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To draw up an inventory of health behaviors and knowledge of the French population regarding antibiotic resistance.Overall, 44% of participants properly defined antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic abuse was identified as the main cause of antibiotic resistance, and 66% believed that an antibiotic-resistant infection can be fatal. However, 32% did not strictly comply with the dosage and duration of an antibiotic treatment. Analysis of social representations of antibiotic resistance revealed erroneous beliefs about this phenomenon.Our results highlight the need to continue to inform the French public of antibiotic resistance. Associated beliefs could be obstacles to the proper use of antibiotics.

Experimental studies of nuclear fission induced by fusion, transfer, spallation, fragmentation, and electromagnetic reactions in combination with state-of-the-art calculations are successful to investigate the nuclear dissipation mechanism in normal nuclear matter, containing only nucleons. The dissipation mechanism has been widely studied by the use of many different fission observables and nowadays the dissipation coefficients involved in transport theories are well constrained. However, the existence of hypernuclei and the possible presence of hyperons in neutron stars make it necessary to extend the investigation of the nuclear dissipation coefficient to the strangeness sector. In this Letter, we use fission reactions of hypernuclei to constrain for the first time the dissipation coefficient in hypernuclear matter, observing that this coefficient increases a factor of 6 in presence of a single $\Lambda$-hyperon with respect to normal nuclear matter., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures

The heavy reliance on antibiotics in livestock farming has contributed to the development of antimicrobial resistance. To tackle this phenomenon, it is important to know the determinants of their use. Thus, this study investigated the way in which French pig farmers perceive antibiotics and biosecurity depending on their farm's department and ALEA (Animal Level of Exposure to Antimicrobials). A qualitative study was carried out on 87 livestock farms of a French agricultural cooperative specialising in pig production. The results show a social representation of antibiotics organized around the notion of demedication (i.e. the elimination or reduction of reliance on antibiotics). Concerning biosecurity, “large consumers” of antibiotics associate it with the idea of constraints, regulatory standards and temporal distances separating them from this practice.

We measured specific activities of the long‐lived cosmogenic radionuclides ⁶⁰Fe in 28 iron meteorites and ⁵³Mn in 41 iron meteorites. Accelerator mass spectrometry was applied at the 14 MV Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility at ANU Canberra for all samples except for two which were measured at the Maier‐Leibnitz Laboratory, Munich. For the large iron meteorite Twannberg (IIG), we measured six samples for ⁵³Mn. This work doubles the number of existing individual ⁶⁰Fe data and quadruples the number of iron meteorites studied for ⁶⁰Fe. We also significantly extended the entire ⁵³Mn database for iron meteorites. The ⁵³Mn data for the iron meteorite Twannberg vary by more than a factor of 30, indicating a significant shielding dependency. In addition, we performed new model calculations for the production of ⁶⁰Fe and ⁵³Mn in iron meteorites. While the new model is based on the same particle spectra as the earlier model, we no longer use experimental cross sections but instead use cross sections that were calculated using the latest version of the nuclear model code INCL. The new model predictions differ substantially from results obtained with the previous model. Predictions for the ⁶⁰Fe activity concentrations are about a factor of 2 higher, for ⁵³Mn, they are ~30% lower, compared to the earlier model, which gives now a better agreement with the experimental data.

International audience; Innovative experiments using the inverse kinematics technique to accelerate light, medium-mass, and heavy nuclei at relativistic energies have become excellent tools to produce and study hypernuclei. We investigate hypernuclei created in spallation reactions, where multifragmentation, particle evaporation, and fission processes play an important role in the formation of final hypernuclei residues. For the description of spallation reactions, we couple the Liège intranuclear cascade model, extended recently to the strange sector, to a new version of the ablation (ABLA) model that accounts for the evaporation of Λ particles from hot hyperremnants produced during the intranuclear cascade stage. These state of the art models are then used to study the production of hypernuclei close to drip lines through spallation-evaporation and fission reactions.

The modeling of neutrino-nucleus interactions constitutes a challenging source of systematic uncertainty for the extraction of precise values of neutrino oscillation parameters in long-baseline accelerator neutrino experiments. To improve such modeling and minimize the corresponding uncertainties, a new generation of detectors is being developed, which aim to measure the complete final state of particles resulting from neutrino interactions. In order to fully benefit from the improved detector capabilities, precise simulations of the nuclear effects on the final-state nucleons are needed. This article presents the study of the in-medium propagation of knocked-out protons, i.e., final-state interactions (FSI), comparing the NuWro and INCL cascade models. The INCL model is used here for the first time to predict exclusive final states in measured neutrino interaction cross sections. This study of INCL in the framework of neutrino interactions features various novelties, including the production of nuclear clusters (e.g., deuterons, α particles) in the final state. The paper includes a complete characterization of the final state after FSI, comparisons to available measurements of single transverse variables, and an assessment of the observability of nuclear clusters., Physical Review D, 106 (3), ISSN:1550-7998, ISSN:0556-2821, ISSN:1550-2368

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the future scenarios of climate change and management concerns associatedwith climate change impacts on the blue economy of European islands and outermost regions. The publication collectsmajor findings of the Soclimpact project’s research outcomes, aiming to raise social awareness among policy-makers andindustry about climate change consequences at local level, and provide knowledge based information in support policy design,from local to national level. This comprehensive book will also assist students, scholars and practitioners to understand,conceptualize and effectively and responsibly manage climate change information and applied research. This book providesinvaluable material for Blue Growth Management, theory and application, at all levels. This first edition includes up-to-datedata, statistics, references, case material and figures of the 12 islands case studies. ¨Downscaling climate change impacts,socio-economic implications and alternative adaptation pathways for Islands and Outermost Regions¨ is a must-read book,given the accessible style and breadth and depth with which the topic is dealt. The book is an up-to-date synthesis of keyknowledge on this area, written by a multidisciplinary group of experts on climate and economic modelling, and policy design.

In this paper, the excitation function utilizing the nuclear reaction $^{\mathrm{nat}}\mathrm{V}(p,X)$ $^{44}\mathrm{Ti}$ was determined. The seven investigated metallic vanadium disks were proton irradiated within an energy range of 111--954 MeV between 1995 to 1996. The experiments' cross sections were validated using two independent measurements by combining $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ spectrometry with both a low-energy germanium detector and a high-purity germanium detector. The maximum cross section was observed for energies of 145 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 1.2 and 150.2 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 1.2 MeV with values of 803 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 28 and 805 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 27 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{b}$, respectively. In this regard, it was demonstrated that our data were in good agreement with the former, however, unpublished results which were investigated over a similar energy range. Thus, combined with these earlier measurements, a consistent data set for the $^{\mathrm{nat}}\mathrm{V}(p,X)$ $^{44}\mathrm{Ti}$ excitation function from 111 to 1350 MeV is provided. Model calculations using Li\`ege Intranuclear Cascade (INCL)/ABLA reproduce the shape of the excitation function correctly but overpredict the absolute values by factors of 2 to 3. Some considerations regarding this already earlier observed systematic overestimation of neutron-poor residues are given. The results will trigger new approaches in code development in order to improve the predictions.

We present a new generation of model calculations for cosmogenic production rates in various types of solar system bodies. The model is based on the spectra for primary and secondary particles calculated using the INCL++6 code, which is the most reliable and most sophisticated code available for spallation reactions. Thanks to the recent improvements (extending the code to lower and higher energies and considering light charged particles as ejectiles and projectiles), we can for the first time directly consider primary and secondary Galactic α particles. We calculate production rates for 22Na, 10Be, and 26Al in an L-chondrite with a radius of 45 cm and in the Apollo 15 drill core, and we determine the long-term average Galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) spectrum (represented by the solar modulation potential Φ) in the meteoroid orbits at ∼3 au of Φ = 600 MV and at 1 au, i.e., for Earth and Moon of Φ = 660 MV. From this, we calculate a long-term average GCR gradient in the inner solar system of ∼5% au−1. Finally, we discuss the possibility of studying temporal GCR variations and meteoroid orbits using production rate ratios of short- and long-lived radionuclides.

The power curve is the performance indicator of the wind turbine. The current industry standard warranted by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400-12-1 (IEC 61400-12-1: first edition 2005-12, wind turbines—part 12-1: power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines [1]) defines a unique procedure to evaluate a wind turbine’s power curve (for both stall and pitch regulated wind turbine). The IEC 61400-12-1 (IEC 61400-12-1: first edition 2005-12, wind turbines—part 12-1: power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines [1]) standard gives a leverage to estimate any incomplete bin of power curve from two adjacent complete bins using linear interpolation method whenever the incomplete bin prevents the completion of test due to data insufficiency. The incomplete bin interpolation approach could add additional uncertainty in the power performance assessment due to the nonlinear power performance characteristics of wind turbines. Especially in stall regulated wind turbine, the approach over estimates the power in incomplete bin about 32% and leading to 1.2% over estimation of annual energy production (AEP). This paper proposes to use scaled down time averaging window data sets instead of traditional interpolation method to evaluate the incomplete bins of IEC power curve by employing the statically strong data points. In this study, thirty second average data sets have been used to evaluate the incomplete bin. The technique has been implemented in both stall and pitch regulated wind turbines power curve data bases and found that the results are reasonable and realistic. The proposed technique improves the power estimation by 30.4% and the AEP by 1.1% in a stall regulated wind turbine when compare to interpolation method. The paper strives to demonstrate that the incomplete bins of IEC database can be filled with the data sets typically averaged over thirty seconds to derive actual IEC power curve.

In this paper, we consider the interaction of electrons in bilayer graphene with a constant homogeneous magnetic field which is orthogonal to the bilayer surface. Departing from the energy eigenstates of the effective Hamiltonian, the corresponding coherent states will be constructed. For doing this, first we will determine appropriate creation and annihilation operators in order to subsequently derive the coherent states as eigenstates of the annihilation operator with complex eigenvalue. Then, we will calculate some physical quantities, as the Heisenberg uncertainty relation, the probabilities and current density as well as the mean energy value. Finally, we will explore the time evolution for these states and we will compare it with the corresponding evolution for monolayer graphene coherent states.

The capabilities of the new version of the Li\`ege intranuclear cascade model (labeled $\mathrm{INCL}++6$ from now on) are presented in detail. This new version of INCL is able to handle strange particles, such as kaons and the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ and $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}$ hyperons, and the associated reactions and also allows extending nucleon-nucleon collisions up to about $15\text{--}20$ GeV incident energy. Compared to the previous version, new observables can be studied, e.g., kaon, hyperon, and hypernuclei production cross sections (with the use of a suitable de-excitation code) as well as aspects of kaon-induced spallation reactions. The main purpose of this paper is to present the specific ingredients of the new INCL version and its new features, notably the newly implemented variance reduction scheme. We also compare, for some illustrative strangeness production cases, theoretical results calculated using this version of INCL with experimental data.

Motivated by a renewed interest in studies of hypernuclei, the strangeness degree of freedom was implemented in the intranuclear cascade model INCL. This model takes care of the first stage of reactions between a nucleon (or a light cluster) and a nucleus at energies from a few tens of MeV up to a few GeV. After emission of fast particles, a hot remnant nucleus is produced and another model, combined to INCL, handles the de-excitation (Abla in our case). The main ingredients are discussed and we compare the results to experimental data.

The first and second-order supersymmetry transformations can be used to manipulate one or two energy levels of the initial spectrum when generating new exactly solvable Hamiltonians from a given initial potential. In this paper, we will construct the first and second-order supersymmetric partners of the trigonometric Rosen-Morse potential. Firstly, it is identified a set of solutions of the initial stationary Schrödinger equation which are appropriate for implementing in a simple way non-singular transformations, without inducing new singularities in the built potential. Then, the way the spectral manipulation works is illustrated through several specific examples.

This work presents the determination of the 148Gd and 154Dy content in Pb targets irradiated by 220–2600 MeV protons. It includes the chemical separation of lanthanides, followed by the preparation of proper samples, by molecular plating technique, for α-spectrometry measurements. The experimental cross section results were compared with theoretical predictions, calculated with the INCL++-ABLA07 code. The comparisons showed a satisfactory agreement for 148Gd (less than within a factor two), while measured 154Dy cross sections are higher than the theoretical values.

The recent developments of the Liège intranuclear cascade model INCL are reviewed. The INCL4.6 version of this model was able when coupled with the ABLA07 de-excitation code, to describe rather well a huge set of experimental data in an incident energy range spanning between 200 MeV and 3 GeV, as it has been testified by an intercomparison of spallation codes organized by the IAEA. Since that time, the model has been implemented in several nuclear particle transport codes. Therefore, the possible applications of INCL have been enlarged to focus on diverse fields, and in the recent years, the model has been further developed to be applicable to these new issues and also to cope with remaining deficiencies. The new features include: i) a sophisticated dynamical model for light cluster emission (up to O ions), ii) the accommodation of light nuclei as projectiles, iii) a new procedure to take account of the fuzziness of the Fermi surface, and iv) an extension of the model to higher energy. The aim of this contribution is to present for the first time and to discuss the physics of the added features, and to give a hint about the performances of the new model.

International audience; In this review article we present some of the major applications for cosmogenic nuclide studies; extraterrestrial applications on meteorites, lunar surface samples but also on interstellar grains and terrestrial applications ranging from ages for exposure and burial over erosion and denudation rates to uplift and soil dynamics. For all the applications a good knowledge of the cosmogenic nuclide production rates is indispensable. Since it is neither possible nor feasible measuring production rates for all possible set-ups and geometries they are usually calculated using the particle spectra for primary and secondary particles and the cross sections for the relevant nuclear reactions. Considering the reacting particles we also discuss in some detail the basic properties of solar and galactic cosmic rays, especially we focus on the temporal variability. With a good understanding of the projectile types, a very relevant step is to understand and model the induced nuclear reactions. In doing so, we will briefly discuss the basic properties of spallation reactions and we especially focus on the recent very impressive improvements. We finish with a short outlook of the next possible steps for further improvements.

We build the coherent states for a family of solvable singular Schr\"odinger Hamiltonians obtained through supersymmetric quantum mechanics from the truncated oscillator. The main feature of such systems is the fact that their eigenfunctions are not completely connected by their natural ladder operators. We find a definition that behaves appropriately in the complete Hilbert space of the system, through linearised ladder operators. In doing so, we study basic properties of such states like continuity in the complex parameter, resolution of the identity, probability density, time evolution and possibility of entanglement.

International audience; Hypernuclear physics is a longstanding field of research in which innovative experiments using the inverse kinematics technique to accelerate light, medium, and heavy nuclei at relativistic energies have become an important tool to study the properties of hypernuclei. We investigate the hypernuclei production in spallation reactions where multi-fragmentation, evaporation, and fission processes play an important role in the formation of final hypernuclei residues. For the description of spallation reactions, we couple the Liège intranuclear-cascade model, extended recently to strange particles, to a new version of the de-excitation model ABLA07 that accounts for the evaporation of \(\Lambda \) particles from hot hyperremnants produced during the intranuclear cascade stage. These state-of-the-art models are used to study the production of hypernuclei close to the limits of the chart of nuclei.

It is standard practice for nuclear data files to include tabulated data for distinct reaction channels for incident energies up to 20-30 MeV. Above these energies, the assumptions implicit in the definition of individual channels break down and event generators are typically used within codes that simulate nuclear observables in applications. These offer robust simulation of the physics but increase the computational burden. So-called ‘high-energy’ nuclear data files have been produced, but the well-known libraries are more than a decade old and rely upon models developed many years before their release. This presentation describes a modern library with a high level of production automation that offers regular updates as the models it is based upon are improved. The most recent versions of the intra-nuclear cascade and de-excitation models available within Geant4 were used to generate tabulated data of residual nuclide production. For the first released library, the INCL++5.3 and ABLA version within Geant4 v10.3 were used to calculate over 1012 incident protons over 2095 target isotopes with incident energies up to 1 GeV. These were collated into tabulated data in the international-standard ENDF-6 format. The resulting files were provided as group-wise files and were distributed as HEIR-0.1 with the FISPACT-II version 4.0 release. A second library, HEIR-0.2, has been generated using the new INCL++6.0 and C++ translation of the ABLA07 model available within Geant4 v10.4. Simulations were performed using incident protons, neutrons, deuterons and π±. An improved agreement is observed in the comparison to experimental data not only between the two versions, but against the other well-known high-energy nuclear data files and models available within Geant4. This benchmark includes mass and isotopic distributions, as well as incident-energy dependent cumulative and independent cross sections from the EXFOR database.

The intranuclear cascade model INCL (Li\`ege Intranuclear Cascade) is now able to simulate spallation reactions induced by projectiles with energies up to roughly 15 GeV. This was made possible thanks to the implementation of multipion emission in the NN, $\Delta$N and $\pi$N interactions. The results obtained with reactions on nuclei induced by nucleons or pions gave confidence in the model. A next step will be the addition of the strange particles, $\Lambda$, $\Sigma$ and Kaons, in order to not only refine the high-energy modeling, but also to extend the capabilities of INCL, as studying hypernucleus physics. Between those two versions of the code, the possibility to treat the $\eta$ and $\omega$ mesons in INCL has been performed and this is the topic of this paper. Production yields of these mesons increase with energy and it is interesting to test their roles at higher energies. More specifically, studies of $\eta$ rare decays benefit from accurate simulations of its production. These are the two reasons for their implementation. Ingredients of the model, like elementary reaction cross sections, are discussed and comparisons with experimental data are carried out to test the reliability of those particle productions., Comment: 22 pages, 17 figures, submitted to EPJ Plus

International audience; Motivated by a renewed interest in studies of hypernuclei, the strangeness degree of freedom was implemented in the intranuclear cascade model INCL. This model takes care of the first stage of reactions between a nucleon (or a light cluster) and a nucleus at energies from a few tens of MeV up to a few GeV. After emission of fast particles, a hot remnant nucleus is produced and another model, combined to INCL, handles the de-excitation (the Abla model in our case). The main ingredients will be discussed and we will compare the results to experimental data. The experimental kaon spectra for different target elements and at different energies agree reasonable well with the model predictions. The main remaining discrepancies are analysed and will be explained.

In this paper we are going to build the multiphoton supercoherent states for the supersymmetric harmonic oscillator as eigenstates of the $m$-th power of a special form (but still with a free parameter) of the Kornbluth-Zypman supersymmetric annihilation operator. They become expressed in terms of the multiphoton coherent states for the standard harmonic oscillator. The Heisenberg uncertainty relation and some statistical properties for these states will be studied. Since the multiphoton supercoherent states turn out to be periodic, then the associated geometric phases will be as well evaluated., 36 pages, 47 figures

We study the supersymmetric partners of the harmonic oscillator with an infinite potential barrier at the origin and obtain the conditions under which it is possible to add levels to the energy spectrum of these systems. It is found that instead of the usual rule for non-singular potentials, where the order of the transformation corresponds to the maximum number of levels which can be added, now it is the integer part of half the order of the transformation which gives the maximum number of levels to be created., This article is a natural continuation of arXiv:1603.05173 and arXiv:1310.5628

FISPACT-II is an advanced activation/transmutation and inventory code that employs the most up-to-date and sophisticated nuclear data forms, including the full TENDL-2017 library. TENDL includes residual nuclide production for incident particle energies up to 200 MeV. To address the needs of activation–transmutation simulation in incident-particle fields with energies up to and above 1 GeV, FISPACT-II has been extended to splice TENDL standard ENDF-6 nuclear data with extended nuclear data forms. Comparisons between JENDL-2007/HE, HEAD-2009, and the most recent intra-nuclear cascade models found within Geant4 led to an updated method for residual nuclide nuclear data production. This has been achieved with an automated INCL++/ABLA process that produces complete residual cross section format ( MF=10 ) for activation/transmutation and inventory calculations. The current High-Energy Intra-Nuclear Cascade Liege-based Residual (HEIR-0.1) library includes proton-induced cross sections up to 1 GeV for 2095 targets. These data are available with the most recent release 4.0 of FISPACT-II .

International audience; The production of strange particles (kaons, hyperons) and hypernuclei in light charged-particle-induced reactions in the energy range of a few GeV (2-15 GeV) has become a topic of active research in several facilities (e.g., HypHI and PANDA at GSI and/or FAIR (Germany), JLab (USA), and JPARC (Japan)). This energy range represents the low-energy limit of the string models (degree of freedom: quark and gluon) or the high-energy limit of the so-called spallation models (degree of freedom: hadrons). A well-known spallation model is INCL, the Liège intranuclear cascade model (combined with a de-excitation model to complete the reaction). INCL, known to give good results up to 2-3GeV, was recently upgraded by the implementation of multiple pion emission to extend the energy range of applicability up to roughly 15GeV. The next step, to account also for strange particle production, both for refining the high-energy domain and making it usable when strangeness appears, requires the following main ingredients: i) the relevant elementary cross sections (production, scattering, and absorption) and ii) the characteristics of the associated final states. Some of those ingredients are already known and, sometimes, already used in models of the same type (e.g., Bertini, GiBUU), but this paper aims at reviewing the situation by compiling, updating, and comparing the necessary elementary information which are independent of the model used.

The new version of the Li\`ege intranuclear-cascade model (INCL), recently extended to the production of strange particles and hypernuclei, is used to investigate the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$-nucleus potential in a broad range of nuclear masses from Si to Pb. The combination of the INCL calculation results with experimental cross sections of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ hypernuclei, obtained from (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+},{K}^{+}$) reaction studies, allows us to constrain the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$-nucleus potential depth with an accuracy of about 0.9 MeV. Our results show that the potential depth increases with the mass number ($A$) from 28 MeV in the region of medium-mass hypernuclei up to a maximum of 39.6 MeV in the region of heavy hypernuclei around $A=208$. This deviation could be related to the nucleon-isospin dependence of the three-body $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$-nucleon-nucleon force in asymmetry matter whose contribution is more relevant in hyperneutron matter due to a strong contribution from $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}nn$ interactions.

International audience; The Liège intranuclear-cascade model (INCL) has been improved using a refined description of the matter and energy densities in the nuclear surface. Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations with the Skyrme interaction were used to obtain a more realistic description of the proton and neutron density profiles. We find that the new approach, together with a realistic modeling of the de-excitation process of the nuclear pre-fragments, improves the description of the production cross sections of the heaviest nuclear residues produced by charge-exchange processes in spallation reactions, where the excitation of baryonic resonances plays an important role.

This work presents the determination of the

Supersymmetry transformations of order k are applied to the harmonic oscillator for generating potentials V k j whose spectra have a gap of thickness k+1 with respect to the initial spectrum. The system’s extremal states are identified and, since the conditions ensuring that the Hamiltonian has third order ladder operators and thus it is connected with the PIV equation are satisfied, solutions to this equation can be found. An alternative supersymmetry transformation is applied to the harmonic oscillator by adding the levels needed to reproduce the spectrum of V k j, up to a constant energy displacement. The three new extremal states are as well identified and we get the corresponding solutions to the PIV equation. Finally, the PIV solutions found through both transformations are analysed.

We analyze the nonlinear coherent states for electrons in graphene interacting with a homogeneus magnetic field which is orthogonal to the layer surface. We also evaluate the corresponding Heisenberg uncertainty relation.

Second degree polynomial Heisenberg algebras are realized through the harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian, together with two deformed ladder operators chosen as the third powers of the standard annihilation and creation operators. The corresponding solutions to the Painleve IV equation are easily found. Moreover, three different sets of eigenstates of the deformed annihilation operator are constructed, called the good, the bad and the ugly coherent states. Some physical properties of such states will be studied as well.

International audience; The prediction of one-nucleon-removal cross sections by the Liège intranuclear-cascade model has been improved using a refined description of the matter and energy densities in the nuclear surface. Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations with the Skyrme interaction are used to obtain a more realistic description of the radial-density distributions of protons and neutrons, as well as the excitation-energy uncorrelation at the nuclear surface due to quantum effects and short-range correlations. The results are compared with experimental data covering a large range of nuclei, from carbon to uranium, and projectile kinetic energies. We find that the new approach is in good agreement with experimental data of one-nucleon-removal cross sections covering a broad range in nuclei and energies. The new ingredients also improve the description of total reaction cross sections induced by protons at low energies, the production cross sections of heaviest residues close to the projectile, and the triple-differential cross sections for one-proton removal. However, other observables such as quadruple-differential cross sections of coincident protons do not present any sizable sensitivity to the new approach. Finally, the model is also tested for light-ion-induced reactions. It is shown that the new parameters can give a reasonable description of the nucleus-nucleus total reaction cross sections at high energies.

Recent extensions of the Liege Intranuclear Cascade model, INCL, at energies below 100 MeV and for light-ion (up to oxygen) induced reactions are reported. Comparisons with relevant experimental data are shown. The model has been implemented into several high-energy transport codes allowing simulations in a wide domain of applications. Examples of simulations performed for spallation targets with the model implemented into MCNPX and in the domain of medical applications with GEANT4 are presented.

International audience; We measured the isotopic concentrations of long-lived and stable He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe isotopes in a sample from a lead-bismuth eutectic target irradiated with 1.0 and 1.4 GeV protons. Our data indicate for most noble gases nearly complete release with retention fractions in the range of percent or less. Higher retention fractions result from the decay of long-lived radioactive progenitors from groups 1, 2, or 7 of the periodic table. From the data we can calculate a retention fraction for H-3 of 2-3%. For alkaline metals we find retention fractions of about 10%, 30%, and 50% for Na, Rb, and Cs, respectively. For the alkaline earth metal Ba we found complete retention. Finally, the measured Kr and Xe concentrations indicate that there was some release of the halogens Br and I during and/or after the irradiation

With the development of new high-power neutron spallation sources --both for scientific application and as neutron production tool for accelerator-driven systems-- the demand for experimentally obtained nuclear data on the residue nuclei production in the target is constantly increasing. In the present work, we examined two lead-bismuth-eutectic targets, irradiated with high-energy protons, concerning their radionuclide content and the spatial distribution of selected isotopes. The first one was the so-called ISOLDE target, being irradiated with 1-1.4GeV protons at CERN-ISOLDE, the second one was the MEGAPIE target, irradiated at PSI with 590MeV protons. In particular, we investigated the phenomenon of radionuclide enrichment on free surfaces in both targets. It turned out that considerable accumulation can be found especially in the case of lanthanides. The depletion process is enhanced at increased temperatures. The results are compared with theoretical predictions; some possible consequences of the findings are illustrated.

An algorithm to generate solutions to the Painleve IV and V equations is presented, based on supersymmetric quantum mechanics applied to the harmonic and radial oscillators, respectively. These solutions are expressed in terms of confluent hypergeometric functions, leading to a classification in solution hierarchies, according to the specific special functions they involve.

We use combinations of cascade and nuclear de-excitation models to assess the importance of the inclusion of a multifragmentation stage for the quantitative description of the 1-GeV p+Fe spallation reaction. We discuss the sensitivity of several exclusive physical observables to the deexcitation mechanism in the attempt to identify which of them can be considered suitable probes for a multifragmentation stage. The calculations show that the inclusion of a multifragmentation stage is not necessary to construct an accurate description of the observed data.

Radiation hazard for space missions is mainly due to cosmic ray protons, helium nuclei and light ions, whose energy spectrum is maximum around 1 GeV per nucleon but remains non-negligible for energies up to 15 GeV per nucleon. Nuclear reactions induced by high energy protons are often described by intranuclear cascade plus evaporation models. The attention is focused here on the Liege Intranuclear Cascade model (INCL), which has been shown to reproduce fairly well a great deal of experimental data for nucleon-induced reactions in the 200 MeV to 2 GeV range, when coupled with the ABLA evaporation-fission code. In order to extend the model to other conditions relevant for space radiation, three improvements of INCL are under development. They are reported on here. First, the reaction model has been extended to nucleon–nucleus reactions at incident energies up to 15 GeV, mainly by the inclusion of additional pion production channels in nucleon–nucleon collisions during the cascade. Second, a coalescence mechanism for the emission of light charged particles has been implemented recently. Finally, the model has been modified in order to accommodate light ions as projectiles. First results are shown and compared with illustrative experimental data. Implications for issues concerning radiation protection in space are discussed.

After identifying the appropriate ladder operators, the coherent states for the asymmetric Penning trap are derived as common eigenstates of the annihilation operators. They will be compared with the ones obtained by acting the displacement operator onto the extremal state, as well as with those which minimize some Heisenberg uncertainty relationships. The time evolution and relevant mean values for some operators in these states will be evaluated.

One of the objectives of the EURISOL (EURopean Isotope Separation On-Line Radioactive Ion Beam) Design Study consisted of providing a safe and reliable facility layout and design for the following operational parameters and characteristics: (a) a 4 MW proton beam of 1 GeV energy impinging on a mercury target (the converter); (b) high neutron fluxes (∼3 × 10 16 neutrons/s) generated by spallation reactions of the protons impinging in the converter and (c) fission rate on fissile 235 U targets in excess of 10 15 fissions/s. In this work, the state-of-the-art Monte Carlo codes MCNPX ( Pelowitz, 2005 ) and FLUKA ( Vlachoudis, 2009 ; Ferrari et al., 2008 ) were used to characterize the neutronics performance and to perform the shielding assessment ( Herrera-Martinez and Kadi, 2006 ; Cornell, 2003 ) of the EURISOL Target Unit and to provide estimations of dose rate and activation of different components, in view of the radiation safety assessment of the facility. Dosimetry and activation calculations were performed for the different components, regions and systems of the Target Unit. The detailed description of the geometry and constituent materials were implemented and the time evolution of the dose rate and activity for the different components was performed, both during operation and after shutdown of the proton beam. The results obtained indicate that the very high activation of the structural materials in some components will require a detailed study and comparison of the behavior of different materials, namely their remaining activity several years after beam shutdown. The very high dose rates assessed in the computational studies performed and reported in this work, also impose stringent requirements in the radiological protection and radiation safety issues associated to the operation and maintenance of the EURISOL facility.

INCL (Liege IntraNuclear Cascade model) combined with a deexcitation code has been used a lot for numerous simulations of spallation reactions during the last two decades. We go back over some of those simulations to address the capabilities of such codes and to show some improvements. The four examples of simultation are: the EURISOL project, the MEGAPIE target, the ESS facility, and the cosmogenic nuclide production. The goal is to discuss respectively designing and optimisation, predictive power and reliability, feasibility and uncertainty estimate, and the use of modeling to mitigate lack of experimental data.

The purpose of this safety study, carried out within the EURISOL Design Study, was to characterize the radiation environment and design the appropriate shielding of the new-generation radioactive ion beam postaccelerator. Both variants oflinac layouts-without stripper (L#1) and with stripper (L#2)—were analyzed using the 132 Sn 25+ radioactive beam of unprecedented intensity, namely, up to ∼10 13 particles/s, as reference for simulations. In this work two scenarios were analyzed: (a) an accidental full beam loss during 1 s every day and (b) continuous beam loss of 10 -4 m -1 , representing normal operation conditions. Representative loss positions along the accelerator at variable energies of 21, 45.5, 76, 115, and 150 MeV u -1 were investigated. The lost ions were assumed to strike a stopping copper target. Dedicated simulations were performed by means of the PHITS code. The induced radioactivity in the accelerator components, concrete walls, and air inside the tunnel were estimated using the DCHAIN-SP-2001 code based on an external neutron source and spallation products derived from PHITS. Ambient dose equivalent rates due to the residual radiation were calculated with the MCNPX code using photon sources resulting from DCHAIN. The effect of implanted radioactive ions at low energies in the accelerator structure was also assessed.

The intranuclear cascade model INCL4 has been shown to be very successful for describing, without adjustable parameters, a whole set of data for p-induced reactions in the 40 MeV–2 GeV energy range. In view of its possible application to cosmic ray interactions, the INCL4 code has been extended to the 2–15 GeV energy range, so covering a large part of the spectrum of the incident energy of the cosmic rays. In this paper, the changes brought into the INCL4 code are discussed and some illustrative comparisons between the results given by the modified version of the code and experimental data are presented.