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Background: The association between heart rate (HR) and pulmonary embolism (PE) outcomes has not been well studied. Furthermore, optimal cutoffs to identify low-risk and intermediate- to high-risk patients are not well known. Research Question: Does an association exist between baseline HR and PE outcome across the continuum of HR values? Study Design and Methods: The current study included 44,331 consecutive nonhypotensive patients with symptomatic PE from the Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbólica registry between 2001 and 2021. Outcomes included 30-day all-cause and PE-specific mortality. We used hierarchical logistic regression to assess the association between admission HR and outcomes. Results: A positive relationship was found between admission HR and 30-day all-cause and PE-related mortality. Considering an HR of 80 to 99 beats/min as a reference, patients in the higher HR strata showed higher rates of all-cause death (adjusted OR, 1.5 for HR of 100-109 beats/min; adjusted OR, 1.7 for HR of 110-119 beats/min; adjusted OR, 1.9 for HR of 120-139 beats/min; and adjusted OR, 2.4 for HR of ≥ 140 beats/min). Patients in the lower strata of HR showed significantly lower rates of 30-day all-cause mortality compared with the same reference group (adjusted OR, 0.6 for HR of 60-79 beats/min; and adjusted OR, 0.5 for HR of < 60 beats/min). The findings for 30-day PE-related mortality were similar. For identification of low-risk patients, a cutoff value of 80 beats/min (vs 110 beats/min) increased the sensitivity of the simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (sPESI) from 93.4% to 98.8%. For identification of intermediate- to high-risk patients, a cutoff value of 140 beats/min (vs 110 beats/min) increased the specificity of the Bova score from 93.2% to 98.0%. Interpretation: In nonhypotensive patients with acute symptomatic PE, a high HR portends an increased risk of all-cause and PE-related mortality. Modifying the HR cutoff in the sPESI and the Bova score improves prognostication of patients with PE.

The RIETE Investigators., [Background] The optimal therapy of patients with acute subsegmental pulmonary embolism (PE) is controversial., [Methods] We used the RIETE (Registro Informatizado Enfermedad TromboEmbólica) database to compare the rate of symptomatic PE recurrences during anticoagulation in patients with subsegmental, segmental, or more central PEs. [Results] Among 15 963 patients with a first episode of symptomatic PE, 834 (5.2%) had subsegmental PE, 3797 (24%) segmental, and 11 332 (71%) more central PE. Most patients in all subgroups received initial therapy with low‐molecular‐weight heparin, and then most switched to vitamin K antagonists. Median duration of therapy was 179, 185, and 204 days, respectively. During anticoagulation, 183 patients developed PE recurrences, 131 developed deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 543 bled, and 1718 died (fatal PE, 135). The rate of PE recurrences was twofold higher in patients with subsegmental PE than in those with segmental (hazard ratio [HR], 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16‐3.85) or more central PE (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.12‐3.13). On multivariable analysis, patients with subsegmental PE had a higher risk for PE recurrences than those with central PE (adjusted HR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.02‐3.03). After stratifying patients with subsegmental PE according to ultrasound imaging in the lower limbs, the rate of PE recurrences was similar in patients with DVT, in patients without DVT, and in those with no ultrasound imaging. [Conclusions] Our study reveals that the risk for PE recurrences in patients with segmental PE is not lower than in those with more central PE, thus suggesting that the risk of PE recurrences is not influenced by the anatomic location of PE.

Surgery increases the risk (by 20-fold) of venous thromboembolism (VTE), but there are prophylaxis methods (mechanical, pharmaceutical or combined) that safely reduce the incidence rate of VTE. The administration of prophylaxis requires a prior assessment of the risks associated with the patient and with the type of surgery. The Caprini and Rogers scales classify patients into four VTE risk categories (very low, low, moderate and high). In pharmacological prophylaxis, the risk of bleeding should also be assessed. At this time, the recommendation is to administer prophylaxis to all patients: mechanical prophylaxis for low, moderate or high risk with contraindications for the administration of heparin; combined with heparin for very high risk; and with drugs such as low-molecular-weight heparin, unfractionated heparin and fondaparinux for moderate to high risk. These measurements should be kept until full ambulation, discharge, or at least seven days (for major oncologic and bariatric surgery, maintain for four weeks).

Introduction In patients receiving anticoagulation for deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a variety of reasons (including active bleeding or high-risk for bleeding) may lead into premature discontinuation of therapy (prior to completing 90 days). The relative frequency and clinical consequences of premature discontinuation in contemporary patients remain unknown. Methods We used the data from RIETE, an international registry of patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE), to identify patients with proximal (above knee) lower limb DVT who prematurely discontinued anticoagulation. We assessed the incidence of the composite outcome: pulmonary embolism (PE)-related death, sudden death, or recurrent VTE within the subsequent 30 days after discontinuation and compared the risk of these events vs. the risk in patients without premature discontinuation, once adjusted for demographics and clinical factors. Results Of 26,335 patients with proximal DVT recruited from 2001 to 2018, 1322 (5.02%) prematurely discontinued anticoagulation. Thirty days after discontinuation, 12 (0.91%) patients suffered fatal PE (n = 8) or sudden death (n = 4) and 33 (2.50%) had non-fatal recurrent VTE (PE = 15; recurrent DVT = 18). In patients with premature discontinuation, the 30-day incidence of the composite outcome was 1.62 per 1000 patient-days (95%CI: 0.00–3.80). During the first week after discontinuation, the incidence rate was 4.09 per 1000 patient-days (95%CI: 0.65–7.52). The adjusted odds of the composite outcome was 7.88 times (95%CI: 6.39–9.72) higher in patients who discontinued prematurely than in those without premature discontinuation. Conclusion Premature discontinuation of anticoagulation occurred in 5% of patients with proximal DVT, and was associated an 8-fold increased odds for the composite outcome.

Background Patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) who prematurely discontinue anticoagulant therapy ( Methods We used the data from the RIETE (Registro Informatizado de Pacientes con Enfermedad TromboEmbólica) registry to compare the prognostic ability of five machine-learning (ML) models and logistic regression to identify patients at increased risk for the composite of fatal PE or recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) 30 days after discontinuation. ML models included decision tree, k-nearest neighbors algorithm, support vector machine, Ensemble, and neural network [NN]. A “full” model with 70 variables and a “reduced” model with 23 were analyzed. Model performance was assessed by confusion matrix metrics on the testing data for each model and a calibration plot. Results Among 34,447 patients with PE, 1,348 (3.9%) discontinued therapy prematurely. Fifty-one (3.8%) developed fatal PE or sudden death and 24 (1.8%) had nonfatal VTE recurrences within 30 days after discontinuation. ML-NN was the best method for identification of patients experiencing the composite endpoint, predicting the composite outcome with an area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.96 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95–0.98), using either 70 or 23 variables captured before discontinuation. Similar numbers were obtained for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy. The discrimination of logistic regression was inferior (area under ROC curve, 0.76 [95% CI: 0.70–0.81]). Calibration plots showed similar deviations from the perfect line for ML-NN and logistic regression. Conclusion The ML-NN method very well predicted the composite outcome after premature discontinuation of anticoagulation and outperformed traditional logistic regression.

The performance of validated bleeding risk scores in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) could be different depending on the time after index event or the site of bleeding. In this study we compared the "classic" Registro Informatizado de Enfermedad TromboEmbólica (RIETE) score and the more recently developed VTE-BLEED score for the prediction of major bleeding in patients under anticoagulant therapy in different time intervals after VTE diagnosis. Out of 82,239 patients with acute VTE, the proportion of high-risk patients according to the RIETE and VTE-BLEED scores was 7.1 and 62.3%, respectively. The performance of both scores across the different study periods (first 30 days after VTE diagnosis, days 31-90, days 91-180, and days 181-360) was similar, with areas under the receiving operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) ranging between 0.69 and 0.72. However, the positive predictive values were low, ranging between 0.6 and 3.9 (better for early major bleeding than for later periods). A sensitivity analysis limited to patients with unprovoked VTE showed comparable results. Both scores showed a trend toward a better prediction of extracranial than intracranial major bleeding, the RIETE score resulting more useful for early extracranial bleeding and the VTE-BLEED for late intracranial hemorrhages. Our study reveals that the usefulness of available bleeding scores may vary depending on the characteristics of the patient population and the time frame evaluated. Dynamic scores could be more useful for this purpose. ispartof: TH Open vol:5 issue:3 pages:e319-e328 ispartof: location:Germany status: Published online

Registro Informatizado de Enfermedad Tromboembólica Investigators., [Objective] Overlap exists between the risk factors for coronary artery disease and venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, a paucity of data is available on the incidence of major acute cardiovascular events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE) among patients presenting with VTE. Moreover, it is unknown whether the rate of cardiovascular outcomes differs among patients with unprovoked vs provoked VTE., [Methods] We analyzed the data from 2009 to 2017 in the Registro Informatizado de Enfermedad Tromboembólica registry, an ongoing, multicenter, international registry of consecutive patients with a diagnosis of objectively confirmed VTE. The query was restricted it to patients with data entry for the arterial outcomes. The baseline prevalence of coronary artery disease risk factors was compared between patients with provoked (ie, immobility, cancer, surgery, travel >6 hours, hormonal causes) and unprovoked VTE. After the initial VTE event, we followed up patients for the composite primary outcome of incident MACE (ie, stroke, myocardial infarction, unstable angina) and/or MALE (ie, major limb events). We used the χ2 test for baseline associations and a Cox proportional hazard for multivariate analysis. We used IBM SPSS, version 24 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) for statistical analysis. A P value of, [Results] We analyzed the data from 41,259 patients with VTE, of whom 22,633 (55.6%) had experienced a provoked VTE. During follow-up, the patients with provoked VTE were more likely to develop MACE or MALE than were patients with unprovoked VTE (hazard ratio [HR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.5). The association of arterial events with recent immobility (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.5-12.1) and cancer (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-1.9) was strong. After adjusting for multiple conventional cardiovascular risk factors, provoked VTE, compared with unprovoked VTE, was significantly associated with an increased hazard for MACE (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7). Cancer remained a significant adjusted predictor for both MACE (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-2.1) and MALE (HR, 2.1; 95% CI 1.01-4.6) in those with provoked VTE., [Conclusions] Among patients with VTE, provoked cases, specifically those with cancer-associated VTE, have an increased risk of major arterial events.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:52:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-05-01 Hallux valgus surgery (HVS) is one of the most common orthopedic procedures, often occurring in older adults. Guidelines provide inconsistent recommendations about venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis after HVS and data are scarce regarding VTE presentation and outcomes in this population. We reported the clinical characteristics and outcomes of VTE following HVS among patients enrolled in Registro Informatizado Enfermedad TromboEmbolica (RIETE), a prospective multicenter VTE registry. We compared the findings with those of other patients in RIETE. Consecutive patients with VTE post HVS were included in the study. Baseline characteristics, administration of VTE prophylaxis prior to diagnosis, presenting symptoms and signs, risk factors for VTE, and 90-day outcomes including recurrent VTE, major bleeding and death were determined. A total of 54 patients with VTE post HVS were identified in RIETE [median age: 64 (interquartile range 56–71) years; 85.2% female] and were compared with 74,111 VTE patients who had not undergone HVS. Among those with VTE post HVS, 63.0% had received VTE prophylaxis, in contrast to 35.6% in the rest of the RIETE cohort. Simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index was zero in 66.7% of the patients with pulmonary embolism post HVS and 33.3% of other RIETE patients (P = 0.011). Compared with other VTE patients, use of estrogens was higher in HVS group (13.0% vs 5.4%, P = 0.01). All patients with VTE post HVS (100%) and most of other VTE patients (99.6%) were treated with anticoagulation, most commonly with low-molecular weight heparins. In contrast to the rest of the patients in RIETE, the absolute number of all fatal and non-fatal outcomes at 90 days was zero in the post HVS group (i.e. no deaths, no recurrence of VTE, and no major bleeding). In a large registry of patients with VTE, all patients with VTE post HVS underwent anticoagulation. These patients had much better outcomes than the rest of VTE patients, with no deaths, recurrences or major bleeding events at 90-day follow-up. Aged & Extended Care Services Central Adelaide Local Health Network The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 28 Woodville Road, Woodville South Adelaide Geriatrics Training and Research With Aged Care (GTRAC) Centre School of Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical Science University of Adelaide Division of Medical Subspecialties Lyell McEwin Hospital Fireman Vascular Center Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Pneumonology Hospital Universitario Araba Department of Internal Medicine Hospital General Virgen de La Luz Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Reina Sofía Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Comarcal de Axarquía Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires Department of Internal Medicine – Pulmonary Division Botucatu Medical School São Paulo State University (UNESP) Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital Yale/YNHH Center for Outcomes Research & Evaluation Cardiovascular Research Foundation (CRF) Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol Universidad Católica de Murcia Department of Internal Medicine – Pulmonary Division Botucatu Medical School São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Resumen Antecedentes Hay escasa evidencia sobre el pronostico de la tromboembolia venosa en pacientes sometidos a cirugia ortopedica y en pacientes que sufren un trauma no quirurgico. Metodos Utilizamos la base de datos RIETE (Registro Informatizado de pacientes con Enfermedad TromboEmbolica) para comparar el pronostico del tromboembolismo venoso y el uso de tromboprofilaxis en pacientes sometidos a diferentes procedimientos ortopedicos y en pacientes con traumatismo que no requiere cirugia. Resultados Desde marzo de 2001 a marzo de 2015, se inscribieron un total de 61.789 pacientes en RIETE. De estos, 943 (1.52%) desarrollaron tromboembolismo venoso despues de artroplastia electiva, 445 (0.72%) despues de fractura de cadera, 1.045 (1.69%) despues de cirugia ortopedica no mayor y 2,136 (3.46%) despues de trauma no quirurgico. En general, 2.283 pacientes (50%) presentaron inicialmente embolia pulmonar. En los primeros 90 dias de tratamiento, 30 pacientes (0.66%, IC 95% 0.45-0.93) murieron por embolia pulmonar. La tasa de embolia pulmonar fatal fue significativamente mayor despues de cirugia de fractura de cadera (n = 9 [2.02%]) que despues de la artroplastia electiva (n = 5 [0.53%]), cirugia ortopedica no mayor (n = 5 [0.48%]) o traumatismo no quirurgico (n = 11 [0,48%]). La tromboprofilaxis se utilizo con mayor frecuencia para la fractura de cadera (93%) o la artroplastia electiva (94%) que para la cirugia ortopedica no mayor (71%) o traumatismo no quirurgico (32%). La hemorragia mayor fue significativamente mayor despues de la cirugia de fractura de cadera (4%) que despues de artroplastia electiva (1,6%), cirugia ortopedica no mayor (1,5%) o traumatismo no quirurgico (1,4%). Conclusiones La tromboprofilaxis se utilizo con menos frecuencia en los procedimientos de menor riesgo a pesar del numero absoluto de embolia pulmonar fatal despues de cirugia ortopedica no mayor o traumatismo no quirurgico, excedieron los observados despues de procedimientos de alto riesgo.

Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality postoperatively. The use of pharmacologic prophylaxis is effective in reducing the incidence of VTE. However, the prophylaxis is often discontinued at hospital discharge, especially for those with benign disease. The implications of this practice are not known. We assessed the data from a large, ongoing registry regarding the time course of VTE and outcomes after noncancer surgery. Methods We analyzed the RIETE (Computerized Registry on Venous Thromboembolism) registry, which includes data from consecutive patients with symptomatic confirmed VTE. In the present study, we focused on general surgical patients who had developed symptomatic postoperative VTE in the first 8 weeks after noncancer surgery. The main objective was to assess the interval between surgery and the occurrence of VTE. Additional variables included the clinical presentation associated with the event, the use of thrombosis prophylaxis, and unfavorable outcomes. Results The data from 3296 patients were analyzed. The median time from surgery to the detection of VTE was 16 days (interquartile range, 8-30 days). Of the VTE events, 77% were detected after the first postoperative week and 27% after 4 weeks. Overall, 43.9% of the patients with VTE had received pharmacologic prophylaxis after surgery for a median of 8 days (interquartile range, 5-14 days), and three quarters of the VTE events were detected after pharmacologic prophylaxis had been discontinued. Overall, 54% of the patients with VTE had presented with pulmonary embolism. For 15% of the patients, the clinical outcome was unfavorable, including 4% who had died within 90 days. Conclusions The risk of VTE after noncancer general surgery remains high for ≤2 months. More than one half of the patients had presented with symptomatic PE as the VTE event, and 15% had had unfavorable outcomes. Only 44% of these patients had received pharmacologic prophylaxis for around 1 week.

In recent years, we have observed a tendency to extend anticoagulant therapy for patients with venous thromboembolism disease (VTE). This practice exposes patients to a greater risk of severe and fatal haemorrhage, which, in certain conditions, outweighs the benefits related to the reduction in disease recurrence. This review examines the evidence in favour of reducing anticoagulant therapy as much as possible, especially for patients with VTE “caused” by temporary risk factors, with isolated deep vein thrombosis and with unprovoked VTE and a high risk of haemorrhage.

In recent years, we have observed a tendency to extend anticoagulant therapy for patients with venous thromboembolism disease (VTE). This practice exposes patients to a greater risk of severe and fatal haemorrhage, which, in certain conditions, outweighs the benefits related to the reduction in disease recurrence. This review examines the evidence in favour of reducing anticoagulant therapy as much as possible, especially for patients with VTE "caused" by temporary risk factors, with isolated deep vein thrombosis and with unprovoked VTE and a high risk of haemorrhage.

Background We hypothesized that the clinical course of venous thromboembolism in patients with active cancer may differ according to the specificities of primary tumor site. Aim and Methods We used data from RIETE (international registry of patients with venous thromboembolism) to compare the clinical venous thromboembolism-related outcomes during the course of anticoagulation in patients with one of the 4 more frequent cancers (breast, prostate, colorectal, or lung cancer). Results As of September 2014, 3947 cancer patients were recruited, of whom 938 had breast, 629 prostate, 1189 colorectal, and 1191 lung cancer. Overall, 55% had metastatic disease (42%, 36%, 53%, and 72%, respectively). During the course of anticoagulant therapy (mean duration, 139 days), the rate of thromboembolic recurrences was similar to the rate of major bleeding in patients with breast (5.6 [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.8-8.1] vs 4.1 [95% CI, 2.7-5.9] events per 100 patient-years) or colorectal cancer (10 [95% CI, 7.6-13] vs 12 [95% CI, 9.4-15] per 100 patient-years). In contrast, in patients with prostate cancer, the rate of venous thromboembolic recurrences was half the rate of major bleeding (6.9 [95% CI, 4.4-10] vs 13 [95% CI, 9.2-17] events per 100 patient-years), whereas in those with lung cancer, the rate of thromboembolic recurrences was twofold higher than the rate of major bleeding (27 [95% CI, 22-23] vs 11 [95% CI, 8.6-15] per 100 patient-years). Conclusions Significant differences in the clinical profile of venous thromboembolic-related outcomes were observed according to the site of cancer. These findings suggest the development of cancer-specific anticoagulant strategies as an area for further research.

Background Women presenting with uterine bleeding during the course of anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism (VTE) present a difficult therapeutic dilemma due to the absence of evidence-based recommendations. Methods We used the RIETE (Registro Informatizado Enfermedad TromboEmbolica) database to assess the clinical characteristics of women presenting with uterine bleeding during anticoagulation for VTE, its frequency, time course, management and 30-day outcomes. Results As of October 2016, 31,951 women with VTE were recruited in RIETE. During the course of anticoagulant therapy, 53 (0.17%) developed major uterine bleeding, 118 (0.37%) non-major uterine bleeding and 948 (2.97%) had major bleeding in other sites. Median time elapsed from VTE to bleeding was: 32, 71 and 22 days, respectively. Mean age was: 56±17, 52±20 and 75±14 years, respectively. Women with major uterine bleeding more likely had cancer (51%), anemia (72%), raised platelet count (19%) or recent major bleeding (11%) at VTE presentation than those in the other subgroups. During the first 30 days after bleeding, 17%, 1.7% and 31% of women died, respectively. Of 11 women with uterine bleeding who died, 9 (82%) had cancer, two (18%) died of bleeding and one (9.1%) died of pulmonary embolism after discontinuing anticoagulation. Conclusions Uterine bleeding during the course of anticoagulation for VTE is not uncommon and mostly affects young women. Those with cancer, anaemia, raised platelet count or recent bleeding at baseline are at an increased risk for uterine bleeding during anticoagulation.

Background The contemporary natural history of patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) not receiving (or early discontinuing) anticoagulant therapy has not been consistently evaluated. Objective To assess the rate of the composite outcome of PE-related death, sudden death, or recurrent thromboembolism (VTE) within 30 days in all PE patients in whom anticoagulation was not administered or discontinued prematurely ( Methods We used the RIETE database to assess the incidence rates (per 100 person-days) of the composite outcome within the subsequent 30 days. The risk of these events was compared to PE patients who were anticoagulated for ≥90 days. Results Of 34,447 PE recruited from 2001 to 2017, 47 (0.14%) did not receive anticoagulants and 1348 (3.91%) discontinued it before 90 days. Fatal PE developed in 25 (53%) of those without any anticoagulation and in 45 (3.33%) with premature discontinuations. Sudden death or non-fatal recurrent VTE occurred in 6 (0.45%) and 24 (1.48%) patients, respectively. The incidence of the primary outcome declined logarithmically from 6.36 per 100 patient-days in untreated patients to 0.32-0.13 in those treated for 8-90 days. During the first week of follow-up, the incidence rate was 13.9 and 0.60-0.31 per 100 patient-days, respectively. The adjusted odds of the primary outcome was 27 fold higher in untreated than in treated patients, and progressively decreased to 2.5-7 fold higher in patients treated for at least 7 days. Conclusion The incidence of the composite outcome was highest during the first week, and inversely and logarithmically correlated with the duration of anticoagulant therapy.

Background: There is scarce evidence about the prognosis of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery and in patients suffering non-surgical trauma. Methods: We used the RIETE database (Registro Informatizado de pacientes con Enfermedad Trombo Embolica) to compare the prognosis of venous thromboembolism and the use of thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing different orthopedic procedures and in trauma patients not requiring surgery. Results: From March 2001 to March 2015, a total of 61,789 patients were enrolled in RIETE database. Of these, 943 (1.52%) developed venous thromboembolism after elective arthroplasty, 445 (0.72%) after hip fracture, 1,045 (1.69%) after non-major orthopedic surgery and 2,136 (3.46%) after non-surgical trauma. Overall, 2,283 patients (50%) initially presented with pulmonary embolism. Within the first 90 days of therapy, 30 patients (0.66%; 95% CI 0.45-0.93) died from pulmonary embolism. The rate of fatal pulmonary embolism was significantly higher after hip fracture surgery (n = 9 [2.02%]) than after elective arthroplasty (n = 5 [0.53%]), non-major orthopedic surgery (n = 5 [0.48%]) or non surgical trauma (n = 11 [0.48%]). Thromboprophylaxis was more commonly used for hip fracture (93%) or elective arthroplasty (94%) than for non-major orthopedic surgery (71%) or non-surgical trauma (32%). Major bleeding was significantly higher after hip fracture surgery (4%) than that observed after elective arthroplasty (1.6%), non-major orthopedic surgery (1.5%) or non-surgical trauma (1.4%). Conclusions: Thromboprophylaxis was less frequently used in lower risk procedures despite the absolute number of fatal pulmonary embolism after non-major orthopedic surgery or nonsurgical trauma, exceeded that observed after high risk procedures. (C) 2018 Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. and Sociedad Espanola de Medicina Interna (SEMI). All rights reserved.

Anticoagulation therapy is the standard treatment of patients with symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Until recently, treatment of VTE was based on parenteral or low-molecular-weight heparin for initial therapy (5-10 days) and oral vitamin K antagonists for long-term therapy. Those treatments have some limitations, including parenteral administration (heparins), the need for frequent monitoring and dose adjustments, interactions with several medications, and dietary restrictions (vitamin K antagonists). Rivaroxaban is a new oral direct factor Xa inhibitor with a wide therapeutic window, predictable anticoagulant effect, no food interactions, and few drug interactions. Consequently, no periodic monitoring of anticoagulation is needed, and fixed doses can be prescribed. EINSTEIN program demonstrated that rivaroxaban was as effective as and significantly safer than standard therapy for treatment of VTE. Rivaroxaban was recently authorized so doubts exist about how to use it in daily clinical practice. This document aims to clarify common questions formulated by clinicians regarding the use of this new drug.

BACKGROUND: Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is the treatment of choice in cancer patients with venous thromboembolism. However, data on continuing LMWH treatment beyond 6 months remain scanty. METHODS: We used the RIETE (Registro Informatizado Enfermedad TromboEmbolica) registry to compare the rate of venous thromboembolism recurrences and major bleeding appearing beyond the first 6 months of anticoagulant therapy in cancer patients with venous thromboembolism, according to therapy with LMWH or vitamin K antagonists (VKA). We performed a propensity score-matched cohort study. RESULTS: After propensity matching, 482 cancer patients continued to receive LMWH and 482 switched to VKA. During the course of anticoagulant therapy (mean 275.5 days), 57 patients developed venous thrombosis recurrences (recurrent pulmonary embolism 26, recurrent deep vein thrombosis 29, both 2), 28 had major bleeding, 38 had nonmajor bleeding, and 129 died. No patient died of recurrent venous thrombosis, and 5 patients died of bleeding (2 were on LMWH, 3 on VKA). Patients who continued with LMWH had a similar rate of deep vein thrombosis recurrences (relative risk [RR] 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68-2.93), pulmonary embolism recurrences (RR 0.73; 95% CI, 0.34-1.58), major bleeding (RR 0.96; 95% CI, 0.51-1.79), or nonmajor bleeding (RR 1.15; 95% CI, 0.55-2.40), compared with those who switched to VKA, but a higher mortality rate (RR 1.58; 95% CI, 1.13-2.20). CONCLUSIONS: In cancer patients with venous thromboembolism who completed 6 months of LMWH therapy, switching to VKA was associated with a similar risk of venous thrombosis recurrences or bleeding when compared with patients who continued LMWH. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

We sought to determine the risk factors for subsequent bleeding and recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) events following isolated noncatheter-associated upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (non-CA-UEDVT) to better inform future treatment decisions for this group of patients.The RIETE registry (Registro Informatizado de Enfermedad TromboEmbólica [Computerized Registry of Patients with Venous Thromboembolism]) is a prospective international registry of patients with objectively confirmed symptomatic VTE. Patients with a symptomatic, isolated, proximal UEDVT from March 2001 through March 2015 were analyzed. Any patient with an indwelling catheter or pacemaker lead at the DVT site and at the time of thrombosis was considered to have a CA-UEDVT and was excluded. Patient and treatment characteristics such as age, gender, comorbidities, VTE risk factors, treatment drug, and duration were collected. Outcomes examined included recurrent DVT, subsequent pulmonary embolism (PE), and hemorrhage. Multivariate analysis was performed using stepwise logistic regression.Of the 1100 patients who met the study criteria, 580 (53%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 50 ± 20 years, and overall patient survival at 1 year was 85%. Recurrent VTE occurred in 59 patients (5.4%). Of these, 46 patients (4%) had recurrent DVT, 10 (0.9%) had a PE following UEDVT diagnosis, and 3 (0.3%) had both. PE was fatal in three patients (0.3%). Bleeding occurred in 50 patients (4.5%), major bleeding in 19 patients (1.7%), and fatal bleeding in 6 patients (0.5%). On multivariate analysis, malignant disease was associated with VTE recurrence (odds ratio [OR], 2.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-3.45; P .04), whereas hemorrhage was associated with age (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.05; P = .002) and malignant disease (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.34-4.76; P .005). Hemorrhage and recurrent VTE were also significantly associated (OR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.16-6.76; P .03).PE following non-CA-UEDVT is rare. Malignant disease was associated with VTE recurrence. Age and malignant disease were associated with hemorrhage, and VTE recurrence was associated with hemorrhage. Further prospective studies should be undertaken to best determine length of anticoagulation treatment for the varied populations of patients with UEDVT.

Background Evidence-based recommendations do not adequately address the treatment of right heart thrombi in patients who present with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Methods This study included patients who had acute pulmonary embolism associated with right heart thrombi and participated in the Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbolica registry. We assessed the effectiveness of anticoagulation versus reperfusion treatment for the outcomes of all-cause mortality, pulmonary embolism–related mortality, recurrent venous thromboembolism, and major bleeding rates through 30 days after initiation of pulmonary embolism treatment. We used propensity score matching to adjust for the likelihood of receiving reperfusion treatment. Results Of 325 patients with pulmonary embolism and right heart thrombi, 255 (78%; 95% confidence interval, 74-83) received anticoagulation and 70 (22%; 95% confidence interval, 17-26) also received reperfusion treatment. Propensity score–matched pairs analyses did not detect a statistically lower risk of all-cause death (6.2% vs 14%, P = .15) or pulmonary embolism–related mortality (4.7% vs 7.8%; P = .47) for reperfusion compared with anticoagulation. Of the patients who received reperfusion treatment, 6.2% had a recurrence during the study follow-up period, compared with 0% of those who received anticoagulation ( P = .049). The incidence of major bleeding events was not statistically different between the 2 treatment groups (3.1% vs 3.1%; P = 1.00). Conclusions In patients with pulmonary embolism and right heart thrombi, no significant difference was found between reperfusion therapy and anticoagulant therapy for mortality and bleeding. The risk of recurrences was significantly higher for reperfusion therapy compared with anticoagulation. Right heart thrombi may not warrant riskier interventions than standard anticoagulation.

Objective To analyze the incidence of VTE in hospitalized medical patients and prophylaxis applied in accordance with the 8th ACCP guidelines and the National PRETEMED guide for thromboprophylaxis. Methods Discharge lists were reviewed to select the first consecutive 20 patients, aged ≥ 40 years and admitted ≥ 4 days to the Internal Medicine Departments of 79 Spanish hospitals. Exclusion criteria were: admission for diagnostic procedures, VTE or surgical illness, or care during hospitalization provided by the local investigator. Results From September 2011 to July 2012, 2845 discharge reports were evaluated and 1623 were considered eligible for the study. Overall 930 (57.3%) patients of this group were at risk of VTE according to the ACCP guidelines, 759 (81.6%) received VTE prophylaxis (mechanical or pharmacological) and 159 (17.1%) had at least one risk factor that might contraindicate anticoagulant use. The proportion of patients at VTE risk according to the ACCP and National PRETEMED guidelines with no risk factors of bleeding that did not receive prophylaxis was 16.3% and 17.2%, respectively. During hospitalization, there were 14 (0.9%) episodes of symptomatic VTE, 12 (86%) of which occurred in patients receiving prophylaxis. VTE rate was 1.3% among patients with VTE risk that received prophylaxis and 3.5% in patients that also had one risk factor that might contraindicate anticoagulant use. Conclusions In a setting characterized by high thromboprophylaxis compliance most of the episodes occurred in patients receiving pharmacological prophylaxis. Patients with combined VTE and bleeding risk factors showed the highest rate of both symptomatic VTE and prophylaxis failure.

We establish a connection between 4-rebits (real qubits) and the Nambu-Goto action with target `spacetime' of four time and four space dimensions ((4+4)-dimensions)). We motivate the subject with three observations. The first one is that a 4-rebit contains exactly the same number of degree of freedom as a complex 3-qubit and therefore 4-rebits are special in the sense of division algebras. Secondly, the (4+4)-dimensions can be splitted as (4+4)=(3+1)+(1+3) and therefore they are connected with an ordinary (1+3)-spacetime and with changed signature (3+1)-spacetime. Finally, we show how geometric aspects of 4-rebits can be related to the chirotope concept of oriented matroid theory., Comment: 15 pages, Latex, improved version

Background The benefits of a diagnostic workup for occult cancer in patients with VTE are controversial. Our aim was to provide and validate a risk score for occult cancer in patients with VTE. Methods We designed a nested case-control study in a cohort of patients with VTE included in the RIETE (Registro Informatizado Enfermedad TromboEmbolica) registry from 2001 to 2014. Cases included cancer detected beyond the first 30 days and up to 24 months after VTE. Control subjects were defined as patients with VTE with no cancer in the same period. Results Of 5,863 eligible patients, 444 (7.6%; 95% CI, 6.8%-8.2%) were diagnosed with occult cancer. On multivariable analysis, variables selected were male sex, age > 70 years, chronic lung disease, anemia, elevated platelet count, prior VTE, and recent surgery. We built a risk score assigning points to each variable. Internal validity was confirmed using bootstrap analysis. The proportion of patients with cancer who scored ≤ 2 points was 5.8% (241 of 4,150) and that proportion in those who scored ≥ 3 points was 12% (203 of 1,713). We also identified scores divided by sex and age subgroups. Conclusions This is the first risk score that has identified patients with VTE who are at increased risk for occult cancer. Our score needs to be externally validated.

Background A comprehensive evaluation of temporal trends in the treatment of patients who have DVT may assist with identification of modifiable factors that contribute to short-term outcomes. Methods We assessed temporal trends in length of hospital stay and use of pharmacological and interventional therapies among 26,695 adults with DVT enrolled in the Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbólica registry between 2001 and 2014. We also examined temporal trends in risk-adjusted rates of all-cause, pulmonary embolism-related, and bleeding-related death to 30 days after diagnosis. Results The mean length of hospital stay decreased from 9.0 days in 2001 to 2005 to 7.6 days in 2010 to 2014 (P

Objectives To compare the main efficacy and safety endpoints of the pivotal randomised clinical trials (RCTs) on venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention after total hip (THR) or knee (TKR) replacement with the new oral anticoagulants (NAs) versus enoxaparin. Methods A pool-analysis of 10 RCTs that included 32.144 randomised patients was performed. Efficacy outcomes were total VTE and all-cause mortality, major VTE, and proximal DVT. Safety outcomes were major bleeding, and clinically relevant (major or non-major) bleeding. Results Overall, a significant effect favouring NAs was found for the primary efficacy outcome (RR 0.71; 95%CI 0.56-0.90), major VTE (RR 0.59; 95%CI 0.41-0.84), and proximal DVT (RR 0.51; 95%CI 0.35-0.76). Compared to enoxaparin 40 mg QD, rivaroxaban showed superiority (RR 0.50; 95%CI 0.34-0.73), followed by apixaban (RR 0.63; 95%CI 0.36-1.01) and dabigatran (RR 1.02; 95%CI 0.86-1.20). There was significant heterogeneity among trials and subgroups analysed for these efficacy outcomes. Major bleeding (RR 1.04; 95% CI 0.74-1.46) and clinically relevant bleeding (RR 1.03; 95%CI 0.88-1.21) was similar with NAs or enoxaparin. Rivaroxaban showed a trend toward more major bleeding episodes than enoxaparin (RR 1.88; 95%CI 0.92-3.82) and apixaban showed the lowest clinically relevant bleeding risk (RR 0.81; 95%CI 0.64-1.01). Conclusions Overall, NAs showed more efficacy and same safety when compared to the recommended dose of enoxaparin after THR and TKR. There are little differences in efficacy and bleeding risk among NAs and the type of prophylaxis that should be analysed further.

Resumen Antecedentes y objetivos La prehipertension es una nueva categoria de presion arterial, y se considera un factor de riesgo vascular. Hemos estimado la prevalencia de prehipertension y la asociacion entre esta condicion y otros factores de riesgo vascular en adultos jovenes. Sujetos y metodos Invitamos a participar a los universitarios del primer curso de todas las titulaciones que se imparten en el Campus Universitario de Cuenca. Se considero prehipertension a una presion arterial sistolica de 120-139 mmHg y/o presion arterial diastolica de 80-89 mmHg. Se midieron las variables antropometricas, lipidicas y metabolicas. Se valoro la presencia del sindrome metabolico, y se cuantifico en funcion de la suma de las puntuaciones estandarizadas del perimetro de cintura, la razon trigliceridos/c-HDL, presion arterial media y R-HOMA (indice de resistencia a la accion hipoglucemiante de la insulina). Resultados Se incluyeron en el analisis 545 universitarios (edad media [± DE] 20,4 ± 3,9 anos; 74,7% mujeres). La prevalencia global de prehipertension fue del 24% (IC del 95%: 21-27%), (varones: 56,5%; mujeres: 13,0%). La condicion de prehipertension se asocio de forma directa al indice de masa corporal (OR: 1,194; IC del 95%: 1,124-1,311), resistencia al efecto hipoglucemiante de la insulina (R-HOMA, OR: 2,638; IC del 95%: 1,263-4,926) y al indice o cuantificacion de la severidad del sindrome metabolico (OR: 4,868; IC del 95%: 3,846-8,328). Por el contrario, la prehipertension se asocio de forma inversa con la concentracion de c-HDL (OR: 0,981; IC del 95%: 0,957-0,993). Conclusiones Uno de cada 4 adultos jovenes presenta prehipertension. Esta condicion se asocia a los factores de riesgo vasculares bien establecidos.

Resumen Introduccion Las ulceras por presion (UPP) son una enfermedad frecuente en muchos paises del mundo, que repercute directamente en la calidad de vida del enfermo y sus cuidadores, y que genera un alto coste sociosanitario. Nos hemos propuesto como objetivo conocer la prevalencia de las ulceras por presion y otros factores asociados en nuestra zona de trabajo. Material y metodos Hemos realizado un estudio observacional transversal en el Municipio de Paterna de Rivera (Cadiz). Participantes son los pacientes incluidos en el Programa de Asistencia Domiciliaria (PAD) (n = 86). Se ha disenado un cuestionario especifico con variables sociosanitarias. Para la determinacion del riesgo de desarrollar UPP se utilizo la Escala de Braden. Para la estadificacion de dichas ulceras se uso la escala recomendada por el Grupo Nacional para el Estudio y Asesoramiento en Ulceras por Presion y Heridas Cronicas (GNEAUPP), que ha adoptado la de la National Pressure Ulcers Advisory Panel (NPUAP). El denominador para el calculo de la prevalencia ha sido el numero de pacientes incluidos en el PAD. Resultados Hay 86 pacientes incluidos en el PAD. El 66,6% son mujeres. La media de edad es 77,7 ± 12 anos. El principal grupo patologico para la inclusion en el PAD fue el osteoarticular, en el 37% de los casos (32 pacientes). El cuidador principal es la hija con el 51% y una media de edad de 52,2 ± 13,7 anos. El riesgo de desarrollar UPP (Escala de Braden) fue: «alto» en el 9% de los pacientes, «moderado» en el 29% y «bajo» en el 62%. La prevalencia de UPP fue del 9,3%. La localizacion de las lesiones fue en orden decreciente de frecuencia: sacro, trocanter, talon, escapula, maleolo y mama. Segun la severidad de las lesiones, predomina el estadio III con un 37,5% de afectados. La media de antiguedad de las lesiones fue 9,6 ± 7,1 meses. Entre las medidas preventivas solo el 12,8% de los cuidadores reconocen hacer cambios posturales frecuentes. Conclusiones La prevalencia de UPP en nuestro municipio es intermedia. Hemos observado la existencia de diversas metodologias de estudio de este problema de salud. Vamos a proponer en nuestra area de influencia un protocolo de prevencion y tratamiento para mitigar en lo posible el problema abordado.

SummaryThe natural history of patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) who develop a major bleeding complication while on anticoagulant therapy is not well known. RIETE is a prospective registry of consecutive patients with symptomatic, objectively confirmed, acute VTE. The clinical characteristics, treatment decisions and outcome of all VTE patients who had major bleeding during the first three months of anticoagulant therapy were retrospectively studied. As of January 2007, 17,368 patients were included in RIETE. Of these, 407 (2.3%) had major bleeding during the study period: 144 gastrointestinal, 119 haematoma, 51 intracranial, 43 genitourinary, 50 other. In 286 (69%) patients anticoagulant therapy was discontinued, in 74 (18%) not modified, in 38 (9.1%) a vena cava filter was inserted. During the first 30 days after bleeding, 24 (5.9%) patients re-bled, 20 (4.9%) had recurrent VTE, 133 (33%) died. Of these, 75 died of bleeding, 12 of recurrent pulmonary embolism. Most deaths occurred shortly after the bleeding episode (median:1 day).On multivariate analysis, insertion of a vena cava filter was the only variable independently associated with a lower incidence of fatal bleeding (odds ratio [OR]: 0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01–0.79) and all-cause mortality (OR: 0.21; 95%CI: 0.07–0.63). In conclusion, the occurrence of major bleeding in patients with VTE is outstanding in terms of overall mortality (33% within 30 days), fatal bleeding (18%) or re-bleeding (5.9%). However, these patients also have an increased incidence of recurrent VTE (4.9%) and fatal pulmonary embolism (1.2%).

SummaryCancer patients with acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) have an increased incidence of recurrences and bleeding complications while on anticoagulant therapy. Methods RIETE is an ongoing registry of consecutive patients with acute VTE. We tried to identify which cancer patients are at a higher risk for recurrent pulmonary embolism (PE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or major bleeding. Up to May 2007, 3, 805 cancer patients had been enrolled in RIETE. During the first three months of follow-up after the acute, index VTE event, 90 (2.4%) patients developed recurrent PE, 100 (2.6%) recurrent DVT, 156 (4.1%) had major bleeding. Forty patients (44%) died of the recurrent PE,46 (29%) of bleeding. On multivariate analysis, patients aged

Using a common framework, we consider the two existing extensions of the leximax criterion to infinite environments [Arlegi, R., Besada, M., Nieto, J., Vazquez, C., 2005. Freedom of choice: the leximax criterion in the infinite case. Mathematical Social Sciences 49, 1–15; Ballester, M., De Miguel, J.R., 2003. Extending an order to the power set: the leximax criterion. Social Choice and Welfare 21, 63–71], and show that, though the respective definitions of the rules and their axiomatic characterizations appear to differ considerably, they actually propose the same extension of the leximax criterion to the infinite case.

The objective was to assess the use of suboptimal doses (60-149 UI kg(-1) day(-1)) of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) in actual clinical practice and to evaluate the outcomes compared to standard doses (or = 150 UI kg(-1) day(-1)). Retrospective analysis of data from a multicenter registry of patients with VTE (RIETE; Registro Informatizado de Enfermedad TromboEmbólica). Patient characteristics, antithrombotic treatments, and 3-month outcomes were analyzed. We studied 12,302 patients with VTE; 10,524 patients were treated initially only with LMWH; 1,547 patients received suboptimal LMWH (mean = 122 UI kg(-1) day(-1)), and 8,977 patients received full-dose LMWH (mean = 191 UI kg(-1) day(-1)). The suboptimal group included significantly more patients with recent major bleeding, weight more than 100 kg, raised creatinine, or deep vein thrombosis. No significant differences in mortality rate (7.7 vs 7.8%), VTE recurrence (2.7 vs 2.3%), or fatal hemorrhage (0.6 vs 0.6%) occurred between the suboptimal and the standard group. Major bleeding episodes occurred more frequently in the patients with pulmonary embolism treated with suboptimal LMWH (4.5 vs 2.4%; p = 0.02). In the multivariate analysis, after adjusting for bleeding risk factors, major hemorrhage was not associated with the heparin dose. Suboptimal doses of LMWH are used in actual clinical practice in a reduced group of patients at an outcome rate not very different to that of standard doses. Bleeding episodes depend more on the patient's characteristics than on the LMWH dose. Randomized trials should be performed to corroborate these results.

El uso de la sauna es saludable para la mayoria de las personas. Puede mejorar el dolor y la movilidad de los pacientes con problemas reumaticos, ayudar en la recuperacion tras el deporte y producir una relajacion psicologica tan necesaria para el estres de la vida moderna. Es bien tolerada por los ninos, siempre bajo supervision de un adulto. No influye en la fertilidad ni en embarazos no complicados. Y, con precaucion, tiene pocos efectos secundarios.

International audience; BACKGROUND:No studies have identified which patients with upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are at low risk for adverse events within the first week of therapy.METHODS:We used data from Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbólica to explore in patients with upper-extremity DVT a prognostic score that correctly identified patients with lower limb DVT at low risk for pulmonary embolism, major bleeding, or death within the first week.RESULTS:As of December 2014, 1135 outpatients with upper-extremity DVT were recruited. Of these, 515 (45%) were treated at home. During the first week, three patients (0.26%) experienced pulmonary embolism, two (0.18%) had major bleeding, and four (0.35%) died. We assigned 1 point to patients with chronic heart failure, creatinine clearance levels 30-60 mL min(-1) , recent bleeding, abnormal platelet count, recent immobility, or cancer without metastases; 2 points to those with metastatic cancer; and 3 points to those with creatinine clearance levels < 30 mL min(-1) . Overall, 759 (67%) patients scored ≤ 1 point and were considered to be at low risk. The rate of the composite outcome within the first week was 0.26% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.004-0.87) in patients at low risk and 1.86% (95% CI 0.81-3.68) in the remaining patients. C-statistics was 0.73 (95% CI 0.57-0.88). Net reclassification improvement was 22%, and integrated discrimination improvement was 0.0055.CONCLUSIONS:Using six easily available variables, we identified outpatients with upper-extremity DVT at low risk for adverse events within the first week. These data may help to safely treat more patients at home.

Summary. Background: Patients with major bleeding who subsequently develop clinically apparent venous thromboembolism (VTE) present a particularly difficult therapeutic dilemma. Methods: RIETE is a prospective registry of consecutive patients with symptomatic, objectively confirmed, acute VTE. We retrospectively studied those who had experienced recent major bleeding (

Fundamento y objetivo Describimos el esquema basico de exploracion fisica (EF) general y los patrones exploratorios por especialidades. Comparamos la EF realizada por internistas y medicos de familia. Pacientes y metodos Estudio transversal sobre la EF rutinaria realizada por una muestra de medicos espanoles. Se analizaron mediante una tabla de frecuencias las 76 maniobras encuestadas y obtuvimos patrones de exploracion general y por especialidades. Se ha realizado un analisis comparativo de las maniobras mas utilizadas por internistas y medicos de familia. Resultados Contestaron un total de 131 medicos de 140 encuestados (93,5%) que correspondian a: Medicina Interna (48,1%), Medicina de Familia y General (32,1%), otras especialidades (19,8%), con una media de edad de 37,8 anos (intervalo de confianza al 95% [IC 95%]: 36,3-39,4) y una experiencia media de 11,9 anos (IC 95%: 10,4-13,5). El patron de exploracion general, utilizado por mas del 70% de los medicos encuestados, incluia las maniobras relativas a la exploracion general, aparato respiratorio, cardiocirculatorio, gastrointestinal y la exploracion neurologica. En comparacion con los medicos de familia, los internistas exploran con mas frecuencia el peso, la temperatura, la frecuencia cardiaca, presion arterial, exploracion del cuello, ingurgitacion yugular, aparato respiratorio, exploracion abdominal y sistema linfatico (p Conclusiones La EF es una herramienta flexible que el medico adapta a sus necesidades en funcion de la especialidad que desarrolla. Los internistas son los medicos que realizan una exploracion mas completa en comparacion con los medicos de familia y otros especialistas.

Background Individuals with factor V Leiden or prothrombin G20210A mutations are at a higher risk to develop venous thromboembolism. However, the influence of these polymorphisms on patient outcome during anticoagulant therapy has not been consistently explored. Methods We used the Registro Informatizado de Enfermedad TromboEmbolica database to compare rates of venous thromboembolism recurrence and bleeding events occurring during the anticoagulation course in factor V Leiden carriers, prothrombin mutation carriers, and noncarriers. Results Between March 2001 and December 2015, 10,139 patients underwent thrombophilia testing. Of these, 1384 were factor V Leiden carriers, 1115 were prothrombin mutation carriers, and 7640 were noncarriers. During the anticoagulation course, 160 patients developed recurrent deep vein thrombosis and 94 patients developed pulmonary embolism (16 died); 154 patients had major bleeding (10 died), and 291 patients had nonmajor bleeding. On multivariable analysis, factor V Leiden carriers had a similar rate of venous thromboembolism recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82-1.64), half the rate of major bleeding (adjusted HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.25-0.99) and a nonsignificantly lower rate of nonmajor bleeding (adjusted HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.43-1.01) than noncarriers. Prothrombin mutation carriers and noncarriers had a comparable rate of venous thromboembolism recurrence (adjusted HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.68-1.48), major bleeding (adjusted HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.42-1.34), and nonmajor bleeding events (adjusted HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.77-1.57). Conclusions During the anticoagulation course, factor V Leiden carriers had a similar risk for venous thromboembolism recurrence and half the risk for major bleeding compared with noncarriers. This finding may contribute to decision-making regarding anticoagulation duration in selected factor V Leiden carriers with venous thromboembolism.

International audience; OBJECTIVE:Patients with acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) are at increased risk for the development of subsequent arterial ischemic events unrelated to the diagnosis of VTE. Accurate identification of VTE patients at increased risk for ischemic events during the course of anticoagulation may help to select those who would potentially benefit from concomitant therapy with anticoagulants and antiplatelets.METHODS:We used the Registro Informatizado de Enfermedad TromboEmbólica (RIETE) Registry to assess the rate and severity of subsequent ischemic events (ie, stroke, myocardial infarction, lower limb amputation, or mesenteric ischemia) appearing during the course of anticoagulant therapy and tried to identify risk factors for these events.RESULTS:From February 2009 to March 2014, 23,370 patients were recruited: 12,397 initially presenting with pulmonary embolism (PE) and 10,973 with deep venous thrombosis. During the course of anticoagulation (mean, 9.2 months), 597 patients developed recurrent VTE, 652 bled, 162 had ischemic events (stroke, 86; myocardial infarction, 53; limb amputation, 13; mesenteric ischemia, 11), and 2063 died. Of these, 29 patients died of recurrent PE, 83 of bleeding, and 53 of the ischemic events. On multivariable analysis, cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-2.61), chronic lung disease (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.05-2.26), renal insufficiency (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.25-2.36), anemia (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.11-2.14), prior artery disease (HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.29-2.64), and diabetes (HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.10-2.27) independently predicted the risk for ischemic events. Most of these variables also predicted major bleeding (cancer, chronic lung disease, renal insufficiency, anemia, and prior artery disease) or recurrent PE (cancer, chronic lung disease, anemia, and prior artery disease).CONCLUSIONS:In patients receiving anticoagulation for VTE, the mortality due to PE recurrences was lower than the mortality due to ischemic events. Most independent predictors for ischemic events were also predictors for major bleeding and for recurrent PE.

International audience; BACKGROUND:No prior studies have identified which patients with deep vein thrombosis in the lower limbs are at a low risk for adverse events within the first week of therapy.METHODS:We used data from the Registro Informatizado de la Enfermedad TromboEmbólica (RIETE) to identify patients at low risk for the composite outcome of pulmonary embolism, major bleeding, or death within the first week. We built a prognostic score and compared it with the decision to treat patients at home.RESULTS:As of December 2013, 15,280 outpatients with deep vein thrombosis had been enrolled. Overall, 5164 patients (34%) were treated at home. Of these, 12 (0.23%) had pulmonary embolism, 8 (0.15%) bled, and 4 (0.08%) died. On multivariable analysis, chronic heart failure, recent immobility, recent bleeding, cancer, renal insufficiency, and abnormal platelet count independently predicted the risk for the composite outcome. Among 11,430 patients (75%) considered to be at low risk, 15 (0.13%) suffered pulmonary embolism, 22 (0.19%) bled, and 8 (0.07%) died. The C-statistic was 0.61 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-0.65) for the decision to treat patients at home and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.72-0.79) for the score (P = .003). Net reclassification improvement was 41% (P < .001). Integrated discrimination improvement was 0.034 for the score and 0.015 for the clinical decision (P < .001).CONCLUSIONS:Using 6 easily available variables, we identified outpatients with deep vein thrombosis at low risk for adverse events within the first week. These data may help to safely treat more patients at home. This score, however, should be validated.