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The defect detection mechanism for eddy current nondestructive testing (ECNDT) is related to the interaction of induced eddy currents in the metal test specimen with flaws, and the coupling of these interaction effects with the test probe sensor.

A new contribution is given for the calculation of interaction forces between the permanent magnet (PM) and a hard type-II superconductor (SC) used as a classical levitation system. The forces and also mutual inductances are developed via Green’s functions using an Amperian model, assuming a cuboidal thin coil for PM and a superposition of closed loops of rectangular cross section of the SC. In the superconductor, the critical current ( $J_{c})$ is known, but the variable penetration thickness of $J_{c}$ is given from external magnetic fields by Bean’s critical-state models. All the analytical results are obtained with a dynamic representation of all penetration thicknesses of $J_{c}$ depending on applied external magnetic field variations. The most important parts are the original mathematical process of considering current penetration in superconductors and the new analytical development of vertical forces between PM and SC, realized after several analytical integral calculations. The results have been evaluated for vertical displacements of a PM above the SC, proving the accuracy of our analytical model compared with those realized by Flux3D finite-element method software.

Bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS) can be socially disabling, have negative psychological and economic consequences, and impair patients' quality of life. Knowledge of the functional anatomy and physiology of the urinary tract is essential to understand the symptoms associated with central nervous system lesions and the pharmacotherapies used to treat them. Treatments for neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) have consisted mainly of administration of anticholinergic drugs, which have been shown to provide suboptimal clinical benefits and be poorly tolerated. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of intravesicular botulinum toxin therapy provides a second-line option for MS patients with NDO not responsive to anticholinergic drugs. We performed a review of key literature pertaining to the intravesicular application of botulinum toxin. In the management of NDO, administration of intravesicular botulinum toxin using clean intermittent catheterization decreases the incidence of urinary tract infections, promotes urinary continence, and improves quality of life for 9 months after a single injection; moreover, those benefits are maintained with repeated injections over time.

The reaction pp → pπ+ X was studied at different incident energies around T p = 2 GeV. Narrow baryonic structures were observed in the missing mass M X and in the invariant mass M pπ{+}. The masses of these structures are 1004, 1044, 1094, 1136, 1173, 1249, 1277, and 1384 MeV (and possibly 1339 MeV). Some of them were also observed at the same masses in the missing-mass spectra of the dp → ppX reaction although with a weaker signature. Many checks were performed to make sure that these structures were not produced by experimental artifacts. Several narrow small-amplitude peaks, were also extracted using already published photonucleon cross-sections. The small widths of all these results, and the stability of the observed structures, regardless of the experiment, were used to conclude that they are genuine baryons and not merely the consequence of dynamical rescatterings. These baryons cannot be associated with classical q3 quark configurations. We associate them with two colored-quark cluster configurations.

The polarized d d -> alpha X reaction at beam energies close to the eta threshold shows very strong structure in the missing mass corresponding to the ABC enhancement. The deuteron tensor analysing power A_yy, and the slope of the vector analysing power A_y with respect to angle, have been measured for this reaction around the forward direction. Both signals are small, and their variations with the alpha-particle momentum are in broad agreement with a theoretical model in which each pair of nucleons in the projectile and target deuterons undergoes pion production through the NN -> d pi reaction.

The reaction pp → pπ+X was studied at three energies (Tp = 1520, 1805 and 2100 MeV). The analyzing powers of pp → ΔΔ, pp → Δn and pp → pπ+X reactions (0.94 < MX < 1.5 GeV) were extracted between 0° and 17° in the lab, which corresponds to an angular range between 0° and 100° (c.m.). A theoretical analysis was performed based on s-channel contributions in 2+ and 1− intermediate states. The resulting formulas allow us to obtain good fits with experimental data.

The reaction pp{r_arrow}p{pi}{sup +}N has been studied at three energies (T{sub p}=1520 , 1805, and 2100MeV) and six angles from 0{degree} up to 17{degree} (laboratory). Several narrow states have been observed in missing mass spectra at 1004, 1044, and 1094MeV. Their widths are typically 1 order of magnitude smaller than the widths of N{sup {asterisk}} or {Delta} . Possible biases are discussed. These masses are in good agreement with those calculated within a simple phenomenological mass formula based on color magnetic interaction between two colored quark clusters. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}

The cross section and tensor analysing power t_20 of the d\vec{d}->eta 4He reaction have been measured at six c.m. momenta, 10 < p(eta) < 90 MeV/c. The threshold value of t_20 is consistent with 1/\sqrt{2}, which follows from parity conservation and Bose symmetry. The much slower momentum variation observed for the reaction amplitude, as compared to that for the analogous pd->eta 3He case, suggests strongly the existence of a quasi-bound state in the eta-4He system and optical model fits indicate that this probably also the case for eta-3He., LaTeX, uses elsart.sty, 10 pages, 3 Postscript figures, Submitted to Physics Letters B

We have studied the deuteron breakup in the p(d,2p)n reaction at T{sub d}=2.0 GeV. In this experiment, the vector analyzing power A{sub Y}, the tensor analyzing power A{sub YY}, and the polarization of the forward scattered proton are measured close to the quasifree pp scattering kinematics. These observables are presented as a function of the neutron momentum ranging from 0.04 to 0.45 GeV/c in the rest frame of the deuteron. Marked deviations from the impulse approximation using conventional deuteron wave functions are observed. Corrections due to the multiple scattering, the final state interaction, and the {Delta} excitation are calculated in a model where the spin-isospin structure of the elementary amplitudes is treated rigorously. With this model, a reasonable account of the measured polarization observables is obtained. The global agreement with all observables is, however, not good enough that we can reliably discriminate between conventional wave functions. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}

A spinal cord injury (SCI) clearly results in greater cardiovascular risk; however, accompanying changes in peripheral vascular structure below the lesion mean that the real impact of a SCI on vascular function is unclear.Therefore, utilizing passive leg movement-induced (PLM) hyperaemia, an index of nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vascular function and the central hemodynamic response to this intervention, we studied eight individuals with a SCI and eight age-matched controls (CTRL).Specifically, we assessed heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), leg blood flow (LBF) and thigh composition.In CTRL, passive movement transiently decreased MAP and increased HR and CO from baseline by 2.5 ± 1 mmHg, 7 ± 2 bpm and 0.5 ± 0.1 L min(-1) respectively. In SCI, HR and CO responses were unidentifiable. LBF increased to a greater extent in CTRL (515 ± 41 ∆mL min(-1)) compared with SCI, (126 ± 25 ∆mL min(-1)) (P 0.05). There was a strong relationship between ∆LBF and thigh muscle volume (r = 0.95). After normalizing ∆LBF for this strong relationship (∆LBF/muscle volume), there was evidence of preserved vascular function in SCI (CTRL: 120 ± 9; SCI 104 ± 11 mL min(-1) L(-1)). A comparison of ∆LBF in the passively moved and stationary leg, to partition the contribution of the blood flow response, implied that 35% of the hyperaemia resulted from cardioacceleration in the CTRL, whereas all the hyperaemia appeared peripheral in origin in the SCI.Thus, utilizing PLM-induced hyperaemia as marker of vascular function, it is evident that peripheral vascular impairment is not an obligatory accompaniment to a SCI.

Intersection syndrome describes a rare inflammatory condition located at the crossing point between the first dorsal compartment muscles and the radial wrist extensor muscles. It is a repetitive motion injury that affects patients who overuse their wrists. The present report reviews the incidence of the condition as well as the special populations it affects. The anatomy of the wrist is presented and clinical findings and physical examination techniques are reviewed to help the reader reach a quick but correct diagnosis. Finally, the most appropriate treatment approach is presented, incorporating rehabilitative methods designed to ensure a full and prompt functional recovery and resumption of physical activity.

We report a new calibration of the polarimeter POMME for energies between 1.05 and 2.40 GeV using polarized proton beams at the Laboratoire National Saturne. A 16 parameter and a new 14 parameter empirical formula have been used to fit both the angular and energy dependencies of the inclusive proton-carbon analyzing power data between 0.80 and 2.40 GeV. Both fits have very good chi-square, 1.20 per degree of freedom for the former, and 1.05 for the latter. The parameters from these fits can be used to predict the angular distribution of the pC analyzing power at any energy within the energy range of the fits.

The polarization transfer κ0 and the tensor analyzing power T20 for the 1 H d p)d reaction have been measured up to an internal momentum of k = 0.58 GeV/c. Comparison of the same observables obtained in recent studies for 1 H d p)d reaction, as a function of k, show different behavior. However the data from these two reactions are almost identical when compared in T20 versus κ0 correlation plots. We discuss similarities and differences observed in the two reactions.

The [sup 1]H([ital d],2[ital p])[ital n] deuteron breakup reaction was measured at 2 GeV deuteron energy in a kinematically complete experiment. Fivefold differential cross sections are given in a wide range of kinematical variables and analyzed in terms of impulse approximation and [ital NN] rescattering. The deuteron momentum density was determined and deviations were found depending on the value of the four-momentum transfer [vert bar][ital t][vert bar] in the scattering process. At low [vert bar][ital t][vert bar] the momentum densities are in good agreement with the impulse approximation whereas large discrepancies were found above [ital q][approx]200 MeV/[ital c] when the four-momentum transfer was large. Various possible origins of the anomalous behavior at high [ital q] values are discussed.

The tensor polarization ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{20}$ of deuterons emitted in the ${}^{1}\mathrm{H}{(}^{3}\mathrm{He},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}}{d})X$ reaction at ${0}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ in the laboratory system was measured at the Saturne National Laboratory in Saclay using the SPES-4 spectrometer with the HYPOM polarimeter located downstream from its focal plane. The momentum of the detected deuterons was kept fixed at 3.77 GeV$/c$, while the momentum of the ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ beam was varied from 4.60 to 5.66 GeV$/c$, thus providing a range of internal momenta $k$ of the deuteron in ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ from 0 up to 0.4 GeV$/c$. The data obtained are compared with theoretical predictions.

We have measured angular distributions of differential cross sections and analyzing powers ( A y ) of the reaction p p → d π + at six incident proton energies between 1.3 and 2.4 GeV. They confirm the rapid variations at √ s = 2.65 GeV suggested by earlier experiments. Deviations from a monotonic behavior are also found in the excitation functions of the differential cross section at t = 0 or where Θ π + (c.m.) = 0°. Structures clearly appear at √ s = 2.4 and 2.65 GeV, in some coefficients of the associated Legendre function expansions of A y .

Tensor analyzing powersiT 11,T 20,T 21 andT 22, have been measured for deuteron laboratory energiesE lab =75, 85, 95, 106, 119, 131, 144, 156, 172, and 187 MeV. The data are compared to rigorous Faddeev calculations with realistic nucleon-nucleon potentials. A generally good description of the data at all energies is obtained.

The analyzing power excitation function has been measured with high accuracy between 510 and 725 MeV. The 182 measured points show no structure of an amplitude 4×10 −3 or more.

The analyzing power {ital T}{sub 20} in the inclusive {sup 1}H({sup 6}Li,{ital d} or {alpha} or {ital t}){ital X} reaction with 4.5 GeV tensor polarized {sup 6}Li nuclei has been measured at an angle of 0.8{degree}. The kinematics chosen favor the detection of spectator fragments; in the impulse approximation the laboratory momentum of such a fragment is then the Lorentz boosted internal momentum. Nonzero {ital T}{sub 20} values have been observed, in agreement with the known nonsphericity of {sup 6}Li indicated by its quadrupole moment. The sign of {ital T}{sub 20} in the {ital d} channel suggests that near {ital q}=0 the {ital D} state in {sup 6}Li has the same sign as in the deuteron; an abrupt change of sign near {ital q}=0.12 GeV/{ital c} is in agreement with theoretical expectation of a node in the {alpha}{ital d} position wave function. The {alpha}-channel data show larger {ital T}{sub 20} values than the {ital d} channel; in this case the small-{ital q}-region has not been explored enough to establish a similar node. A few data points in the {ital t} channel might suggest that {ital T}{sub 20} becomes positive above {ital q}=0.4 GeV/{ital c} in this case.

The energy region from the {pi} threshold up to the Roper resonance {ital N}(1440) has been investigated in inelastic {alpha} scattering on hydrogen using {alpha} particles from SATURNE with a beam momentum of 7 GeV/{ital c}. In addition to projectile excitation, excitation of the {ital P}{sub 11}(1440 MeV) resonance has been observed for the proton, indicating a strong monopole excitation. From this a value of the nucleon compressibility of 1.4{plus minus}0.3 GeV is extracted.

The polarization of the proton from the inclusive breakup reaction 1 H( d , p )X at 2.1 GeV was measured at 0°. The results are expressed as the ratio of the proton polarization, P p , to the deuteron beam polarization, P d , κ 0 = P p / P d . The measured values of κ 0 range from +0.983 to -0.305 and are in general agreement with the expected behavior arising from the D state in the deuteron wave function.

The cross section and deuteron tensor analysing powers Axx, Ayy for the charge exchange reaction 1H(d, 2p)n have been measured at Ed = 350 MeV up to excitation energies Ex in the final pp system of 8 MeV. Combined with our earlier 200 MeV results, the data clearly demonstrate that this reaction can be used to develop a new deuteron tensor polarimeter in the energy range 200–350 MeV with a viable figure of merit. The variation of the cross section and analysing powers with both momentum transfer q and Ex follows well impulse approximation predixtions up to q ≈ 200 MeV/c. As expected, the vector analysing power Ay remains small even in our largest Ex bin.

A new type of deuteron polarimeter to work in the energy range 120 < Ed < 250 MeV has been designed, constructed, and calibrated. The figure of merit (√ϵTkq) has been determined for various polarization components from the calibration data.

POMME is the first calibrated deuteron polarimeter using a d + carbon semi-inclusive scattering reaction. We present the results of its calibration in the region T d = 150–700 MeV, with the polarized deuteron beam from the synchrotron Saturne. A parametrization of the measured analyzing powers, and a discussion of the obtained efficiency and figure of merit are also given.

We describe the polarimeter POMME, and give the results of its calibration in the region 200–1200 MeV, using the Saturne polarized proton beam. The high energy part of this domain (800–1200 MeV) was previously unexplored. Parametrizations of the inclusive p-C analyzing power and polarimeter efficiency as a function of scattering angle and incident energy are given, completing the data already available at lower energies. The optimization of proton polarimeters in this energy domain is also discussed.

Two reactions, pp{yields}ppX and pp{yields}p{pi}{sup +}X, are used to study the 1.47{

Signals of two narrow structures at M=1747 MeV and 1772 MeV were observed in the invariant masses M_{pX} and M_{��^{+}X} of the pp->ppX and pp->p��^{+}X reactions respectively. Many tests were made to see if these structures could have been produced by experimental artefacts. Their small widths and the stability of the extracted masses lead us to conclude that these structures are genuine and may correspond to new exotic baryons. Several attempts to identify them, including the possible "missing baryons" approach, are discussed., 17 pages including 8 figures and 3 tables. ReVtex

The reaction $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}\mathrm{ppX}$ was studied at two energies ${(T}_{p}=1520$ and 1805 MeV) and at several angles between $0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ and $17\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ in the laboratory. The analyzing powers and cross sections of the $\mathrm{ABC}$ enhancement production were measured in the missing mass ${(M}_{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}}l~{M}_{X}l~{M}_{\ensuremath{\eta}}).$ Several substructures were observed at different angles and both energies. Substructures at ${M}_{X}\ensuremath{\approx}310$ and 350 MeV were systematically extracted. Substructures in the higher mass range $400l~{M}_{X}l~500 \mathrm{MeV}$ were observed but their masses were less stable. These substructure masses have been associated with ${q}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{q}^{2}$ (and ${q}^{3}\ensuremath{-}{q}^{3})$ configurations, allowing a new assumption for the $\mathrm{ABC}$ effect description, as being colored multiquark clusters.

The characteristics of a polarimeter to measure the tensor polarization of deuterons with energy of a few GeV have been studied by Monte Carlo simulations. The analyzing reaction is forward elastic dp scattering. The results of the simulation have been verified with a prototype hydrogen cell and a recoil proton detector using drift tubes inserted in the polarimeter POMME. The test used a vector and tensor polarized deuteron beam of 1.6 GeV kinetic energy at the accelerator Saturne. The feasability of a vector and tensor deuteron high-energy polarimeter based on deuteron–proton elastic scattering reaction has been studied. We present here the prediction of a Monte Carlo simulation and the first results of a test made with a prototype, at the Saturne National Laboratory.

The reaction pp→pπ+X has been studied at three energies (Tp=1520, 1805 and 2100 MeV), using the Saturne polarized proton beam and the SPES3 experimental facility. The analyzing powers of pp→Δ++Δ0, pp→Δ++n and pp→pπ+X reactions have been studied between 0° and 17° in the lab., which corresponds to an angular range between 0° and 100° (c.m.).

Double differential cross sections d 2 σ/dpdΩ have been measured for π + and K + emitted around midrapidity in d + A and α + A collisions at a beam kinetic energy of 1.15 GeV/nucleon. The total π + yield increases by a factor of about 2 when using an alpha projectile instead of a deuteron whereas the K + yield increases by a factor of about 4. According to transport calculations, the K + enhancement depends both on the number of hadron-hadron collisions and on the energy available in those collisions: their center-of-mass energy increases with increasing number of projectile nucleons.

Double differential K$^+$ cross sections have been measured in p+C collisions at 1.2, 1.5 and 2.5 GeV beam energy and in p+Pb collisions at 1.2 and 1.5 GeV. The K$^+$ spectrum taken at 2.5 GeV can be reproduced quantitatively by a model calculation which takes into account first chance proton-nucleon collisions and internal momentum with energy distribution of nucleons according to the spectral function. At 1.2 and 1.5 GeV beam energy the K$^+$ data excess significantly the model predictions for first chance collisions. When taking secondary processes into account the results of the calculations are in much better agreement with the data.

We present the results of simulations concerning a vector and tensor deuteron polarimeter, working in the range 1.2‐2 GeV, based on d,p elastic scattering. It could be built as a modification of the existing polarimeter POMME working at Saturne. The first results of a MonteCarlo simulation show a large figure of merit. The first experiment in which it is supposed to work is the study of baryon resonances in the framework of the SPES4π project at Saturne.

The tensor analyzing power T20 and the ratio of the polarization of the backward scattered proton to the vector polarization of the incident deuteron, κ0, for the dp backward elastic reaction were measured. The kinetic energy of the deuteron beam was varied between 0.3 and 2.34 GeV; the elastic protons were detected at a fixed 1.7° in the laboratory. The values of T20 and κ0 obtained are different from those obtained in recent studies of the 0° inclusive breakup reaction dp→pX at the same values of the internal momentum variable k calculated in the infinite momentum frame. However the data from these two reactions are almost identical when compared in T20 versus κ0 correlation plots. We discuss similarities and differences observed in the two reactions which, we argue, support the premise that the two reactions are closely related, as their respective impulse approximation graphs suggest.

International audience; The reaction pp→pp$\pi$$^0$ has been investigated at the Satume accelerator using a transversely polarized beam of 800 MeV incident kinetic energy and the DIOGENE detector. We have measured the total cross section, the differential cross section as a function of the pion energy and the anisotropy parameter b. We find a strongly dominant contribution, greater than 90%, of the Delta resonance to this process. We have determined the analyzing power A$_y$ of the reaction and get negative values.

The associated strangeness production in pp collisions was studied at bombarding energies of 2.3 and 2.7 GeV by detecting the outgoing K + particles with a high resolution magnetic spectrometer at forward angles up to 23.5° laboratory angle. The kaons were separated from an immense background of protons and pions by a highly resolving TOF electronics addition to vetoes from Cerenkov detectors utilizing either β differing Cerenkov light cones in lucite or different thresholds for light production in aerogel. The hyperon-nucleon missing mass spectra obtained show strong deviations from pure phase space which is ascribed to final state interactions of the pΛ and the Nσ systems. The structures found are discussed and compared with results from K − d → π − YN experiments, with theoretical calculations in the frame of OBE models, and with the prediction of sharp strange dibaryon resonances from several quark-bag models.

The tensor polarization (?20) of deuterons emitted in the p(3He,d)X reaction at 0? in the lab. system was measured at the Saturne National Laboratory in Saclay, using the SPES-4 spectrometer with the HYPOM polarimeter in the area of its focal plane. The momentum of the detected deuterons was kept fixed at 3.77 GeV/c, while the momentum of the 3He beam was varied from 4.60 to 5.66 GeV/c, thus providing a range of internal momenta k of the deuteron inside the 3He from 0 up to 0.4 GeV/c. The obtained data are compared with the theoretical predictions.

The cross section and analysing powers Ay, Axx and Ayy of the charge-exchange reaction 1 H ( d , 2 p ) n have been measured at Ed = 200 and 350 MeV up to excitation energies (Ex) of 8 MeV in the final pp system. The good agreement observed between the experimental dependence of the cross section and analysing powers upon Ex and the predictions of an impulse approximation calculation improves with increasing beam energy. The large experimental figures of merit found for Axx and Ayy demonstrate that this reaction can be used as the basis of a new deuteron tensor polarimeter in the 200–400 MeV energy range.

The angular distributions of the analyzing power Ay and of the differential cross section d σ/ d Ω in p p elastic scattering have been measured at 439 and 544 MeV/c. The results of Ay are compared with various theoretical models.

We report here on the experiment PS198 at LEAR which was completed in June 1988. The aim of that experiment was the measurement of spin observables in p − p and p − d elastic scattering in order to study the N − N interaction in the two isospin states I = 1 and I=0. It was foreseen to measure the full angular distribution of the differential cross section and of the analyzing power in p − p elastic scattering at few incident momenta between 450 and 750 MeV/c.

A strong enhancement at the (Σ Open image in new window )+ threshold is observed in missing mass spectra of the reaction pp→K+X experiment performed at the French Saturn National Lab (LNS). This effect is related to the coupling of the (Σ Open image in new window )+ and Λp channels. It could be the signature of a strangeS=−1 resonance the H1* (2130),SU(3) analog partner of the deuteron.

A search for isoscalar dibaryonic resonances by means of missing-mass spectra in the d + d → d + X reaction has been attempted using deuteron beams of T = 2.29,2.00 and 1.65 GeV. The results do not show any evidence for a narrow peak with a limit of 30 nb GeV 2 for a 15 MeV width or a broad enhancement which could be unambiguously attributed to a dibaryonic resonance.

Cross sections and T/sub 20/ analyzing powers for dA..-->..pX are presented. A shoulder in the cross section previously reported at higher energies and for carbon is observed for H, C, and Ti at the same d-c.m.-frame proton momentum q = 0.35 GeV/c. At q