciric1, J. Citrin60, Ł. Ciupinski61, M. Clark1, R. Clarkson1, C. Clements1, M. Cleverly1, J.P. Coad1, P. Coates1, A. Cobalt1, V. Coccorese8, R. Coelho2, J.W. Coenen44, I.H. Coffey62, A. Colangeli17, L. Colas27, C. Collins29, J. Collins1, S. Collins1, D. Conka24, S. Conroy16, B. Conway1, N.J. Conway1, D. Coombs1, P. Cooper1, S. Cooper1, C. Corradino28, G. Corrigan1, D. Coster18, P. Cox1, T. Craciunescu63, S. Cramp1, C. Crapper1, D. Craven1, R. Craven1, M.Crialesi Esposito48, G. Croci56, D. Croft1, A. Croitoru63, K. Crombe51,64, T. Cronin1, N. Cruz2, C. Crystal32, G. Cseh22, A. Cufar65, A. Cullen1, M. Curuia66, T. Czarski58, H. Dabirikhah1, A.Dal Molin56, E. Dale1, P. Dalgliesh1, S. Dalley1, J. Dankowski38, P. David18, A. Davies1, S. Davies1, G. Davis1, K. Dawson1, S. Dawson1, I.E. Day1, M. De Bock13, G. De Temmerman13, G. De Tommasi8, K. Deakin1, J. Deane1, R. Dejarnac39, D. Del Sarto35, E. Delabie29, D. Del-Castillo-Negrete29, A. Dempsey67, R.O. Dendy1,57, P. Devynck27, A. Di Siena18, C. Di Troia17, T. Dickson1, P. Dinca63, T. Dittmar44, J. Dobrashian1, R.P. Doerner68, A.J.H. Donne´69, S. Dorling1, S. Dormido-Canto70, D. Douai27, S. Dowson1, R. Doyle67, M. Dreval71, P. Drewelow36, P. Drews44, G. Drummond1, Ph. Duckworth13, H. Dudding1,72, R. Dumont27, P. Dumortier51, D. Dunai22, T. Dunatov46, M. Dunne18, I. Duran39, F. Durodie51, R. Dux18, A. Dvornova27, R. Eastham1, J. Edwards1, Th. Eich18, A. Eichorn1, N. Eidietis32, A. Eksaeva44, H. El Haroun1, G. Ellwood13, C. Elsmore1, O. Embreus73, S. 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Hammond1, E. Harford1, J.R. Harrison1, D. Harting1, Y. Hatano84, D.R. Hatch50, T. Haupt1, J. Hawes1, N.C. Hawkes1, J. Hawkins1, T. Hayashi7, S. Hazael1, S. Hazel1, P. Heesterman1, B. Heidbrink85, W. Helou13, O. Hemming1, S.S. Henderson1, R.B. Henriques2, D. Hepple1, J. Herfindal29, G. Hermon1, J. Hill1, J.C. Hillesheim1, K. Hizanidis26, A. Hjalmarsson16, A. Ho60, J. Hobirk18, O. Hoenen13, C. Hogben1, A. Hollingsworth1, S. Hollis1, E. Hollmann68, M. Hölzl18, B. Homan45, M. Hook1, D. Hopley1, J. Horácek39, D. Horsley1, N. Horsten59, A. Horton1, L.D. Horton30,40, L. Horvath1,72, S. Hotchin1, R. Howell1, Z. Hu56, A. Huber44, V. Huber44, T. Huddleston1, G.T.A. Huijsmans13, P. Huynh27, A. Hynes1, M. Iliasova4, D. Imrie1, M. Imrísek39, J. Ingleby1, P. Innocente23, K. Insulander Björk73, N. Isernia8, I. Ivanova-Stanik58, E. Ivings1, S. Jablonski58, S. Jachmich13,30,51, T. Jackson1, P. Jacquet1, H. Järleblad86, F. Jaulmes39, J.Jenaro Rodriguez1, I. Jepu63, E. Joffrin27, R. Johnson1, T. 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Robson1, R. Rodionov87, P. Rodrigues2, M.Rodriguez Ramos109, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez3, F. Romanelli74, M. Romanelli1, S. Romanelli1, J. Romazanov44, R. Rossi53, S. Rowe1, D. Rowlands1,30, M. Rubel34, G. Rubinacci8, G. Rubino52, L. Ruchko55, M. Ruiz21, J.Ruiz Ruiz109, C. Ruset63, J. Rzadkiewicz3, S. Saarelma1, E. Safi5, A. Sahlberg16, M. Salewski86, A. Salmi6, R. Salmon1, F. Salzedas2,114, I. Sanders1, D. Sandiford1, B. Santos2, A. Santucci17, K. Särkimäki73, R. Sarwar1, I. Sarychev1, O. Sauter40, P. Sauwan14, N. Scapin48, F. Schluck44, K. Schmid18, S. Schmuck12, M. Schneider13, P.A. Schneider18, D. Schwörer67, G. Scott1, M. Scott1, D. Scraggs1, S. Scully1, M. Segato1, Jaemin Seo92, G. Sergienko44, M. Sertoli1, S.E. Sharapov1, A. Shaw1, H. Sheikh1, U. Sheikh40, A. Shepherd1, A. Shevelev4, P. Shigin13, K. Shinohara115, S. Shiraiwa43, D. Shiraki29, M. Short1, G. Sias25, S.A. Silburn1, A. Silva2, C. Silva2, J. Silva1, D. Silvagni18, D. Simfukwe1, J. Simpson1,59, D. Sinclair1, S.K. 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Teplukhina43, D. Terentyev83, A. Terra44, D. Terranova23, N. Terranova17, D. Testa40, E. Tholerus1,34, J. Thomas1, E. Thoren113, A. Thorman1, W. Tierens18, R.A. Tinguely20, A. Tipton1, H. Todd1, M. Tokitani19, P. Tolias113, M. Tomes39, A. Tookey1, Y. Torikai118, U. von Toussaint18, P. Tsavalas10, D. Tskhakaya39,119, I. Turner1, M. Turner1, M.M. Turner67, M. Turnyanskiy1,69, G. Tvalashvili1, S. Tyrrell1, M. Tyshchenko82, A. Uccello12, V. Udintsev13, G. Urbanczyk27, A. Vadgama1, D. Valcarcel1, M. Valisa23, P.Vallejos Olivares34, O. Vallhagen73, M. Valovicˇ1, D. Van Eester51, J. Varje59, S. Vartanian27, T. Vasilopoulou10, G. Vayakis13, M. Vecsei22, J. Vega9, S. Ventre8, G. Verdoolaege64, C. Verona53, G.Verona Rinati53, E. Veshchev13, N. Vianello23, E. Viezzer79, L. Vignitchouk113, R. Vila9, R. Villari17, F. Villone8, P. Vincenzi23, I. Vinyar94, B. Viola17, A.J. Virtanen59, A. Vitins24, Z. Vizvary1, G. Vlad17, M. Vlad63, P. Vondrácek39, P.de Vries13, B. Wakeling1, N.R. Walkden1, M. Walker1, R. Walker1, M. Walsh13, E. Wang44, N. Wang1, S. Warder1, R. Warren1, J. Waterhouse1, C. Watts13, T. Wauters51, A. Weckmann34, H.Wedderburn Maxwell1, M. Weiland18, H. Weisen40, M. Weiszflog16, P. Welch1, N. Wendler58, A. West1, M. Wheatley1, S. Wheeler1, A. Whitehead1, D. Whittaker1, A. Widdowson1, S. Wiesen44, J. Wilkinson1, J.C. Williams1, D. Willoughby1, I. Wilson1, J. Wilson1, T. Wilson1, M. Wischmeier18, P. Wise1, G. Withenshaw1, A. Withycombe1, D. Witts1, A. Wojcik-Gargula38, E. Wolfrum18, R. Wood1, C. Woodley1, R. Woodley1, B. Woods1, J. Wright1, J.C. Wright20, T. Xu1, D. Yadikin74, M. Yajima19, Y. Yakovenko82, Y. Yang13, W. Yanling44, V. Yanovskiy39, I. Young1, R. Young1, R.J. Zabolockis24, J. Zacks1, R. Zagorski3, F.S. Zaitsev88, L. Zakharov5, A. Zarins24, D. Zarzoso Fernandez54, K.-D. Zastrow1, Y. Zayachuk1, M. Zerbini17, W. Zhang18, Y. Zhou34, M. Zlobinski44, A. Zocco36, A. Zohar65, V. Zoita63, S. Zoletnik22, V.K. Zotta81, I. Zoulias1, W. Zwingmann2 and I. Zychor3 // 1 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal 3 National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland 4 Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russia 5 University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 6 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland 7 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193, Japan 8 Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy 9 Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain 10 NCSR ‘Demokritos’ 153 10, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece 11 NRC Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatov Square, Moscow 123182, Russia 12 Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, CNR, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy 13 ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France 14 Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Dept Ingn Energet, Calle Juan del Rosal 12, E-28040 Madrid, Spain 15 Troitsk Insitute of Innovating and Thermonuclear Research (TRINITI), Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia 16 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden 17 Dip.to Fusione e Tecnologie per la Sicurezza Nucleare, ENEA C. R. Frascati, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy 18 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, D-85748 Garching, Germany 19 National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan 20 MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America 21 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Grupo I2A2, Madrid, Spain 22 Centre for Energy Research, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary 23 Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy 24 University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga, LV 1586, Latvia 25 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi 09123 Cagliari, Italy 26 National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, 157 73 Zografou, Athens, Greece 27 CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France 28 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica Elettronica e Informatica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy 29 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, TN, United States of America 30 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Culham Science Centre, Culham, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 31 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 32 General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, United States of America 33 Department of Physics, University of Basel, Switzerland 34 Fusion Plasma Physics, EECS, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden 35 Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France 36 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Teilinsitut Greifswald, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany 37 Maritime University of Szczecin Faculty of Marine Engineering, Waly Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland 38 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland 39 Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic 40 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 41 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America 42 Magnetic Sensor Laboratory, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine 43 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, James Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08543, NJ, United States of America 44 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany 45 Université Cote d’Azur, CNRS, Inria, LJAD, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 02, France 46 Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 47 The National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania 48 Mechanics, SCI, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden 49 Fourth State Research, 503 Lockhart Dr, Austin, TX, United States of America 50 University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Fusion Studies, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America 51 Laboratory for Plasma Physics LPP-ERM/KMS, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium 52 University of Tuscia, DEIM, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100 Viterbo, Italy 53 Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, Italy 54 Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, PIIM, UMR 7345, 13013 Marseille, France 55 Instituto de Física, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua do Mat˜ao Travessa R Nr.187, CEP 05508-090 Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, Brasil 56 University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy 57 Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 58 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland 59 Aalto University, PO Box 14100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Finland 60 FOM Institute DIFFER, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 61 Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland 62 Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 63 The National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania 64 Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium 65 Slovenian Fusion Association (SFA), Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 66 The National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Ramnicu Valcea, Romania 67 Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland 68 University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America 69 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany 70 UNED, Dpto. Informática y Automática, Madrid, Spain 71 National Science Center ‘Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology’, Akademichna 1, Kharkiv 61108, Ukraine 72 York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 73 Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden 74 Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden 75 European Commission, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium 76 University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, TN, United States of America 77 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 78 Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain 79 Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain 80 Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IUSTI, UMR 7343, 13013 Marseille, France 81 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Astronautica, Elettrica ed Energetica, SAPIENZA Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy 82 Institute for Nuclear Research, Prospekt Nauky 47, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine 83 Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie—Centre d’Etude de l’Energie Nucléaire, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium 84 University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan 85 University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States of America 86 Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Bldg 309, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark 87 Institution ‘Project Center ITER’, Moscow, 123182, Russia 88 Faculty of Mathematics, Department of Experimental Physics, Physics and Informatics Comenius University Mlynska dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia 89 University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland 90 Institute of Physics, Opole University, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland 91 Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-174, Republic of Korea 92 Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 93 Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, Josep Pl. 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019, Barcelona, Spain 94 PELIN LLC, 27a, Gzhatskaya Ulitsa, Saint Petersburg, 195220, Russia 95 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America 96 Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy 97 ICREA and Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain 98 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 99 Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi—CNR and Dipartimento di Energia—Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy 100 Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands 101 Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America 102 Department of Material Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan 103 Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehová 78/7, 115 19 Praha 1, Czech Republic 104 College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States of America 105 University of California, 1111 Franklin St., Oakland, CA 94607, United States of America 106 University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 107 Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan 108 Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan 109 Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 110 Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America 111 Dipartimento di Fisica ‘G. Galilei’, Universita’ degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy 112 Space and Plasma Physics, EECS, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden 113 University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupoli Ioanninon, PO Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece 114 Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal 115 The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan 116 Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos g. 3, LT-44403, Kaunas, Lithuania 117 HRS Fusion, West Orange, NJ, United States of America 118 Ibaraki University Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan 119 Technische Universität Wien, Fusion@ÖAW Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Austria

14. Axisymmetric oscillations at L–H transitions in JET: M-mode.

Author

Emilia R. Solano, N. Vianello, E. Delabie, J.C. Hillesheim, P. Buratti, D. Réfy, I. Balboa, A. Boboc, R. Coelho, B. Sieglin, S. Silburn, P. Drewelow, S. Devaux, D. Dodt, A. Figueiredo, L. Frassinetti, S. Marsen, L. Meneses, C.F. Maggi, and J. Morris

Subjects
OSCILLATIONS, GEODESIC motion, LANGMUIR probes, ELABORATION likelihood model, INFRARED cameras
Abstract

L to H transition studies at JET have revealed an n  =  0, m  =  1 magnetic oscillation starting immediately at the L to H transition (called M-mode for brevity). While the magnetic oscillation is present a weak ELM-less H-mode regime is obtained, with a clear increase of density and a weak electron temperature pedestal. It is an intermediate state between L and H-mode. In ICRH heated plasmas or low density NBI plasmas the magnetic mode and the pedestal can remain steady (with small oscillations) for the duration of the heating phase, of order 10 s or more. The axisymmetric magnetic oscillation has period ~0.5–2 ms, and poloidal mode number m  =  1: it looks like a pedestal localised up/down oscillation, although it is clearly a natural oscillation of the plasma, not driven by the position control system. Electron cyclotron emission, interferometry, reflectometry and fast Li beam measurements locate the mode in the pedestal region. Dα, fast infrared camera and Langmuir probe measurements show that the mode modulates heat and particle fluxes to the target. The mode frequency appears to scale with the poloidal Alfvén velocity, and not with sound speed (i.e. it is not a geodesic acoustic mode). A heuristic model is proposed for the frequency scaling of the mode. We discuss the relationship between the M-mode and other related observations near the L–H transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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15. Experimental investigation of geodesic acoustic modes on JET using Doppler backscattering.

Author

C. Silva, J.C. Hillesheim, C. Hidalgo, E. Belonohy, E. Delabie, L. Gil, C.F. Maggi, L. Meneses, E. Solano, M. Tsalas, and Contributors, JET

Subjects
*GEODESIC flows, *PLASMA boundary layers, *DOPPLER broadening, *ELECTRON distribution, *PLASMA physics
Abstract

Geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) have been investigated in JET ohmic discharges using mainly Doppler backscattering. Characteristics and scaling properties of the GAM are studied. Time and spatial resolved measurements of the perpendicular velocity indicate that GAMs are located in a narrow layer at the edge density gradient region with amplitude corresponding to about 50% of the mean local perpendicular velocity. GAMs on JET appear to be regulated by the turbulence drive rather than by their damping rate. It is also shown that the GAM amplitude is ~20% larger in deuterium than in hydrogen plasmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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16. Discriminating the trapped electron modes contribution in density fluctuation spectra.

Author

H. Arnichand, R. Sabot, S. Hacquin, A. Krämer-Flecken, C. Bourdelle, J. Citrin, X. Garbet, J.C. Giacalone, R. Guirlet, J.C. Hillesheim, and L. Meneses

Subjects
ELECTRON traps, FLUCTUATIONS (Physics), PLASMA flow, CYCLOTRON resonance, PLASMA turbulence
Abstract

Quasi-coherent (QC) modes have been reported for more than 10 years in reflectometry fluctuations spectra in the core region of fusion plasmas. They have characteristics in-between coherent and broadband fluctuations as they oscillate at a marked frequency but have a wide spectrum. This work presents further evidences of the link recently established between QC modes and the trapped electron modes (TEM) instabilities (Arnichand et al 2014 Nucl. Fusion54 123017). In electron cyclotron resonance heated discharges of Tore Supra, an enhancement of QC modes amplitude is observed in a region where TEM cause impurity transport and turbulence. In JET Ohmic plasmas, QC modes disappear during density ramp-up and current ramp-down. This is reminiscent of Tore Supra and TEXTOR observations during transitions from the linear Ohmic confinement (LOC) to the saturated Ohmic confinement (SOC) regimes. Evidencing TEM activity then becomes experimentally possible via analysis of fluctuation spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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17. Doppler backscattering for spherical tokamaks and measurement of high-k density fluctuation wavenumber spectrum in MAST.

Author

J.C. Hillesheim, N.A. Crocker, W.A. Peebles, H. Meyer, A. Meakins, A.R. Field, D. Dunai, M. Carr, N. Hawkes, and Team, the MAST

Subjects
*DOPPLER effect, *BACKSCATTERING, *TOKAMAKS, *DENSITY functionals, *WAVENUMBER, *TOROIDAL magnetic circuits
Abstract

The high-k () wavenumber spectrum of density fluctuations has been measured for the first time in MAST (Lloyd et al 2003 Nucl. Fusion43 1665). This was accomplished with the first implementation of Doppler backscattering (DBS) for core measurements in a spherical tokamak. DBS has become a well-established and versatile diagnostic technique for the measurement of intermediate- k (, and higher) density fluctuations and flows in magnetically confined fusion experiments. Previous implementations of DBS for core measurements have been in standard, large aspect ratio tokamaks. A novel implementation with two-dimensional (2D) steering was necessary to enable DBS measurements in MAST, where the large variation of the magnetic field pitch angle presents a challenge. We report on the scattering considerations and ray tracing calculations used to optimize the design and present data demonstrating measurement capabilities. Initial results confirm the applicability of the design and implementation approaches, showing the strong dependence of scattering alignment on the toroidal launch angle and demonstrating that DBS is sensitive to the local magnetic field pitch angle. We also present comparisons of DBS plasma velocity measurements with charge exchange recombination and beam emission spectroscopy measurements, which show reasonable agreement over most of the minor radius, but imply large poloidal flows approaching the magnetic axis in a discharge with an internal transport barrier. The 2D steering is shown to enable high-k measurements with DBS, at cm () for launch frequencies less than 75 GHz; this capability is used to measure the wavenumber spectrum of turbulence and we find for –11, which is similar to the expectation for the turbulent kinetic cascade of . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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18. Dependence of intrinsic rotation reversals on collisionality in MAST.

Author

J.C. Hillesheim, F.I. Parra, M. Barnes, N.A. Crocker, H. Meyer, W.A. Peebles, R. Scannell, A. Thornton, and Team, the MAST

Subjects
*COLLISIONS (Nuclear physics), *TOKAMAKS, *MOMENTUM (Mechanics), *BACKSCATTERING, *PLASMA gases, *FLUCTUATIONS (Physics)
Abstract

Tokamak plasmas rotate even without external injection of momentum. A Doppler backscattering system installed at MAST has allowed this intrinsic rotation to be studied in ohmic L-mode and H-mode plasmas, including the first observation of intrinsic rotation reversals in a spherical tokamak. Experimental results are compared to a novel 1D model, which captures the collisionality dependence of the radial transport of toroidal angular momentum due to the effect of neoclassical flows on turbulent fluctuations. The model is able to accurately reproduce the change in sign of core toroidal rotation, using experimental density and temperature profiles from shots with rotation reversals as inputs and no free parameters fit to experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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